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Chiu PL, Lin MC, Hsu ST, Ho TY, Chen YH, Chen CC, Chen YS. Rosmarinic acid Ameliorates neuronal regeneration in the bridging silicone rubber conduits of the sciatic nerve in taxol-treated rats. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:276-286. [PMID: 38707916 PMCID: PMC11068989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Taxol modulates local inflammatory conditions in peripheral nerves, which may impair their regeneration and recovery when injured. This study aimed to determine the effects of rosmarinic acid (RA, a polyphenol constituent of many culinary herbs) on the regeneration of the sciatic nerves in the bridging conduits. Experimental procedure In the cell study, RA decreased nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity induced by taxol in a dose dependency. In the animal model, taxol-treated rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 10/group): taxol (2 mg/kg body weight for 4 times) and taxol + RA (3 times/week for 4 weeks at 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) groups. Macrophage infiltration, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression levels, neuronal connectivity, animal behavior, and neuronal electrophysiology were evaluated. Results and conclusion At the end of 4 weeks, macrophage density, CGRP expression level, and axon number significantly increased in the RA group compared with the taxol group. The RA administration unaffected heat, cold plate licking latencies, and motor coordination. Moreover, the 40 mg/kg RA group had significantly larger nerve conduction velocity and less latency compared to the taxol group. This study suggested that RA could ameliorate local inflammatory conditions to augment the recovery of regenerating nerves by accelerating their regrowth and improving electrophysiological function in taxol-treated peripheral nerve injury repaired with the silicone rubber conduit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ling Chiu
- Program for Aging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Program for Aging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tien Hsu
- Program for Aging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Ling Tung University, Taichung, 408, Taiwan
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Program for Aging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Program for Aging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chia Chen
- Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, 103, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, 840, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- Program for Aging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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Pang J, Zhang S, Kong Y, Wang Z, Pei R, Zhuang P, Wang X. The effect of dexmedetomidine on expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in spinal dorsal cord in a rat model with chronic neuropathic pain. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023; 81:233-239. [PMID: 37059432 PMCID: PMC10104752 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain typically refers to the pain caused by somatosensory system injury or diseases, which is usually characterized by ambulatory pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. Nitric oxide produced by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the spinal dorsal cord might serve a predominant role in regulating the algesia of neuropathic pain. The high efficacy and safety, as well as the plausible ability in providing comfort, entitle dexmedetomidine (DEX) to an effective anesthetic adjuvant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DEX on the expression of nNOS in spinal dorsal cord in a rat model with chronic neuropathic pain. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into three groups: sham operation group (sham), (of the sciatic nerve) operation (CCI) group, and dexmedetomidine (DEX) group. Chronic neuropathic pain models in the CCI and DEX groups were established by sciatic nerve ligation. The thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) was measured on day 1 before operation and on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 after operation. Six animals were sacrificed after TWL measurement on day 7, and 14 days after operation, in each group, the L4-6 segment of the spinal cords was extracted for determination of nNOS expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the TWL threshold was significantly decreased and the expression of nNOS was up-regulated after operation in the CCI and DEX groups. Compared with the CCI grou[, the TWL threshold was significantly increased and the expression of nNOS was significantly down-regulated on day 7 and 14 days after operation in the DEX group. CONCLUSION Down-regulated nNOS in the spinal dorsal cord is involved in the attenuation of neuropathic pain by DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pang
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suming Zhang
- Xuzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Kong
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruomeng Pei
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Heimfarth L, Rezende MM, Pereira EWM, Passos FRS, Monteiro BS, Santos TKB, Lima NT, Souza ICL, de Albuquerque Junior RLC, de Souza Siqueira Lima P, de Souza Araújo AA, Quintans Júnior LJ, Kim B, Coutinho HDM, de Souza Siqueira Quintans J. Pharmacological effects of a complex α-bisabolol/β-cyclodextrin in a mice arthritis model with involvement of IL-1β, IL-6 and MAPK. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113142. [PMID: 35623175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is the most prevalent chronic inflammatory disease worldwide. The pathology of the disease is characterized by increased inflammation and oxidative stress, which leads to chronic pain and functional loss in the joints. Conventional anti-arthritic drugs used to relieve pain and other arthritic symptoms often cause severe side effects. α-bisabolol (BIS) is a sesquiterpene that exhibits high anti-inflammatory potential and a significant antinociceptive effect. This study evaluates the anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects of BIS alone and in a β-cyclodextrin (βCD/BIS) inclusion complex in a CFA-induced arthritis model. Following the intra-articular administration of CFA, male mice were treated with vehicle, BIS and βCD/BIS (50 mg/kg, p.o.) or a positive control and pain-related behaviors, knee edema and inflammatory and oxidative parameters were evaluated on days 4, 11, 18 and/or 25. Ours findings shows that the oral administration of BIS and βCD/BIS significantly attenuated spontaneous pain-like behaviors, mechanical hyperalgesia, grip strength deficit and knee edema induced by repeated injections of CFA, reducing the joint pain and functional disability associated with arthritis. BIS and βCD/BIS also inhibited the generation of inflammatory and oxidative markers in the knee and blocked MAPK in the spinal cord. In addition, ours results also showed that the incorporation of BIS in cyclodextrin as a drug delivery system improved the pharmacological profile of this substance. Therefore, these results contribute to the pharmacological knowledge of BIS and demonstrated that this terpene appears to be able to mitigate deleterious symptoms of arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Heimfarth
- Multiuser Health Center Facility (CMulti-Saúde), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Marília Matos Rezende
- Multiuser Health Center Facility (CMulti-Saúde), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Erik Willyame Menezes Pereira
- Multiuser Health Center Facility (CMulti-Saúde), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Fabiolla Rocha Santos Passos
- Multiuser Health Center Facility (CMulti-Saúde), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Brenda Souza Monteiro
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Tiffany Karoline Barroso Santos
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Natália Teles Lima
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Isana Carla Leal Souza
- Laboratory of Morphology and Experimental Pathology, Research and Technology Institute, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | | | - Pollyana de Souza Siqueira Lima
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Lucindo José Quintans Júnior
- Multiuser Health Center Facility (CMulti-Saúde), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri - URCA, Crato, Brazil.
