1
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Kim J, Koh DI, Lee M, Park YS, Hong SW, Shin JS, Lee MS, Kim MH, Lee JH, Jeong J, Bae S, Hong JK, Jeong HR, Ryu YS, Kim SM, Choi M, Kim H, Ryu H, Hur SC, Park J, Hur DY, Jin DH. Targeting isoforms of RON kinase (MST1R) drives antitumor efficacy. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2491-2507. [PMID: 37926711 PMCID: PMC10733321 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON, MST1R) is a single-span transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) aberrantly expressed in numerous cancers, including various solid tumors. How naturally occurring splicing isoforms of RON, especially those which are constitutively activated, affect tumorigenesis and therapeutic response, is largely unknown. Here, we identified that presence of activated RON could be a possible factor for the development of resistance against anti-EGFR (cetuximab) therapy in colorectal cancer patient tissues. Also, we elucidated the roles of three splicing variants of RON, RON Δ155, Δ160, and Δ165 as tumor drivers in cancer cell lines. Subsequently, we designed an inhibitor of RON, WM-S1-030, to suppress phosphorylation thereby inhibiting the activation of the three RON variants as well as the wild type. Specifically, WM-S1-030 treatment led to potent regression of tumor growth in solid tumors expressing the RON variants Δ155, Δ160, and Δ165. Two mechanisms for the RON oncogenic activity depending on KRAS genotype was evaluated in our study which include activation of EGFR and Src, in a trimeric complex, and stabilization of the beta-catenin. In terms of the immunotherapy, WM-S1-030 elicited notable antitumor immunity in anti-PD-1 resistant cell derived mouse model, likely via repression of M1/M2 polarization of macrophages. These findings suggest that WM-S1-030 could be developed as a new treatment option for cancer patients expressing these three RON variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kim
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-In Koh
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Lee
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sun Park
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, AMIST, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae-Sik Shin
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi So Lee
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hwa Kim
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jun Ki Hong
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yea Seong Ryu
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Mi Kim
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingee Choi
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ryu
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Chul Hur
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Park
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy and Tumor Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Jin
- Wellmarkerbio Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Chen SL, Wang GP, Shi DR, Yao SH, Chen KD, Yao HP. RON in hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers: Pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2507-2520. [PMID: 34092972 PMCID: PMC8160627 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i20.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor protein tyrosine kinase RON belongs to the c-MET proto-oncogene family. Research has shown that RON has a role in cancer pathogenesis, which places RON on the frontline of the development of novel cancer therapeutic strategies. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HBP) cancers have a poor prognosis, being reported as having higher rates of cancer-related death. Therefore, to combat these malignant diseases, the mechanism underlying the aberrant expression and signaling of RON in HBP cancer pathogenesis, and the development of RON as a drug target for therapeutic intervention should be investigated. Abnormal RON expression and signaling have been identified in HBP cancers, and also act as tumorigenic determinants for HBP cancer malignant behaviors. In addition, RON is emerging as an important mediator of the clinical prognosis of HBP cancers. Thus, not only is RON significant in HBP cancers, but also RON-targeted therapeutics could be developed to treat these cancers, for example, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. Among them, antibody-drug conjugates have become increasingly popular in current research and their potential as novel anti-cancer biotherapeutics will be determined in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Long Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guo-Ping Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Rong Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shu-Hao Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke-Da Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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3
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Wright JW, Church KJ, Harding JW. Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Macrophage-stimulating Protein "Hinge" Analogs to Treat Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:782-795. [PMID: 30914029 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190326130008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks twelfth in frequency of diagnosis but is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths with a 5 year survival rate of less than 7 percent. This poor prognosis occurs because the early stages of PC are often asymptomatic. Over-expression of several growth factors, most notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been implicated in PC resulting in dysfunctional signal transduction pathways and the facilitation of tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) acts via the Met receptor and has also received research attention with ongoing efforts to develop treatments to block the Met receptor and its signal transduction pathways. Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), and its receptor Ron, is also recognized as important in the etiology of PC but is less well studied. Although the angiotensin II (AngII)/AT1 receptor system is best known for mediating blood pressure and body water/electrolyte balance, it also facilitates tumor vascularization and growth by stimulating the expression of VEGF. A metabolite of AngII, angiotensin IV (AngIV) has sequence homology with the "hinge regions" of HGF and MSP, key structures in the growth factor dimerization processes necessary for Met and Ron receptor activation. We have developed AngIV-based analogs designed to block dimerization of HGF and MSP and thus receptor activation. Norleual has shown promise as tested utilizing PC cell cultures. Results indicate that cell migration, invasion, and pro-survival functions were suppressed by this analog and tumor growth was significantly inhibited in an orthotopic PC mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Kevin J Church
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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4
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Farina AR, Cappabianca L, Sebastiano M, Zelli V, Guadagni S, Mackay AR. Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing: the 11th Hallmark of Cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:110. [PMID: 32536347 PMCID: PMC7294618 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing is a potent driving force in tumour pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we update currents concepts of hypoxia-induced alternative splicing and how it influences tumour biology. Following brief descriptions of tumour-associated hypoxia and the pre-mRNA splicing process, we review the many ways hypoxia regulates alternative splicing and how hypoxia-induced alternative splicing impacts each individual hallmark of cancer. Hypoxia-induced alternative splicing integrates chemical and cellular tumour microenvironments, underpins continuous adaptation of the tumour cellular microenvironment responsible for metastatic progression and plays clear roles in oncogene activation and autonomous tumour growth, tumor suppressor inactivation, tumour cell immortalization, angiogenesis, tumour cell evasion of programmed cell death and the anti-tumour immune response, a tumour-promoting inflammatory response, adaptive metabolic re-programming, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion and genetic instability, all of which combine to promote metastatic disease. The impressive number of hypoxia-induced alternative spliced protein isoforms that characterize tumour progression, classifies hypoxia-induced alternative splicing as the 11th hallmark of cancer, and offers a fertile source of potential diagnostic/prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lucia Cappabianca
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Michela Sebastiano
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Stefano Guadagni
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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5
