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Azad N, Hu Z, Sahin I, Iyer R, Aranha O, Hochster H, Pathak P, Paulson AS, Kalyan A, Liao CY, Tran N, Kelley RK, Heestand G, Cosgrove D, El-Khoueiry A, Borad M, Gabrail NY, Majeed U, Du L, Kamath S, Shumway N, Shroff R, Goyal L, Rosales M, Javle M. COMPANION-002 A clinical trial of investigational drug CTX-009 plus paclitaxel vs paclitaxel in second line advanced BTC. Future Oncol 2024; 20:2241-2248. [PMID: 38861293 PMCID: PMC11509068 DOI: 10.1080/14796694.2024.2351351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for patients with biliary tract cancer are limited, and the prognosis is poor. CTX-009, a novel bispecific antibody targeting both DLL4 and VEGF-A, has demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with advanced cancers as both a monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy. In a phase II study of patients with advanced biliary tract cancer who had received one or two prior therapies, CTX-009 with paclitaxel demonstrated a 37.5% overall response rate (ORR). Described here is the design of and rationale for COMPANION-002, a randomized phase II/III study, which will evaluate the safety and efficacy of CTX-009 in combination with paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone as second-line treatment for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer. The primary end point is ORR, and crossover is allowed.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05506943 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilofer Azad
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD21287, USA
| | - Zishuo Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Ilyas Sahin
- Department of Medicine University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL32610, USA
| | - Renuka Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY14263, USA
| | - Olivia Aranha
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110, USA
| | - Howard Hochster
- Gastrointestinal Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ08903, USA
| | | | | | - Aparna Kalyan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60611, USA
| | - Chih-Yi Liao
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637, USA
| | - Nguyen Tran
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN55905, USA
| | - Robin K Kelley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158, USA
| | - Gregory Heestand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - David Cosgrove
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Compass Oncology, Vancouver, WA98684, USA
| | | | - Mitesh Borad
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ85054, USA
| | | | - Umair Majeed
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL32224, USA
| | - Lingling Du
- Ochsner MD Anderson Cancer Center, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA70115, USA
| | - Suneel Kamath
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44106, USA
| | | | - Rachna Shroff
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85724, USA
| | - Lipika Goyal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Stanford Cancer Center, Palo Alto, CA94305, USA
| | - Minori Rosales
- Compass Therapeutics, 80 Guest Street, Boston, MA02135, USA
| | - Milind Javle
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030, USA
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2
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Tomita H, Hara A. Development of extrahepatic bile ducts and mechanisms of tumorigenesis: Lessons from mouse models. Pathol Int 2022; 72:589-605. [PMID: 36349994 PMCID: PMC10098476 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biliary system is a highly branched tubular network consisting of intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) and extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs). IHBDs are derived from hepatic progenitor cells, while EHBDs originate directly from the endoderm through a separate branching morphogenetic process. Traits that are important for cancer are often found to overlap in developmental and other processes. Therefore, it has been suggested that intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (eCCAs) have different developmental mechanisms. While much evidence is being gathered on the mechanism of iCCAs, the evidence for eCCA is still very limited. The main reason for this is that there are very few appropriate animal models for eCCA. We can gain important insights from these animal models, particularly genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). GEMMs are immunocompetent and mimic human CCA subtypes with a specific mutational pattern, allowing the development of precancerous lesions, that is, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB). This review provides a summary of the pathogenesis and mechanisms of eCCA that can be revealed by GEMMs. Furthermore, we discuss several clinical questions, such as whether BilIN and IPNB really become malignant, whether the peribiliary gland is the origin of eCCAs, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
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Patil PA, Taddei T, Jain D, Zhang X. HNF-1β is a More Sensitive and Specific Marker Than C-Reactive Protein for Identifying Biliary Differentiation in Primary Hepatic Carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 146:220-226. [PMID: 34086854 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0725-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) needs to be distinguished from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metastasis, and in the absence of any specific biliary markers, is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1β is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in bile duct system morphogenesis. OBJECTIVE.— To investigate the diagnostic value of HNF-1β to differentiate iCCA from HCC by immunohistochemistry and compare HNF-1β with C-reactive protein (CRP), a previously identified marker for iCCA. DESIGN.— Cases of iCCA (n = 75), combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) (n = 13) and HCC (n = 65) were included in the study. RESULTS.— All cases of iCCA (74 of 74, 100%) expressed HNF-1β compared with CRP expressed in 72.60% (53 of 73). The sensitivity and specificity of HNF-1β to differentiate iCCA from HCC was 100% and 92.31%, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for CRP was 75.58% and 7.79%. The expression of HNF-1β was greater in iCCA and the CCA component of cHCC-CCA compared with CRP (87 of 87, 100% versus 65 of 86, 75.58%, P < .001). On the contrary, CRP was more frequently expressed compared with HNF-1β in HCC and HCC component of cHCC-CCA (71 of 77, 92.21% versus 6 of 78, 7.69%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS.— Our data indicate that HNF-1β is a more sensitive and specific marker than CRP for the diagnosis of iCCA and to identify the CCA component in cHCC-CCA. Lack of HNF-1β expression may be used to exclude iCCA from consideration in cases of adenocarcinomas of unknown primary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi A Patil