| | - Jullyana de Souza Siqueira Quintans
- Multiuser Health Center Facility (CMulti-Saúde), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Health Sciences Graduate Program (PPGCS), Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurosciences and Pharmacological Assays (LANEF), Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
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Nie B, Jiang H, Chen H, Liu Q. Dexmedetomidine alleviates hyperalgesia in arthritis rats through inhibition of the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:586-593. [PMID: 35445635 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2069578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has showed significant analgesic effects in neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. Our present study aimed to explore the effect of DEX on hyperalgesia with the involvement of p38MAPK signaling pathway a rat model of monoarthritis (MA). METHODS MA rat model was induced by injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Pathological changes of ma rats were observed by HE staining and Safranin-O/Fast Green staining. Ankle circumference, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) and paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured to judge the degree of hyperalgesia in MA rats. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA were applied to observe the degree of inflammation in rats. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect expression of p38MAPK signaling pathway-related factors. The mechanism of p38MAPK signaling pathway in MA rats was observed via treatment of Anisomycin or SB203580 combined with DEX. RESULTS After 8 h of CFA induction, joint swelling and hyperalgesia occurred in rats. There were obvious pathological changes in the joint cavity, the joint cavity space became narrow and synovial bursa became rough. A large number of inflammatory cell infiltration was observed under microscope. After injection of DEX and SB203580, PWT and PWL was prolonged, the expression of serum inflammatory factors was decreased, and the expression of p38MAPK signaling pathway-related factors was decreased; while all the detected indexes were recovered in MA rats after treated with DEX and Anisomycin. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided evidence that DEX could alleviate hyperalgesia in arthritis rats through inhibition of the p38MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, TongJi Hospital in Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, TongJi Hospital in Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, TongJi Hospital in Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, TongJi Hospital in Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Dexmedetomidine Improves Locomotor Function and Alleviates Thermal Hyperalgesia Following Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury in Rats. Int Neurourol J 2020; 24:S11-18. [PMID: 32482053 PMCID: PMC7285700 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2040162.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of dexmedetomidine on locomotor function and thermal hyperalgesia in sciatic nerve crush injury (SNCI) were investigated using rats. METHODS After exposing the right sciatic nerve, the sciatic nerve was crushed for 1 minute by a surgical clip. One day after nerve injury, dexmedetomidine (5, 25, and 50 µg/kg) was directly applied to the injured sciatic nerve once a day for 14 days. Walking track analysis was used to assess locomotor function and plantar test was conducted to assess thermal pain sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of c-Fos in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Western blot was used to evaluate the expression level of nerve growth factor (NGF) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in the sciatic nerve. RESULTS SNCI resulted in deterioration of locomotor function and increased thermal pain sensitivity. The level of c-Fos expression in the PVN and vlPAG was increased and the level of NGF and MBP expression in the sciatic nerve was enhanced by SNCI. Dexmedetomidine treatment improved locomotor function and upregulated expression of NGF and MBP in the sciatic nerve of SNCI. Dexmedetomidine treatment alleviated thermal hyperalgesia and downregulated expression of c-Fos in the vlPAG and PVN after SNCI. CONCLUSION Dexmedetomidine may be used as a potential new treatment drug for recovery of locomotion and control of pain in peripheral nerve injury.