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Dai H, Zeng W, Luo H. C-MET-dependent signal transduction mediates retinoblastoma growth by regulating PKM2 nuclear translocation. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:204-212. [PMID: 31729060 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal epithelial transition (C-MET) factor overexpression has been found in many types of cancer and has served as an important molecular target for therapeutic intervention. However, the role of C-MET in retinoblastoma remains largely unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the potential role and mechanism of C-MET in Y79 retinoblastoma cells. We found that C-MET was highly expressed in Y79 retinoblastoma cells, and, in addition, the levels of C-MET were positively correlated with cell proliferation and retinoblastoma growth. Inhibition of C-MET suppressed Y79 retinoblastoma cell proliferation and tumour growth. Mechanistically, we showed that HGF-induced C-MET-dependent signal transduction resulted in ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, which subsequently promoted the nuclear translocation of PKM2. Nuclear PKM2 further interacted with histone H3 and contributed to C-MET-dependent cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression and cell proliferation. These findings highlight the role of C-MET in Y79 retinoblastoma cells and reveal a C-MET-dependent signal transduction mechanism. C-MET may be a potential therapeutic target for retinoblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: We demonstrated a new target of retinoblastoma, C-MET. C-MET-dependent signal transduction promotes Y79 retinoblastoma cell proliferation and tumour growth through ERK 1/2/PKM2/histone H3 signalling pathway. C-MET may be a potential target for retinoblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjun Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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6
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Vanderwerff BR, Church KJ, Kawas LH, Harding JW. Comparative characterization of the HGF/Met and MSP/Ron systems in primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cytokine 2019; 123:154762. [PMID: 31254927 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis for which current standard chemotherapeutic treatments offer little survival benefit. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK)s have garnered interest as therapeutic targets to augment or replace standard chemotherapeutic treatments because of their ability to promote cell growth, migration, and survival in various cancers. Met and Ron, which are homologous RTKs activated by the ligands hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), respectively, are over-activated and display synergistic malignant effects in several cancers. Despite the homology between Met and Ron, studies that have directly compared the functional outcomes of these systems in any context are limited. To address this, we sought to determine if the HGF/Met and MSP/Ron systems produce overlapping or divergent contributions towards a malignant phenotype by performing a characterization of MSP and HGF driven signaling, behavioral, and transcriptomic responses in a primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) cell line in vitro. The impact of dual Met and Ron expression signatures on the overall survival of PAAD patients was also assessed. We found HGF and MSP both encouraged PAAD cell migration, but only HGF increased proliferation. RNA sequencing revealed that the transcriptomic effects of MSP mimicked a narrow subset of the responses induced by HGF. Analysis of clinical data indicated that the strong prognostic value of Met expression in primary PAAD does not appear to be modulated by Ron expression. The relatively reduced magnitude of MSP-dependent effects on primary PAAD cells are consistent with the limited prognostic value of Ron expression in this cancer when compared to Met. Although HGF and MSP produced a differing breadth of responses in vitro, overlapping pro-cancer signaling, behavioral, and transcriptional effects still point to a potential role for the MSP/Ron system in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett R Vanderwerff
- Department of School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Kevin J Church
- Athira Pharma, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Athira Pharma, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Department of School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Athira Pharma, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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7
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Bedolla RG, Shah DP, Huang SB, Reddick RL, Ghosh R, Kumar AP. Receptor tyrosine kinase recepteur d'origine nantais as predictive marker for aggressive prostate cancer in African Americans. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:854-861. [PMID: 30859654 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Published evidence shows a correlation between several molecular markers and prostate cancer (PCa) progression including in African Americans (AAs) who are disproportionately affected. Our early detection efforts led to the identification of elevated levels of antiapoptotic protein, c-FLIP and its upstream regulatory factors such as androgen receptor (AR), recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), a receptor tyrosine kinase in human prostate tumors. The primary objective of this study was to explore whether these markers play a role in racial disparities using immunohistochemistry in prostatectomy samples from a cohort of AA, Hispanic Whites (HWs), and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs). Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify a statistical association between molecular markers, possible correlation with risk factors including race, obesity, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and disease aggressiveness. Further, changes in the levels and expression of these molecular markers were also evaluated using human PCa cell lines. We found significantly elevated levels of RON ( P = 0.0082), AR ( P = 0.0001), c-FLIP ( P = 0.0071) in AAs compared with HWs or NHWs. Furthermore, a higher proportion of HW and NHWs had a high Gleason score (>6) but not PSA as compared to AAs ( P = 0.032). In summary, our findings suggest that PSA was important in predicting aggressive disease for the cohort overall; however, high levels of RON may play a role in predisposing AA men to develop aggressive disease. Future research is needed using large datasets to confirm these findings and to explore whether all or any of these markers could aid in race-specific stratification of patients for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roble G Bedolla
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Dimpy P Shah
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shih-Bo Huang
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Robert L Reddick
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Mays Cancer Center, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Departments of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas.,Research Division, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, The University of Texas Health, San Antonio, Texas
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8
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Damalanka VC, Han Z, Karmakar P, O’Donoghue AJ, La Greca F, Kim T, Pant SM, Helander J, Klefström J, Craik CS, Janetka JW. Discovery of Selective Matriptase and Hepsin Serine Protease Inhibitors: Useful Chemical Tools for Cancer Cell Biology. J Med Chem 2018; 62:480-490. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C. Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Zhenfu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, 92093, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Florencia La Greca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - Tommy Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Shishir M. Pant
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Biology & Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonathan Helander
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
| | - Juha Klefström
- Cancer Cell Circuitry Laboratory, Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Biology & Medicum, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, United States
| | - James W. Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, United States
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9
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Chen JF, Yu BX, Ma L, Lv XY, Jiang JH, Ma Q. RON is overexpressed in bladder cancer and contributes to tumorigenic phenotypes in 5637 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6547-6554. [PMID: 29725403 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptor macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (MST1R, also known as RON) contributes to the transformation and malignant progression observed in epithelial cells. The purpose of the present study is to assess the value of RON as a potential target in bladder cancer (BC) therapeutics. The expression profile of RON in BC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues was detected via immunohistochemistry. The rate of positive RON expression differed significantly between bladder urothelial cancer tissues (54.7%) and paraneoplastic tissues (29.4%) (P<0.05). RON expression was positively associated with the number of tumors per patient, histological grading, pathological stage and distant metastasis (all P<0.05). Downregulation of RON expression using small interfering RNAs inhibited cell growth, cell migration and promoted cell apoptosis in the 5637 cell line. RON inhibition induced cell cycle arrest at the G1/S boundary following an increase of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, and a decrease of cyclin D1, cyclin D3 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of RON significantly blocked signal transduction, including downstream protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. These results indicated that RON serves a notable role in BC and is a potential target of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Chen