- From the Department of Pathology (Patil, Jain, Zhang), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Patil is currently located in the Department of Pathology at the University of South Alabama, in Mobile, Alabama
| | - Tamar Taddei
- Section of Digestive Diseases (Taddei), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- From the Department of Pathology (Patil, Jain, Zhang), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology (Patil, Jain, Zhang), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Identification of candidate genes encoding tumor-specific neoantigens in early- and late-stage colon adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:4024-4044. [PMID: 33428592 PMCID: PMC7906157 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignant tumors and is characterized by a high mortality rate. Here, we integrated whole-exome and RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and investigated the mutational spectra of COAD-overexpressed genes to define clinically relevant diagnostic/prognostic signatures and to unmask functional relationships with both tumor-infiltrating immune cells and regulatory miRNAs. We identified 24 recurrently mutated genes (frequency > 5%) encoding putative COAD-specific neoantigens. Five of them (NEB, DNAH2, ABCA12, CENPF and CELSR1) had not been previously reported as COAD biomarkers. Through machine learning-based feature selection, four early-stage-related (COL11A1, TG, SOX9, and DNAH2) and four late-stage-related (COL11A1, SOX9, TG and BRCA2) candidate neoantigen-encoding genes were selected as diagnostic signatures. They respectively showed 100% and 97% accuracy in predicting early- and late-stage patients, and an 8-gene signature had excellent prognostic performance predicting disease-free survival (DFS) in COAD patients. We also found significant correlations between the 24 candidate neoantigen genes and the abundance and/or activation status of 22 tumor-infiltrating immune cell types and 56 regulatory miRNAs. Our novel neoantigen-based signatures may improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy and help design targeted immunotherapies for COAD treatment.
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Rauff B, Malik A, Bhatti YA, Chudhary SA, Qadri I, Rafiq S. Notch signalling pathway in development of cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2020; 12:957-974. [PMID: 33005291 PMCID: PMC7509998 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v12.i9.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) comprises of extra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cancers as a result of inflammation of epithelium cell lining of the bile duct. The incidence rate is increasing dramatically worldwide with highest rates in Eastern and South Asian regions. Major risk factors involve chronic damage and inflammation of bile duct epithelium from primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic hepatitis virus infection, gallstones and liver fluke infection. Various genetic variants have also been identified and as CCA develops on the background of biliary inflammation, diverse range of molecular mechanisms are involved in its progression. Among these, the Notch signalling pathway acts as a major driver of cholangiocarcinogenesis and its components (receptors, ligands and downstream signalling molecules) represent a promising therapeutic targets. Gamma-Secretase Inhibitors have been recognized in inhibiting the Notch pathway efficiently. A comprehensive knowledge of the molecular pathways activated by the Notch signalling cascade as well as its functional crosstalk with other signalling pathways provide better approach in developing innovative therapies against CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Rauff
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Ali Bhatti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Ahmad Chudhary
- Institute of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafquat Rafiq
- Department of Gastrointestinal medicine, Croydon University Hospital, Croydon CR7 7YE, United Kingdom
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Lin YK, Fang Z, Jiang TY, Wan ZH, Pan YF, Ma YH, Shi YY, Tan YX, Dong LW, Zhang YJ, Wang HY. Combination of Kras activation and PTEN deletion contributes to murine hepatopancreatic ductal malignancy. Cancer Lett 2018; 421:161-169. [PMID: 29452147 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kras mutations are among the most common genetic abnormalities in human neoplasms, including cholangiocarcinomas, pancreatic cancer and colon cancer. PTEN has previously been associated with cholangiocarcinoma development in murine models. Here, we have established novel mouse models of neoplasms by liver-specific and biliary-pancreatic Kras activation and PTEN deletion. By liver-specific disruption of PTEN and activation of Kras in mice caused rapid development of intrahepatic biliary epithelial proliferative lesions (Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC), which progress through dysplasia to invasive carcinoma. In contrast, Kras activation in combination with heterozygous PTEN deletion induced mixed carcinomas of liver (both ICC and hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC), whereas Kras activation alone did not induce biliary tract neoplasm. Use of Sox9-Cre-LoxP-based approach to coordinately delete PTEN and activate Kras in the adult mouse resulted in not only development of low-grade biliary lesions (ICC and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, ECC) but also pancreatic carcinomas. Our data provide a functional link between PTEN gene status, hepatobiliary cell fate, and HCC, biliary carcinoma, pancreatic cancer pathogenesis, and present novel genetically engineered mouse models of PTEN loss-driven malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kai Lin
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Fang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tian-Yi Jiang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hua Wan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu-Fei Pan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yun-Han Ma
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Shi
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ye-Xiong Tan
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Li-Wei Dong
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- The Second Department of Biliary Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, PR China.