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Xia Yu
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Yi Lv
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hui Jiang
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Qi Ma
- Translational Research Laboratory for Urology, The Key Laboratory of Ningbo, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, Ningbo First Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China.,Department of Urology, The Ninth Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
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10
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Analogs of the hepatocyte growth factor and macrophage-stimulating protein hinge regions act as Met and Ron dual inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 27:766-79. [PMID: 27314431 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is among the leading causes of cancer death in the USA, with limited effective treatment options. A major contributor toward the formation and persistence of pancreatic cancer is the dysregulation of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met (HGF receptor) and the macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP)/Ron (MSP receptor) systems. These systems normally mediate a variety of cellular behaviors including proliferation, survival, and migration, but are often overactivated in pancreatic cancer and contribute toward cancer progression. Previous studies have shown that HGF must dimerize to activate Met. Small-molecule antagonists with homology to a 'hinge' region within the putative dimerization domain of HGF have been developed that bind to HGF and block dimerization, therefore inhibiting Met signaling. Because of the structural and sequence homology between MSP and HGF, we hypothesized that the inhibition of HGF by the hinge analogs may extend to MSP. The primary aim of this 'proof-of-concept' study was to determine whether hinge analogs could inhibit cellular responses to both HGF and MSP in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results showed that these compounds inhibited HGF and MSP activity. Hinge analog treatment resulted in decreased Met and Ron activation, and suppressed malignant cell behaviors including proliferation, migration, and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. These results suggest that the hinge analogs represent a novel group of molecules that may offer a therapeutic approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and warrant further development and optimization.
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11
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Yang SY, Nguyen TT, Ung TT, Jung YD. Role of Recepteur D'origine Nantais on Gastric Cancer Development and Progression. Chonnam Med J 2017; 53:178-186. [PMID: 29026705 PMCID: PMC5636756 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2017.53.3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase belonging to the subfamily of which c-MET is the prototype. Large epidemiologic studies have confirmed the strong association between RON and gastric cancer development. Constitutive activation of RON signaling directly correlates with tumorigenic phenotypes of gastric cancer and a poor survival rate in advanced gastric cancer patients. In this review, we focus on recent evidence of the aberrant expression and activation of RON in gastric cancer tumors and provide insights into the mechanism of RON signaling associated with gastric cancer progression and metastasis. Current therapeutics against RON in gastric cancer are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Yeul Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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12
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Safaie Qamsari E, Safaei Ghaderi S, Zarei B, Dorostkar R, Bagheri S, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Somi MH, Yousefi M. The c-Met receptor: Implication for targeted therapies in colorectal cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317699118. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317699118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Met (mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor) is a tyrosine kinase receptor activated by hepatocyte growth factor and regulates multiple biological processes, such as cell scattering, survival, and proliferation. Aberrant c-Met signaling has been implicated in a variety of cancer types, including colorectal cancer. c-Met is genetically altered through various mechanisms that is associated with colorectal cancer progression and metastasis. Especially, in colorectal cancer, preclinical evidence for the aberrant activation of the c-Met signaling exists. Accordingly, molecular targeting of c-Met receptor could be a promising strategy, in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients. Recently, it was also shown that crosstalk between c-Met and other cell surface receptors attributes to tumorigenesis and development of therapeutic resistance. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms through which c-Met crosstalks with other receptors in favor of tumor formation and progression remains to explore. This review will describe the mechanisms of aberrant c-Met signaling in colorectal cancer and discuss on additional roles for c-Met receptor through crosstalk with other tyrosine kinase receptors and cell surface proteins in colorectal cancer. Novel therapeutic approaches for c-Met pathway targeting will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Safaie Qamsari
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safaei Ghaderi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Hybridoma Laboratory, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Zarei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ruhollah Dorostkar
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Bagheri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Faham N, Welm AL. RON Signaling Is a Key Mediator of Tumor Progression in Many Human Cancers. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 81:177-188. [PMID: 28057847 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2016.81.031377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing body of literature covering RON receptor tyrosine kinase function in different types of human cancers, it is becoming clear that RON has prominent roles in both cancer cells and in the tumor-associated microenvironment. RON not only activates several oncogenic signaling pathways in cancer cells, leading to more aggressive behavior, but also promotes an immunosuppressive, alternatively activated phenotype in macrophages and limits the antitumor immune response. These two unique functions of this oncogene, the strong correlation between RON expression and poor outcomes in cancer, and the high tolerability of a new RON inhibitor make it an exciting therapeutic target, the blocking of which offers an advantage toward improving the survival of cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent findings on the role of RON signaling in cancer progression and its potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najme Faham
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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14
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Liu TC, Peng X, Ma YC, Ji YC, Chen DQ, Zheng MY, Zhao DM, Cheng MS, Geng MY, Shen JK, Ai J, Xiong B. Discovery of a new series of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compounds as selective c-Met inhibitors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:698-707. [PMID: 27041462 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Aberrant c-Met activation plays a critical role in cancer formation, progression and dissemination, as well as in development of resistance to anticancer drugs. Therefore, c-Met has emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to develop new c-Met inhibitors and elaborate the structure-activity relationships of identified inhibitors. METHODS Based on the predicted binding modes of Compounds 5 and 14 in docking studies, a new series of c-Met inhibitor-harboring 3-((1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridin-1-yl)sulfonyl)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffolds was discovered. Potent inhibitors were identified through extensive optimizations combined with enzymatic and cellular assays. A promising compound was further investigated in regard to its selectivity, its effects on c-Met signaling, cell proliferation and cell scattering in vitro. RESULTS The most potent Compound 31 inhibited c-Met kinase activity with an IC50 value of 12.8 nmol/L, which was >78-fold higher than those of a panel of 16 different tyrosine kinases. Compound 31 (8, 40, 200 nmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Met and its key downstream Akt and ERK signaling cascades in c-Met aberrant human EBC-1 cancer cells. In 12 human cancer cell lines harboring different background levels of c-Met expression/activation, Compound 31 potently inhibited c-Met-driven cell proliferation. Furthermore, Compound 31 dose-dependently impaired c-Met-mediated cell scattering of MDCK cells. CONCLUSION This series of c-Met inhibitors is a promising lead for development of novel anticancer drugs.
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15
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Han Z, Harris PKW, Karmakar P, Kim T, Owusu BY, Wildman SA, Klampfer L, Janetka JW. α-Ketobenzothiazole Serine Protease Inhibitors of Aberrant HGF/c-MET and MSP/RON Kinase Pathway Signaling in Cancer. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:585-99. [PMID: 26889658 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of the HGF and MSP growth-factor processing serine endopeptidases HGFA, matriptase and hepsin is correlated with increased metastasis in multiple tumor types driven by c-MET or RON kinase signaling. We rationally designed P1' α-ketobenzothiazole mechanism-based inhibitors of these proteases. Structure-activity studies are presented, which resulted in the identification of potent inhibitors with differential selectivity. The tetrapeptide inhibitors span the P1-P1' substrate cleavage site via a P1' amide linker off the benzothiazole, occupying the S3' pocket. Optimized inhibitors display sub-nanomolar enzyme inhibition against one, two, or all three of HGFA, matriptase, and hepsin. Several compounds also have good selectivity against the related trypsin-like proteases, thrombin and Factor Xa. Finally, we show that inhibitors block the fibroblast (HGF)-mediated migration of invasive DU145 prostate cancer cells. In addition to prostate cancer, breast, colon, lung, pancreas, gliomas, and multiple myeloma tumors all depend on HGF and MSP for tumor survival and progression. Therefore, these unique inhibitors have potential as new therapeutics for a diverse set of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Peter K W Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Partha Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tommy Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ben Y Owusu
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave., Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Scott A Wildman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Lidija Klampfer
- Department of Oncology, Southern Research Institute, 2000 9th Ave., Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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16
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Chang K, Karnad A, Zhao S, Freeman JW. Roles of c-Met and RON kinases in tumor progression and their potential as therapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3507-18. [PMID: 25784650 PMCID: PMC4414132 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Met and receptor originated from nantes (RON) are structurally related transmembrane phosphotyrosine kinase receptors. c-Met and RON show increased expression or activity in a variety of tumors leading to tumor progression and may play a role in acquired resistance to therapy. Although often co-expressed, the distinct functional roles of c-Met and RON are not fully understood. c-Met and RON form both activated homodimers and heterodimers with themselves and other families of phosphotyrosine kinase receptors. Inhibitors for c-Met and RON including small molecular weigh kinase inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies are in pre-clinical investigation and clinical trials. Several of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors have activity against both c-Met and RON kinases whereas the antibodies generally are target specific. As with many targeted agents used to treat solid tumors, it is likely that c-Met/RON inhibitors will have greater benefit when used in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted agents. A careful analysis of c-Met/RON expression or activity and a better elucidation of how they influence cell signaling will be useful in predicting which tumors respond best to these inhibitors as well as determining which agents can be used with these inhibitors for combined therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anand Karnad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James W Freeman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, Experimental and Developmental Therapeutics Program, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Research and Development, Audie Murphy Veterans Administration Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
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17
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Bieniasz M, Radhakrishnan P, Faham N, De La O JP, Welm AL. Preclinical Efficacy of Ron Kinase Inhibitors Alone and in Combination with PI3K Inhibitors for Treatment of sfRon-Expressing Breast Cancer Patient-Derived Xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:5588-600. [PMID: 26289070 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have demonstrated that short-form Ron (sfRon) kinase drives breast tumor progression and metastasis through robust activation of the PI3K pathway. We reasoned that upfront, concurrent inhibition of sfRon and PI3K might enhance the antitumor effects of Ron kinase inhibitor therapy while also preventing potential therapeutic resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used patient-derived breast tumor xenografts (PDX) as high-fidelity preclinical models to determine the efficacy of single-agent or dual Ron/PI3K inhibition. We tested the Ron kinase inhibitor ASLAN002 with and without coadministration of the PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120 in hormone receptor-positive [estrogen receptor (ER)(+)/progesterone receptor (PR)(+)] breast PDXs with and without PIK3CA gene mutation. RESULTS Breast PDX tumors harboring wild-type PIK3CA showed a robust response to ASLAN002 as a single agent. In contrast, PDX tumors harboring mutated PIK3CA demonstrated partial resistance to ASLAN002, which was overcome with addition of NVP-BKM120 to the treatment regimen. We further demonstrated that concurrent inhibition of sfRon and PI3K in breast PDX tumors with wild-type PIK3CA provided durable tumor stasis after therapy cessation, whereas discontinuation of either monotherapy facilitated tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our work provides preclinical rationale for targeting sfRon in patients with breast cancer, with the important stipulation that tumors harboring PIK3CA mutations may be partially resistant to Ron inhibitor therapy. Our data also indicate that tumors with wild-type PIK3CA are most effectively treated with an upfront combination of Ron and PI3K inhibitors for the most durable response. Clin Cancer Res; 21(24); 5588-600. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Bieniasz
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | | | - Najme Faham
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Program in Immunobiology and Cancer, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Alana L Welm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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18