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7
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Kras G12D upregulates Notch signaling to induce gallbladder tumorigenesis in mice. Oncoscience 2017; 4:131-138. [PMID: 29142904 PMCID: PMC5672897 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kras mutations and increased Notch activation occur frequently in gallbladder cancer. However, their roles in gallbladder carcinogenesis have not been defined. This study was aimed at determining whether expression of mutant Kras was sufficient to induce gallbladder carcinoma and whether Notch deregulation played a role in this context. Methods We determined Cre recombination activity of Pdx1-Cre in the gallbladder using a reporter strain and examined gallbladder tumor development in the KrasLSL- G12D/+;Pdx1-Cre mice. We analyzed expression of Notch pathway genes in the mouse gallbladder by immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. We also determined the effect of Jag1 deletion on Kras-induced gallbladder tumor development. Results Pdx1-Cre exhibits robust recombination activity in the gallbladder epithelium. KrasLSL-G12D/+;Pdx1-Cre mice form early onset adenoma in the gallbladder and adjacent biliary tract with complete penetrance, albeit short of invasive adenocarcinoma. KrasG12D upregulates expressions of Notch2, Notch3, Notch4, Jag1 and downstream target genes Hes1, Hey1 and Hey2, and deletion of Jag1 partially suppresses KrasG12D-induced adenoma development. Conclusions KrasG12D induces gallbladder adenoma and Notch plays a key role in Kras-initiated gallbladder tumorigenesis.
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8
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Che L, Fan B, Pilo MG, Xu Z, Liu Y, Cigliano A, Cossu A, Palmieri G, Pascale RM, Porcu A, Vidili G, Serra M, Dombrowski F, Ribback S, Calvisi DF, Chen X. Jagged 1 is a major Notch ligand along cholangiocarcinoma development in mice and humans. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e274. [PMID: 27918553 PMCID: PMC5177771 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare yet deadly malignancy with limited treatment options. Activation of the Notch signalling cascade has been implicated in cholangiocarcinogenesis. However, while several studies focused on the Notch receptors required for ICC development, little is known about the upstream inducers responsible for their activation. Here, we show that the Jagged 1 (Jag1) ligand is almost ubiquitously upregulated in human ICC samples when compared with corresponding non-tumorous counterparts. Furthermore, we found that while overexpression of Jag1 alone does not lead to liver tumour development, overexpression of Jag1 synergizes with activated AKT signalling to promote liver carcinogenesis in AKT/Jag1 mice. Histologically, tumours consisted exclusively of ICC, with hepatocellular tumours not occurring in AKT/Jag1 mice. Furthermore, tumours from AKT/Jag1 mice exhibited extensive desmoplastic reaction, an important feature of human ICC. At the molecular level, we found that both AKT/mTOR and Notch cascades are activated in AKT/Jag1 ICC tissues, and that the Notch signalling is necessary for ICC development in AKT/Jag1 mice. In human ICC cell lines, silencing of Jag1 via specific small interfering RNA reduces proliferation and increases apoptosis. Finally, combined inhibition of AKT and Notch pathways is highly detrimental for the in vitro growth of ICC cell lines. In summary, our study demonstrates that Jag1 is an important upstream inducer of the Notch signalling in human and mouse ICC. Targeting Jag1 might represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Che
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M G Pilo
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, 307 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - A Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - A Cossu
- Unit of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Palmieri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - R M Pascale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - A Porcu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Vidili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Serra