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Wang T, Chen X, Zhang W, Xiang X, Leng C, Jia Q. Roles of macrophage stimulating protein and tyrosine kinase receptor RON in smoke-induced airway inflammation of rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:8797-8808. [PMID: 26464622 PMCID: PMC4583854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) and its tyrosine kinase receptor RON in smoke-induced airway inflammation of rats. METHODS Inhalation of combustion smoke was administered in rats to induce airway inflammation. Alveolar macrophages (AM) of healthy and smoking rats were isolated at different time points, cultured and then treated with different concentrations of MSP for 24 h. RESULTS When compared with healthy rats, MSP increased in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of smoking rats in a time dependent manner. In smoking rats, the RON expression in the lung and AM was higher than in healthy rats, and these increases were time dependent. MSP stimulated the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rat AM cells in a dose dependent manner. MSP also stimulated the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-10 in rat AM in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, at the same MSP concentration, the contents of MDA, TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-1β in the AM of smoking rates were higher than in healthy rats, while the IL-10 content and SOD activity were lower than in healthy rats. CONCLUSION MSP and its receptor RON are involved in the smoke-induced airway inflammation in rats via promoting AM to release inflammatory cytokines and inducing the increase of oxygen free radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Xiaoju Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Xiaojun Xiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Changyan Leng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Qinyao Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
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19
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Batth IS, Yun H, Kumar AP. Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), more than a kinase: Role in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:937-46. [PMID: 26152593 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. It is natural for a hormone-driven malignancy such as prostate cancer that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) would be the preferred treatment for clinical disease management. However, after initial treatment response a vast majority of patients develop metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is fatal. While great headway has been made to understand the possible mechanisms that drive castrate-resistant disease, a bonafide cure remains elusive. Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling partly contributes to the emergence of CRPC. Here we briefly examine some of the known mechanisms of AR reactivation including intratumoral synthesis of androgens, modulation of AR coregulators, and AR variants with constitutive activity as well as activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. We primarily focus on the emerging dual function of the receptor tyrosine kinase (recepteur d'origine nantais; RON) as a traditional tyrosine kinase and transcription factor. We further discuss activation of RON as an alternate mechanism in the development of CRPC and available therapeutic approaches for clinical management of CRPC by combined inhibition of RON and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Singh Batth
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huiyoung Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addankl P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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20
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Liu Z, Wei P, Yang Y, Cui W, Cao B, Tan C, Yu B, Bi R, Xia K, Chen W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Du X, Zhou X. BATF2 Deficiency Promotes Progression in Human Colorectal Cancer via Activation of HGF/MET Signaling: A Potential Rationale for Combining MET Inhibitors with IFNs. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:1752-63. [PMID: 25762344 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BATF2, a novel IFN-stimulated gene, inhibits tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. The objectives of this study were to determine how BATF2 expression is associated with colorectal cancer progression and patient outcome, to investigate how BATF2 overexpression inhibits hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET signaling, and to elucidate the rationale for combining MET inhibitors with IFN. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BATF2 expression in colorectal cancer tissues was determined and correlated with colorectal cancer patient prognosis. Cultured colorectal cancer cells were used to investigate the effects of BATF2 overexpression on the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells and HGF/MET signaling. Tumor xenograft models were used to validate the effects of BATF2 on colorectal cancer xenograft growth and assess the efficacy of the combination of MET inhibitors with IFNs in colorectal cancer. RESULTS In colorectal cancer tissues, BATF2 was found to be significantly downregulated, and its expression negatively correlated with MET expression. Decreased BATF2 expression was associated with progression and shorter patient survival in colorectal cancer. BATF2 overexpression promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in colorectal cancer cells, as well as dramatically blunted tumor xenograft growth. In addition, MET inhibitors in combination with IFNβ produced synergistic cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Together, these novel findings suggest that BATF2, a tumor suppressor gene, is a potent negative regulator of HGF/MET signaling in colorectal cancer and may serve as a prognostic tumor marker. Furthermore, these results provide a rationale for combining MET inhibitors with IFNs in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Cui
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Tan
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohua Yu
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiqin Xia
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Department of Pathology, Shanghai Gongli Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youyuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Du
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Institute of Pathology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancers in the United States. Failure may be due to variable expression and/or complex interactions of growth factor receptors in individual tumors. As ErbB3-MET cooperativity is implicated in solid tumor resistance to EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitors, we evaluated expression of MET and all 4 ErbB family members in ovarian cancers. Tissue arrays were prepared from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples, including 202 ovarian carcinomas (Stage I-IV) and controls. Of 202 patient samples, only 25% were positive for EGFR and 35% for ErbB2 expression. ErbB3, ErbB4, and MET showed marked expression in 76%, 98%, and 96% of cases. Consistent with high incidence, there was no significant correlation for expression of ErbB3, ErbB4, or MET with outcome. On the basis of their high expression in the majority of cases, inhibitors targeting ErbB3, ErbB4, and/or MET may be broadly applicable as therapeutic agents in this disease.
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22
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Zhang W, Ai J, Shi D, Peng X, Ji Y, Liu J, Geng M, Li Y. Discovery of novel type II c-Met inhibitors based on BMS-777607. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 80:254-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Fauvel B, Yasri A. Antibodies directed against receptor tyrosine kinases: current and future strategies to fight cancer. MAbs 2014; 6:838-51. [PMID: 24859229 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 30 therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have already been approved for cancers and inflammatory diseases, and monoclonal antibodies continue to be one of the fastest growing classes of therapeutic molecules. Because aberrant signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a commonly observed factor in cancer, most of the subclasses of RTKs are being extensively studied as potential targets for treating malignancies. The first two RTKs that have been targeted by antibody therapy, with five currently marketed antibodies, are the growth factor receptors EGFR and HER2. However, due to systemic side effects, refractory patients and the development of drug resistance, these treatments are being challenged by emerging therapeutics. This review examines current monoclonal antibody therapies against RTKs. After an analysis of agents that have already been approved, we present an analysis of antibodies in clinical development that target RTKs. Finally, we highlight promising RTKs that are emerging as new oncological targets for antibody-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma; Cap Gamma; Parc Euromédecine; Montpellier, France
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24
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The RON receptor tyrosine kinase in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and its potential implications for future targeted therapies. Pancreas 2014; 43:183-9. [PMID: 24518495 PMCID: PMC4009395 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating disease with a mortality rate that has not changed substantially in decades. Novel therapies are therefore desperately needed. The RON receptor tyrosine kinase has been identified as an important mediator of KRAS oncogene addiction and is overexpressed in the majority of pancreatic cancers. Preclinical studies show that inhibition of RON function decreases pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion, and survival and can sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapy. This article reviews the current state of knowledge regarding RON biology and pancreatic cancer and discusses its potential as a therapeutic target.
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25
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The RON receptor tyrosine kinase promotes metastasis by triggering MBD4-dependent DNA methylation reprogramming. Cell Rep 2014; 6:141-54. [PMID: 24388747 PMCID: PMC5312658 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death in cancer patients, yet the genetic and epigenetic programs that drive metastasis are poorly understood. Here, we report an epigenetic reprogramming pathway that is required for breast cancer metastasis. Concerted differential DNA methylation is initiated by the activation of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase by its ligand, macrophage stimulating protein (MSP). Through PI3K signaling, RON/MSP promotes expression of the G:T mismatch-specific thymine glycosylase MBD4. RON/MSP and MBD4-dependent aberrant DNA methylation results in the misregulation of a specific set of genes. Knockdown of MBD4 reverses methylation at these specific loci and blocks metastasis. We also show that the MBD4 glycosylase catalytic residue is required for RON/MSP-driven metastasis. Analysis of human breast cancers revealed that this epigenetic program is significantly associated with poor clinical outcome. Furthermore, inhibition of Ron kinase activity with a pharmacological agent blocks metastasis of patient-derived breast tumor grafts in vivo.
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Yhhu3813 is a novel selective inhibitor of c-Met kinase that inhibits c-Met-dependent neoplastic phenotypes of human cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:89-97. [PMID: 24241352 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM c-Met kinase deregulation is strongly associated with the formation, progression and dissemination of human cancers. In this study we identified Yhhu3813 as a small-molecule inhibitor of c-Met kinase and characterized its antitumor properties both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The activities of different kinases were measured using ELISA assays and signaling proteins in the cells were detected with Western blotting. Cell proliferation was assessed using SRB or MTT assay in twenty human cell lines and cell cycle distribution was determined with flow cytometry. Transwell-based assay was used to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Cell invasive growth was detected by a morphogenesis assay. c-Met overactivated human NSCLC cell line EBC-1 xenografts were used to evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor efficacy. RESULTS Yhhu3813 potently inhibited c-Met kinase activity in vitro with an IC50 value of 2.4±0.3 nmol/L, >400-fold higher than that for a panel of 15 different tyrosine kinases, suggesting a high selectivity of Yhhu3813. The compound (20, 100 and 500 nmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Met and its key downstream Akt and Erk signal cascades in multiple c-Met aberrant human cancer cell lines, regardless of the mechanistic complexity in c-Met activation across different cellular contexts. In 20 human cancer cell lines harboring different backgrounds of c-Met expression/activation, Yhhu3813 potently inhibited c-Met-driven cell proliferation via arresting cells at G1/S phase. Furthermore, Yhhu3813 substantially impaired c-Met-mediated cell migration, invasion, scattering, and invasive growth. Oral administration of EBC-1 xenograft mice with Yhhu3813 (50 or 100 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), qd, for 2 weeks) dose-dependently suppressed the tumor growth, which was correlated with a reduction in the intratumoral proliferation index and c-Met signaling. CONCLUSION Yhhu3813 is a potent selective inhibitor of c-Met that inhibits c-Met-dependent neoplastic phenotypes of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Kawada I, Hasina R, Arif Q, Mueller J, Smithberger E, Husain AN, Vokes EE, Salgia R. Dramatic antitumor effects of the dual MET/RON small-molecule inhibitor LY2801653 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 74:884-95. [PMID: 24305878 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease encompassing a wide array of genetic abnormalities. The MET receptor tyrosine kinase is altered in many lung cancers, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and clinical trials of MET inhibitors that are under way are documenting cases of acquired resistance. On the basis of the evidence that the RON tyrosine kinase receptor can also be overexpressed in NSCLC, we evaluated the potent MET/RON dual kinase inhibitor LY2801653 in this setting. LY2801653 was more efficacious than the MET/ALK/RON/ROS inhibitor crizotinib with a distinct pattern of downstream signaling effects. Using the PamGene platform, we found that inhibition of MET and RON was associated with decreased phosphorylation of CBL, PI3K, and STAT3. In classic and orthotopic mouse xenograft models of lung cancer, LY2801653 decreased tumor growth, dramatically inhibiting mitotic events and angiogenesis. Taken together, our results argued that specific targeting of the MET/RON kinases could provide robust inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor outgrowth in multiple in vitro and in vivo models of NSCLC. These findings offer a robust preclinical proof of concept for MET/RON targeting by LY2801653 as a promising small-molecule modality to treat NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawada
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Knockdown of RON receptor kinase delays but does not prevent tumor progression while enhancing HGF/MET signaling in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Oncogenesis 2013; 2:e76. [PMID: 24100611 PMCID: PMC3816215 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2013.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the role of RON (receptor originated from nantes) in tumor progression was further investigated in context with MET expression and activity. RON and MET expressions were not detected in an immortalized normal human pancreas cell line (HPNE), but were co-expressed in five of seven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines (PANC-1, BxPC-3, Capan-2, CFPAC-1 and AsPC-1). RON expression was knocked down by an shRNA approach in two PDAC cell lines (BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1) that co-express MET. Knockdown of RON significantly inhibited cell growth, clonogenicity and macrophage stimulating protein (MSP), RON ligand induced invasion by in vitro assays and significantly inhibited tumor growth (P<0.001) and metastasis (P<0.009) in an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model at week 7. However, by week 9, the mice implanted with RON knockdown cells had developed similar size primary tumors and metastases compared with that seen in the control group at week 7. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that MET remains highly expressed in cells and tumor tissues where RON was knocked down. Moreover, knockdown of RON did not prevent hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulated invasion in in vitro Matrigel assays. Treating cells with MSP induced the transphosphorylation of MET, suggesting that signaling may be modulated by relative levels of RON and MET receptors and their corresponding ligands. To this point, HGF treatment of RON knockdown cells caused an increase in intensity and duration of MET signaling, suggesting that MET signaling may compensate for loss of RON signaling. Treatment of cells with an MET inhibitor, PHA-665752, had minimal effects on inhibiting cell growth but significantly inhibited cell invasion induce by ligands for either MET or RON. These results suggest that HGF/MET signaling may have a more important role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis rather than in tumor cell proliferation. This study indicates that specific inhibition of RON delays but does not prevent progression of PDAC. Moreover, specific signaling may be modulated by the interaction of RON and MET receptors. This dynamic interaction of RON and MET in pancreatic cancer cells suggests that dual targeting of both RON and MET will be preferable to inhibition of either target alone.