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - D F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - X Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Kang H, An HJ, Song JY, Kim TH, Heo JH, Ahn DH, Kim G. Notch3 and Jagged2 contribute to gastric cancer development and to glandular differentiation associated with MUC2 and MUC5AC expression. Histopathology 2016; 61:576-86. [PMID: 22691042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Notch signalling plays diverse roles in malignant tumours as well as in normal tissue development. In this study we investigated the expression of Notch signalling pathway genes and their clinicopathological significance in gastric carcinomas. METHODS AND RESULTS Notch1, Notch3, Jagged1, Jagged2 and Hes1 expression were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (n = 81) and immunohistochemistry (n = 103) in gastric carcinomas. MUC2 and MUC5AC expression were also assessed, using immunohistochemistry only. With qRT-PCR, Notch1, Notch3, Jagged1 and Jagged2 expression were increased significantly in tumour compared to normal tissue (P < 0.001, P = 0.002, P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively). Overexpression of Notch3 and Jagged2 was associated with intestinal-type carcinomas (P = 0.024) and better histological differentiation (P = 0.047), respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed a reverse correlation between MUC2 and Notch3 or Jagged1 (P = 0.033 and P = 0.005, respectively) and between MUC5AC and Jagged1 or Hes1 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.002, respectively). Notch3 and Jagged2 gene overexpression related to a favourable outcome on univariate (P = 0.046 and P = 0.042, respectively) and multivariate (P = 0.045, Notch3) analysis. CONCLUSION The expression of Notch3 and Jagged2 is associated not only with gastric cancer development but also with the intestinal/glandular differentiation of gastric carcinoma cells, suggesting a role as a possible favourable prognostic indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeyoun Kang
- Department of PathologyClinical Research InstituteDepartment of Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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10
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Expression of Molecular Differentiation Markers Does Not Correlate with Histological Differentiation Grade in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157140. [PMID: 27280413 PMCID: PMC4900546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation status of tumor cells, defined by histomorphological criteria, is a prognostic factor for survival of patients affected with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). To strengthen the value of morphological differentiation criteria, we wished to correlate histopathological differentiation grade with expression of molecular biliary differentiation markers and of microRNAs previously shown to be dysregulated in ICC. We analysed a series of tumors that were histologically classified as well, moderately or poorly differentiated, and investigated the expression of cytokeratin 7, 19 and 903 (CK7, CK19, CK903), SRY-related HMG box transcription factors 4 and 9 (SOX4, SOX9), osteopontin (OPN), Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1 beta (HNF1β), Yes-associated protein (YAP), Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM), Mucin 1 (MUC1) and N-cadherin (NCAD) by qRT-PCR and immunostaining, and of miR-31, miR-135b, miR-132, miR-200c, miR-221 and miR-222. Unexpectedly, except for subcellular location of SOX9 and OPN, no correlation was found between the expression levels of these molecular markers and histopathological differentiation grade. Therefore, our data point toward necessary caution when investigating the evolution and prognosis of ICC on the basis of cell differentiation criteria.
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11
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Li T, Guo B, Gao Y, Yu QH, Li JJ, Xian WJ, Jiang S, Zheng QC, Zhang Y. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha up-regulates expression of Jagged-1 and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in rat cholangiocytes in vitro. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:1806-1811. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i12.1806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in rat cholangiocytes in vitro.
METHODS: Primary rat cholangiocytes were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) alone, TNF-α plus nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor PDTC (50 µmol/L), or PDTC alone for 72 h. The expression of Jagged-1, mesenchymal markers [fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP-1), Vimentin and α-SMA] as well as epithelial marker CK19 was detected by Western blot. NF-κB binding activity was measured by EMSA. Migration ability and morphological changes of cholangiocytes were also examined.
RESULTS: In the TNF-α alone group, the protein levels of Jagged-1, FSP-1, Vimentin and α-SMA were up-regulated compared to control cells, whereas the expression of CK19 was down-regulated. The migration ability of cholangiocytes was increased and their shape changed from stone-like to fiber-like. For the TNF-α plus PTCD group and the PTCD alone group, no significant changes in EMT markers as well as migration ability were observed compared to control cells.
CONCLUSION: TNF-α is able to increase the expression of Jagged-1 and induce EMT in rat cholangiocytes in vitro possibly through activation of NF-κB signaling.