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Eyob H, Ekiz HA, Welm AL. RON promotes the metastatic spread of breast carcinomas by subverting antitumor immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25670. [PMID: 24327933 PMCID: PMC3850023 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The MSP/RON signaling pathway favors the conversion of micrometastatic lesions to overt metastases by suppressing antitumor immune responses. The loss of RON functions in the host potentiates tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, hence inhibiting the outgrowth of metastatic cancer cells. Thus, RON inhibitors may potentially prevent the outgrowth of micrometastases in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henok Eyob
- Department of Oncological Sciences; Huntsman Cancer Institute; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT USA
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Chen HJ, Jiang YL, Lin CM, Tsai SC, Peng SF, Fushiya S, Hour MJ, Yang JS. Dual inhibition of EGFR and c-Met kinase activation by MJ-56 reduces metastasis of HT29 human colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:141-50. [PMID: 23677180 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinazolinone derivatives are known to possess anticancer activities on cell metastasis and cell death in different human cancer cell lines. Here, we studied the anti-metastasis activity and the underlying mechanisms of the novel quinazoline derivative MJ-56 (6-pyrrolidinyl-2-(3-bromostyryl)quinazolin-4-one). MJ-56 inhibited cell migration and invasion of HT29 human colorectal cancer cells by wound-healing and Matrigel-coated transwell assays in a concentration-dependent manner. MJ-56-treated cells resulted in the reduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -7, -9 and -10 and the reduced enzymatic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. In contrast, MJ-56-treated cells enhanced the expression of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Further analyses showed that MJ-56 attenuated the activities of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Met and the downstream ERK-mediated MAPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways, which led to decreased protein synthesis by dephosphorylating the translation initiation factors eIF-4B, eIF-4E, eIF-4G and S6 ribosomal protein. In addition, MJ-56 interfered with the NF-κB signaling via impairing PI3K/AKT activation and subsequently reduced the NF-κB-mediated transcription of MMPs. Taken together, the reduced expression of phosphor-EGFR and c-MET is chiefly responsible for all events of blocking metastasis. Our results suggest a potential role of MJ-56 on therapy of colorectal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jye Chen
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Yu H, Yuan J, Xiao C, Qin Y. Integrative genomic analyses of recepteur d'origine nantais and its prognostic value in cancer. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1248-54. [PMID: 23483216 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) normally expressed at low levels in epithelial cells. RON is a 180-kDa heterodimeric protein composed of a 40-kDa α-chain and a 150-kDa transmembrane β-chain with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. The extracellular sequences of RON contain several domains including an N-terminal semaphorin (sema) domain, followed by the plexin, semaphorin, integrin (PSI) domain, and four immunoglobulin, plexin, transcription factor (IPT) domains. Here, we identified RON genes from 14 vertebrate genomes and found that RON exists in all types of vertebrates including fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. We found that the human RON gene showed predominant expression in the liver, lymph node, thymus, intestine, lung, mammary gland, bone marrow, brain, heart, placenta, bladder, cortex, cervix, skin, kidney and prostate. When searched in the PrognoScan database, human RON was also found to be expressed in bladder, blood, breast, glioma, esophageal, colorectal, head and neck, ovarian, lung and skin cancer. The relationship between the expression of RON and prognosis was found to vary in different cancer types, even in the same cancer from different databases. This suggests that the function of RON in these tumors may be multidimensional, not just as a tumor suppressor or oncogene. Six available single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) disrupting existing exonic splicing enhancers were identified in RON. This may contribute to the generation of active RON variants by alternative splicing, which is frequently observed in primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhong Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory of the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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Lee KE, Park JS, Khoi PN, Joo YE, Lee YH, Jung YD. Upregulation of recepteur d'origine nantais tyrosine kinase and cell invasiveness via early growth response-1 in gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1217-23. [PMID: 22095683 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation and activation of the recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) has been implicated in carcinogenesis of epithelial tumors. RON expression was induced by the tumor promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), in gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. Studies with deleted and site-directed mutagenesis of Egr-1 promoter and with expression vectors encoding Egr-1 confirmed that Egr-1 is essential for RON expression. In addition, AGS cells pretreated with PMA showed remarkably enhanced invasiveness, which was partially abrogated by siRNA-targeted RON and Egr-1. These results suggest that tumor promoter induces RON expression via Egr-1, which, in turn, stimulates cell invasiveness in AGS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko E Lee
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, Republic of Korea
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Bouzid K, Bedairia N, Marty M. Anticorps monoclonaux thérapeutiques en cancérologie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 60:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ren X, Daa T, Yada N, Kashima K, Fujitomi Y, Yokoyama S. Expression and mutational status of RON in neoplastic lesions of the breast: analysis of MSP/RON signaling in ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma. APMIS 2011; 120:358-67. [PMID: 22515290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON) is a receptor tyrosine kinase closely related to MET and involved in tumorigenesis. We investigated the roles of aberrations in RON and its ligand, macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC, n = 81), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, n = 26), and in benign lesions (n = 20) of mammary gland. Expression of RON and MSP was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and the mutational status of a region containing the proteolytic cleavage site in exon 1 and each exon of the kinase domain (exon 14-20) of RON was screened by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis. The proportion of cases positive for RON expression was significantly different between malignant [86% (92/107)] and benign [40% (8/20)] lesions. RON expression was positive in both IDC and DCIS [90% (73/81) and 73% (19/26), respectively], whereas MSP expression was present in 54% (44/81) of IDC and absent in DCIS. RON expression correlated significantly with the histological grade of DCIS. No mutations were detected in the examined regions of RON in breast cancer samples as confirmed by PCR-SSCP. The findings suggest the involvement of RON expression in the development of breast cancer, and that an autocrine/paracrine loop of RON seems to affect tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Ren
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Japan
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Holbrook JD, Parker JS, Gallagher KT, Halsey WS, Hughes AM, Weigman VJ, Lebowitz PF, Kumar R. Deep sequencing of gastric carcinoma reveals somatic mutations relevant to personalized medicine. J Transl Med 2011; 9:119. [PMID: 21781349 PMCID: PMC3152520 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death, with the majority of the health burden borne by economically less-developed countries. METHODS Here, we report a genetic characterization of 50 gastric adenocarcinoma samples, using affymetrix SNP arrays and Illumina mRNA expression arrays as well as Illumina sequencing of the coding regions of 384 genes belonging to various pathways known to be altered in other cancers. RESULTS Genetic alterations were observed in the WNT, Hedgehog, cell cycle, DNA damage and epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition pathways. CONCLUSIONS The data suggests targeted therapies approved or in clinical development for gastric carcinoma would be of benefit to ~22% of the patients studied. In addition, the novel mutations detected here, are likely to influence clinical response and suggest new targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D Holbrook
- Cancer Research, Oncology R&D, Glaxosmithkline R&D, Collegeville, USA.
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Aune G, Lian AM, Tingulstad S, Torp SH, Forsmo S, Reseland JE, Stunes AK, Syversen U. Increased circulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF): a marker of epithelial ovarian cancer and an indicator of poor prognosis. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 121:402-6. [PMID: 21284996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.12.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been described to be increased in different cancers. In the present study we wanted to investigate whether HGF in serum can distinguish between benign and malignant ovarian tumors, and whether serum HGF levels can predict the outcome in patients with ovarian carcinomas. METHODS We included 123 consecutive patients appointed for laparotomy due to a pelvic mass. Preoperative levels of serum cancer antigen 125 (CA 125), HGF and HGF activator (HGFA) were quantified with immunological methods. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of HGFα, HGFβ and the receptor c-Met. Five-year survival of patients with advanced disease (stage III and stage IV) was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Sixty patients had ovarian carcinomas, 23 borderline tumors, and 40 benign ovarian tumors. Patients with ovarian carcinomas had significantly higher preoperative HGF and CA 125 serum levels than patients with benign ovarian tumors, and borderline tumors. Patients with borderline tumors had significantly higher CA 125 values than benign cases. A combination of CA 125 and HGF increased the specificity in predicting carcinoma. We observed abundant HGFα, HGFβ and c-Met expressions in all ovarian tumors. Patients with advanced disease and preoperative serum HGF values ≥2SD above reference value had a shorter disease-free survival than patients with advanced disease and serum HGF <2SD above reference value. CONCLUSIONS HGF in serum is an indicator of ovarian carcinoma in women with a pelvic mass, and of a poor prognosis in advanced ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Aune
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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Ma Q, Zhang K, Guin S, Zhou YQ, Wang MH. Deletion or insertion in the first immunoglobulin-plexin-transcription (IPT) domain differentially regulates expression and tumorigenic activities of RON receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:307. [PMID: 21114864 PMCID: PMC3001714 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase, a member of the c-MET family, regulates tumorigenic phenotypes. The RON extracellular domains are critical in regulating these activities. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the first IPT domain in regulating RON-mediated tumorigenic activities and the underlying mechanisms. Results Two RON variants, RON160 and RONE5/6in with deletion and insertion in the first IPT domain, respectively, were molecularly cloned. RON160 was a splicing variant generated by deletion of 109 amino acids encoded by exons 5 and 6. In contrast, RONE5/6in was derived from a transcript with an insertion of 20 amino acids between exons 5 and 6. Both RON160 and RONE5/6in were proteolytically matured into two-chain receptor and expressed on the cell surface. RON160 was constitutively active with tyrosine phosphorylation. However, activation of RONE5/6in required ligand stimulation. Deletion resulted in the resistance of RON160 to proteolytic digestion by cell associated trypsin-like enzymes. RON160 also resisted anti-RON antibody-induced receptor internalization. These features contributed to sustained intracellular signaling cascades. On the other hand, RONE5/6in was highly susceptible to protease digestion, which led to formation of a truncated variant known as RONp110. RONE5/6in also underwent rapid internalization upon anti-RON antibody treatment, which led to signaling attenuation. Although ligand-induced activation of RONE5/6in partially caused epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), it was RON160 that showed cell-transforming activities in cell focus formation and anchorage-independent growth. RON160-mediated EMT is also associated with increased motile/invasive activity. Conclusions Alterations in the first IPT domain in extracellular region differentially regulate RON mediated tumorigenic activities. Deletion of the first IPT results in formation of oncogenic variant RON160. Enhanced degradation and internalization with attenuated signaling cascades could be the mechanisms underlying non-tumorigenic features of RONE5/6in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ma
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology in State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P, R, China
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