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12
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Gil-García B, Baladrón V. The complex role of NOTCH receptors and their ligands in the development of hepatoblastoma, cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Biol Cell 2015; 108:29-40. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201500029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Gil-García
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Medical School/CRIB/Biomedicine Unit; University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)/CSIC; 02008, Albacete Spain
| | - Victoriano Baladrón
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Medical School/CRIB/Biomedicine Unit; University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM)/CSIC; 02008, Albacete Spain
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Sox9 expression in carcinogenesis and its clinical significance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47:1067-75. [PMID: 26341967 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas develop through a multi-step carcinogenesis. Precancerous lesions are defined as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex determining region Y-box9 (Sox9) is required for the normal differentiation of the biliary tract. AIMS To evaluate the Sox9 expression in carcinogenesis and its correlation with clinicopathological features in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. METHODS Sox9 expression in normal epithelium, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia, and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were investigated immunohistochemically using 43 specimens of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sox9 expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was compared with the clinicopathological features. The molecular effects of Sox9 were investigated by gene transfection to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. RESULTS Sox9 expression was decreased from the normal epithelium to the biliary intraepithelial neoplasia in a stepwise fashion. In 51.2% (22/43) of the patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, Sox9 expression was positive, and Sox9 expression was significantly associated with the biliary infiltration (P=0.034) and poor overall survival (P=0.039). Upregulation of Sox9 promoted the cell migration and invasion, and decreased the E-cadherin expression and increased the vimentin and α-SMA expression in cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Decreased Sox9 expression may be related to the early stage of the carcinogenesis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Sox9 overexpression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is related to biliary infiltration and poorer prognosis, and it promotes cell migration and invasion, via the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Gao J, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zheng G, Xu H. Hepatitis B virus X protein activates Notch signaling by its effects on Notch1 and Notch4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:329-37. [PMID: 26530164 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of Notch receptors and abnormal activity of Notch signaling have been observed in a growing number of malignant tumors, however, the expression and activity of Notch in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their relationship with HBV X protein (HBx) are still not fully elucidated. To address this, we examined the overall expression of Notch receptors in HBV-associated HCC tissues, analyzed their relationship with HBx, and further investigated the role of Notch signaling in HBx stable transfected HepG2 cells (HepG2X). The results showed that Notch signaling could be activated by HBx in HepG2 cells. The expression of cytoplasmic Notch1 or nuclear Notch4 was correlated with the expression of HBx in HBV-associated HCC tissues. The expression of cytoplasmic Notch1 or nuclear Notch4 could also be upregulated by HBx in HepG2X cells. The upregulation of Notch1 by HBx was through p38 MAPK pathway. Moreover, HBx was found to directly interact with Notch1, whereas, not with Notch4 in HepG2X cells. Suppression of Notch signaling by γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) decreased cell growth, blocked cell cycle progression and induced cell apoptosis in HepG2X cells. The present study indicates that HBx activates Notch signaling by its effects on Notch1 and Notch4, and therefore, recruits Notch signaling as a downstream pathway contributing to its carcinogenic role in HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gao
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Xiong
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Guorong Zheng
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Xu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command PLA, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R. China
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Yu DD, Guo SW, Jing YY, Dong YL, Wei LX. A review on hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta and tumor. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:58. [PMID: 26464794 PMCID: PMC4603907 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF1β) was initially identified as a liver-specific transcription factor. It is a homeobox transcription factor that functions as a homodimer or heterodimer with HNF1α. HNF1β plays an important role in organogenesis during embryonic stage, especially of the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Mutations in the HNF1β gene cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5), renal cysts, genital malformations, and pancreas atrophy. Recently, it has been shown that the expression of HNF1β is associated with cancer risk in several tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, renal cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and prostate cancer. HNF1β also regulates the expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor cells, which indicates that HNF1β may play an important role in stem cell regulation. In this review, we discuss some of the current developments about HNF1β and tumor, the relationship between HNF1β and stem/progenitor cells, and the potential pathogenesis of HNF1β in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Yu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Wei Guo
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Long Dong
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Road, 200438 Shanghai, China
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Mirone G, Perna S, Shukla A, Marfe G. Involvement of Notch-1 in Resistance to Regorafenib in Colon Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1097-105. [PMID: 26419617 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regorafenib, an oral small-molecule multi kinase inhibitor, is able to block Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors (VEGFR-1, 2, and 3), Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptors (PDGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) receptor 1, Raf, TIE-2, and the kinases KIT, RET, and BRAF. Different studies have displayed its antitumor activity in several cancer models (both in vitro and in vivo), particularly in colorectal and gastrointestinal stromal cancers. The mechanism of resistance to regorafenib is largely unknown. In our investigation, we have generated regorafenib-resistant SW480 cells (Reg-R-SW480 cells) by culturing such cells with increasing concentration of regorafenib. Examination of intracellular signaling found that Akt signaling was activated in Reg-R-SW480 cells but not in wild-type SW480 cells, after regorafenib treatment as measured by Western Blot. The Notch pathway is a fundamental signaling system in the development and homeostasis of tissues since it regulates different cellular process such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and it can be a potential driver of resistance to a wide array of targeted therapies. In this study, we found that Notch-1 was significantly up-regulated in resistant tumor cells as well as HES1 and HEY. Additionally, inhibition of Notch-1 in resistant cells partially restored sensitivity to regorafenib treatment in vitro. Collectively, these data suggest a key role of Notch-1 in mediating the resistant effects of regorafenib in colorectal cancer cells, and also provide a rationale to improve the therapeutic efficacy of regorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mirone
- Department of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Perna
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
| | - Arvind Shukla
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil University, Plot No. 50, Sector-15, C.B.D. Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharastra, India
| | - Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Second University of Naples, via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, Italy
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Yu DD, Jing YY, Guo SW, Ye F, Lu W, Li Q, Dong YL, Gao L, Yang YT, Yang Y, Wu MC, Wei LX. Overexpression Of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1beta Predicting Poor Prognosis Is Associated With Biliary Phenotype In Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13319. [PMID: 26311117 PMCID: PMC4550878 DOI: 10.1038/srep13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1B) is involved in the hepatobiliary specification of hepatoblasts to cholangiocytes during liver development, and is strongly expressed throughout adult biliary epithelium. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of HNF-1B in different pathologic subtypes of primary liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), and the relationship between HNF-1B expression, clinicopathological features and prognosis. We retrospectively investigated 2 cohorts of patients, including 183 HCCs and 69 ICCs. The expression of HNF-1B was examined by immunohistochemistry. We found that HNF-1B expression was associated with pathological subtype of primary tumor, and HNF-1B expression in HCC tissue may be associated with the change of phenotype on recurrence. The HNF-1B expression was positively correlated with biliary/HPC (hepatic progenitor cell) markers expression. Further, multivariable analysis showed that HNF-1B expression was an independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease-free survival of HCC patients. However, no correlation between HNF-1B expression and survival was found in ICC patients. In summary, HCC with high HNF-1B expression displayed biliary phenotype and tended to show poorer prognosis. HNF-1B-positive malignant cells could be bipotential cells and give rise to both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic lineages during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Yu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Ying Jing
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Wei Guo
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan Li
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Long Dong
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ting Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- Department of Comprehensive Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Ronchi CL, Sbiera S, Altieri B, Steinhauer S, Wild V, Bekteshi M, Kroiss M, Fassnacht M, Allolio B. Notch1 pathway in adrenocortical carcinomas: correlations with clinical outcome. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:531-43. [PMID: 25979380 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous SNP array analyses have revealed genomic alterations of the Notch pathway as being the most frequent abnormality in adrenocortical tumors (ACTs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression of components of Notch signaling in ACTs and to correlate them with clinical outcome. The mRNA expression of JAG1, NOTCH1, and selected target genes of NOTCH1 (HES1, HES5, and HEY2) was evaluated in 80 fresh frozen samples (28 normal adrenal glands (NAGs), 24 adenomas (ACAs), and 28 carcinomas (ACCs)) by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 221 tissues on paraffin slides (16 NAGs, 27 ACAs, and 178 ACCs) for JAG1, activated NOTCH1 (aNOTCH1), and HEY2. An independent ACC validation cohort (n=77) was then also investigated. HEY2 mRNA expression was higher in ACCs than it was in ACAs (P<0.05). The protein expression of all of the factors was high (H-score 2-3) in a larger proportion of ACCs as compared to ACAs and NAGs (JAG1 in 27, 15, and 10%; aNOTCH1 in 13, 8, and 0%; HEY2 in 66, 61, and 33% respectively, all P<0.001). High JAG1 expression was associated with earlier tumor stages and lower numbers of metastases in ACCs (both P=0.08) and favorably impacted overall and progression-free survival (PFS) (131 vs 30 months, hazard ratio (HR) 0.45, and 37 vs 9 months, HR 0.51, both P<0.005). This impact on overall survival (OS) was confirmed in the validation cohort. No such association was observed for aNOTCH1 or HEY2. In conclusion, different components of the Notch1 signaling pathway are overexpressed in ACCs, which suggests a role for the pathway in malignant transformation. However, JAG1 is overexpressed in a subgroup of ACCs with a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Ronchi
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Altieri
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Steinhauer
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wild
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Bekteshi
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Allolio
- Endocrine and Diabetes UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Oberrduerrbacher-Strasse 6, 97080 Wuerzburg, GermanyCentral LaboratoryUniversity Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyInstitute of PathologyUniversity of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, GermanyComprehensive Cancer Center MainfrankenWuerzburg, Germany
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Li X, Tao J, Cigliano A, Sini M, Calderaro J, Azoulay D, Wang C, Liu Y, Jiang L, Evert K, Demartis MI, Ribback S, Utpatel K, Dombrowski F, Evert M, Calvisi DF, Chen X. Co-activation of PIK3CA and Yap promotes development of hepatocellular and cholangiocellular tumors in mouse and human liver. Oncotarget 2015; 6:10102-15. [PMID: 25826091 PMCID: PMC4496343 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the PI3K and Yes-associated protein (Yap) signaling pathways has been independently reported in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the oncogenic interactions between these two cascades in hepatocarcinogenesis remain undetermined. To assess the consequences of the crosstalk between the PI3K and Yap pathways along liver carcinogenesis, we generated a mouse model characterized by combined overexpression of activated mutant forms of PIK3CA (PIK3CAH1047R) and Yap (YapS127A) in the mouse liver using hydrodynamic transfection (PIK3CA/Yap). In addition, suppression of PI3K and Yap pathways was conducted in human HCC and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines. We found that concomitant activation of PI3K and Yap pathways triggered rapid liver tumor development in mice. Histologically, tumors were pure HCC, CCA, or mixed HCC/CCA. At the molecular level, PIK3CA/Yap tumors were characterized by activation of the mTORC1/2, ERK/MAPK, and Notch pathways. Simultaneous activation of PI3K and Yap pathways frequently occurred in human liver tumor specimens and their combined suppression was highly detrimental for the growth of HCC and CCA cell lines. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the oncogenic cooperation between PI3K and Yap pathways along liver carcinogenesis. The PIK3CA/Yap mouse represents an important preclinical liver tumor model for the development of novel therapeutics against this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Junyan Tao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcella Sini
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Inserm, U1162, Génomique Fonctionnelle des Tumeurs Solides, Institut Universitaire d'Hematologie, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Azoulay
- Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliairy Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Katja Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maria I. Demartis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kirsten Utpatel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES SRY (sex determining region Y) box 9 (SOX9) plays a key role in the embryologic development, differentiation, and maintenance of organs in the pancreas as well as progression of several kinds of tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the expression and potential role of SOX9 in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of the pancreas. METHODS The authors selected 27 pathological tissues from 19 IPMN cases to assess the expression of SOX9 by means of immunohistochemistry and analyzed the expression pattern of SOX9 with 78 lesions obtained from these tissues stained by SOX9. RESULTS SOX9 was expressed in the normal pancreas, IPMN, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. SOX9-positive cells were confined to the lower portions of the papillary structures of IPMN. However, SOX9 was expressed in the entire epithelium once the neoplasms advanced to high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. The expression pattern of SOX9 was similar to that of CD44 in the normal pancreas and IPMN. Double staining of SOX9 and CD44 detected colocalization of SOX9 and CD44 in IPMN. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the SOX9 expression pattern may be involved in the mechanisms of the malignant progression of IPMN.
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Ruys AT, Groot Koerkamp B, Wiggers JK, Klümpen HJ, ten Kate FJ, van Gulik TM. Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Resected Cholangiocarcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 21:487-500. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Candy PA, Phillips MR, Redfern AD, Colley SM, Davidson JA, Stuart LM, Wood BA, Zeps N, Leedman PJ. Notch-induced transcription factors are predictive of survival and 5-fluorouracil response in colorectal cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1023-30. [PMID: 23900217 PMCID: PMC3749585 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of Notch-induced transcription factors (NTFs) HEY1, HES1 and SOX9 in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients to determine their clinicopathologic and prognostic significance. Methods: Levels of HEY1, HES1 and SOX9 protein were measured by immunohistochemistry in a nonmalignant and malignant tissue microarray of 441 CRC patients, and the findings correlated with pathologic, molecular and clinical variables. Results: The NTFs HEY1, HES1 and SOX9 were overexpressed in tumours relative to colonic mucosa (OR=3.44, P<0.0001; OR=7.40, P<0.0001; OR=4.08 P<0.0001, respectively). HEY1 overexpression was a negative prognostic factor for all CRC patients (HR=1.29, P=0.023) and strongly correlated with perineural and vascular invasion and lymph node (LN) metastasis. In 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-treated patients, the tumour overexpression of SOX9 correlated with markedly poorer survival (HR=8.72, P=0.034), but had no predictive effect in untreated patients (HR=0.70, P=0.29). When HEY1, HES1 and SOX9 expression were combined to predict survival with chemotherapy, in treated patients there was an additive increase in the risk of death with each NTF overexpressed (HR=2.09, P=0.01), but no prognostic import in the untreated patient group (HR=0.74, P=0.19). Conclusion: The present study is the first to discover that HEY1 overexpression correlates with poorer outcome in CRC, and NTF expression is predictive of CRC patient survival with 5-FU chemotherapy. If confirmed in future studies, testing of NTF expression has the potential to enter routine pathological practice for the selection of patients to undergo chemotherapy alone or in combination with Notch inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Candy
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
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Sakamoto H, Mutoh H, Miura Y, Sashikawa M, Yamamoto H, Sugano K. SOX9 Is Highly Expressed in Nonampullary Duodenal Adenoma and Adenocarcinoma in Humans. Gut Liver 2013; 7:513-8. [PMID: 24073307 PMCID: PMC3782664 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.5.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS SOX9 is a marker for stem cells in the intestine, and overexpression of SOX9 is found in gastric and colon cancer; however, the expression of SOX9 in nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma has not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate SOX9 expression in nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry. METHODS We evaluated SOX9 expression in 43 clinical samples (nonampullary duodenal adenoma in 22 lesions and nonampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma in 21 lesions) resected under endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection. RESULTS SOX9 was expressed in part of the base of the normal duodenal mucosa surrounding adenomas and adenocarcinomas. In contrast, SOX9-positive cells were found in more than half of the crypts from the bottom part of the crypt in all of the 43 samples. Moreover, in 15 adenoma samples (68.2%) and 19 carcinoma samples (90.5%), SOX9 was expressed in more than three-quarters of the crypts from the bottom part of the crypt. CONCLUSIONS SOX9 is overexpressed in nonampullary duodenal adenoma and adenocarcinoma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotsugu Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sex-determining region Y (SRY) box 9 (SOX9) is an important transcription factor required for development and has been implicated in several types of cancer. Sex-determining region Y box 9 has never been linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between SOX9 and PDAC and that between SOX9 and IPMN. METHODS Surgical specimens were obtained from 55 patients with PDAC and 68 patients with IPMN and were investigated using SOX9 immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS The rate of SOX9 positive cells to total pancreatic duct epithelial cells in a normal pancreas was 82.7%. On the other hand, the SOX9 positive rate in PDAC was 0.8%. There was a significant difference between the normal pancreas and PDAC (P = 0.0002). In IPMN, the SOX9 positive rate gradually decreased according to tumor progression, with the following rates observed: intraductal papillary mucinous adenoma (66.3%); noninvasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (46.3%); minimally invasive intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (30.5%); and invasive carcinoma originating in intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma (2.3%). There were significant differences between each group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that SOX9 might contribute to carcinogenesis in PDAC and IPMN.
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Gandou C, Harada K, Sato Y, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Ikeda H, Nakanuma Y. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma share similar histopathologies, immunophenotypes, and development-related molecules. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:811-21. [PMID: 23134772 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Embryologically, intrahepatic small bile ducts arise from hepatic progenitor cells via ductal plates, whereas the pancreato-extrahepatic biliary progenitor cells expressing the transcription factors PDX1 and HES1 are reportedly involved in the development of the extrahepatic biliary tract and ventral pancreas. The expression of cellular markers characteristic of the different anatomical levels of the biliary tree and pancreas, as well as PDX1 and HES1, was examined in cholangiocarcinoma components of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (12 cases), intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (21 cases), hilar cholangiocarcinoma (25 cases), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (18 cases). Anterior gradient protein-2 and S100P were frequently expressed in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, whereas neural cell adhesion molecule and luminal expression of epithelial membrane antigen were common in cholangiocarcinoma components of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. PDX1 and HES1 were frequently and markedly expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and, to a lesser degree, in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, although their expression was rare and mild in cholangiocarcinoma components in combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. The expression patterns of these molecules in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma were intermediate between those in hilar cholangiocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma components of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma had a similar expression of mucin, immunophenotypes, as well as transcription factors. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and hilar cholangiocarcinoma showed similar postoperative prognosis. In conclusion, the similar expression of phenotypes related to pancreatobiliary anatomy and embryology may in part explain why these 2 types of carcinoma present similar clinicopathologic features. Further studies on the carcinogenesis of these carcinomas based on their similarities are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Gandou
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
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Fan B, Malato Y, Calvisi DF, Naqvi S, Razumilava N, Ribback S, Gores GJ, Dombrowski F, Evert M, Chen X, Willenbring H. Cholangiocarcinomas can originate from hepatocytes in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2911-5. [PMID: 22797301 DOI: 10.1172/jci63212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) are primary liver tumors with a poor prognosis. The development of effective therapies has been hampered by a limited understanding of the biology of ICCs. Although ICCs exhibit heterogeneity in location, histology, and marker expression, they are currently thought to derive invariably from the cells lining the bile ducts, biliary epithelial cells (BECs), or liver progenitor cells (LPCs). Despite lack of experimental evidence establishing BECs or LPCs as the origin of ICCs, other liver cell types have not been considered. Here we show that ICCs can originate from fully differentiated hepatocytes. Using a mouse model of hepatocyte fate tracing, we found that activated NOTCH and AKT signaling cooperate to convert normal hepatocytes into biliary cells that act as precursors of rapidly progressing, lethal ICCs. Our findings suggest a previously overlooked mechanism of human ICC formation that may be targetable for anti-ICC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Fan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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