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Carvalho AMS, Heimfarth L, Pereira EWM, Oliveira FS, Menezes IRA, Coutinho HDM, Picot L, Antoniolli AR, Quintans JSS, Quintans-Júnior LJ. Phytol, a Chlorophyll Component, Produces Antihyperalgesic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antiarthritic Effects: Possible NFκB Pathway Involvement and Reduced Levels of the Proinflammatory Cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:1107-1117. [PMID: 32091204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytol is a diterpene constituent of chlorophyll and has been shown to have several pharmacological properties, particularly in relation to the management of painful inflammatory diseases. Arthritis is one of the most common of these inflammatory diseases, mainly affecting the synovial membrane, cartilage, and bone in joints. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and the NFκB signaling pathway play a pivotal role in arthritis. However, as the mechanisms of action of phytol and its ability to reduce the levels of these cytokines are poorly understood, we decided to investigate its pharmacological effects using a mouse model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Our results showed that phytol was able to inhibit joint swelling and hyperalgesia throughout the whole treatment period. Moreover, phytol reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and proinflammatory cytokine release in synovial fluid and decreased IL-6 production as well as the COX-2 immunocontent in the spinal cord. It also downregulated the p38MAPK and NFκB signaling pathways. Therefore, our findings demonstrated that phytol can be an innovative antiarthritic agent due to its capacity to attenuate inflammatory reactions in joints and the spinal cord, mainly through the modulation of mediators that are key to the establishment of arthritic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irwin R A Menezes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63100-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Ceará 63100-000, Brazil
| | - Laurent Picot
- UMRi CNRS 7266 LIENSs, University of La Rochelle, 17042 La Rochelle, France
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Ji YR, Chen Y, Chen YN, Qiu GL, Wen JG, Zheng Y, Li XF, Cheng H, Li YH, Li J. Dexmedetomidine inhibits the invasion, migration, and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by reducing the expression of NLRC5. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 82:106374. [PMID: 32163856 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory synovitis, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. NLRC5 is a newly discovered member of the NLR family that is effective in regulating autoimmunity, inflammatory responses, and cell death processes. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been reported to have a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, the role of DEX in RA has not been explored. In adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) rat models, DEX (10 μg/kg and 20 μg/kg) reduced the pathological score, the arthritis score, paw swelling volume, and the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-α. Moreover, by using Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), it was demonstrated that DEX can inhibit the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-9 and P-P65 in the synovial tissue of AA rats. In human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs), DEX (250 nM and 500 nM) was found to inhibit the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-9, and P-P65 following stimulation with TNF-α. Moreover, DEX can inhibit the invasion and migration of RA-FLSs stimulated by TNF-α. Finally, the expression of NLRC5 in RA-FLSs and AA rat models was also reduced by DEX. After silencing NLRC5 in RA-FLSs, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-9, and P-P65, as well as the invasion and migration of cells, were significantly reduced. These results indicate that DEX inhibits the invasion, migration, and inflammation of RA-FLSs by reducing the expression of NLRC5 and inhibiting the NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Ji
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yan-Ni Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Gao-Lin Qiu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jia-Gen Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Huang Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yuan-Hai Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Hefei 230032, China, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, China.
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Li X, Zhang W. Influence of intrathecal injection with dexmedetomidine on the behavioral ability and analgesic effects on rats with neuropathic pain and expression of protein kinase C in the spinal dorsal horn. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3835-3840. [PMID: 30344660 PMCID: PMC6176169 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of intrathecal injection with dexmedetomidine on the behavioral ability and analgesic effects of rat models with chronic neuropathic pain. It also discusses the role that the expression of protein kinase C (PKC) in the spinal dorsal horn plays in the analgesic mechanism of dexmedetomidine. A total of 35 Sprague Dawley rats were selected. Five rats were randomly chosen as the blank control group and the rest were prepared as models with chronic constriction injury, which were divided into the model and the observation group (n=15, each group). The observation group was injected with 10 ml dexmedetomidine intrathecally, while the model group was injected with an equivalent amount of saline. The behavioral abilities were evaluated by cumulative and motor function score. In addition, mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) were applied for the detection of pain threshold. Immunohistochemistry staining method was used to test the positive expression of PKC, and western blot analysis was used for the detection of PKC quantitative expression levels. After initiation, the instant cumulative and motor function score of the model and observation groups increased, while the values of MWT and TWL decreased. After initiation, the positive expression of PKC in the spinal dorsal horn of the model and observation groups rose dramatically, and the quantitative expression level was also on the rise. The positive and quantitative expression levels in the observation group reduced gradually over time. Thus, the intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine may improve the behavioral ability of rats with chronic neuralgia and reduce the degree of pain, which may be associated with the inhibition of the expression of PKC in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Ji D, Zhou Y, Li S, Li D, Chen H, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Xu H. Anti-nociceptive effect of dexmedetomidine in a rat model of monoarthritis via suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4910-4918. [PMID: 29201195 PMCID: PMC5704272 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As a therapeutic target for neuropathic pain, the anti-nociceptive effects of α 2-adrenoceptors (α2AR) have attracted attention. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), a potent and highly selective α2AR agonist, has exhibited significant analgesic effects in neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanism has remained elusive. The present study investigated the effect of DEX on Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 expression, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The rat monoarthritis (MA) model was induced by intra-articular injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) at the ankle joint. After induction of MA, the rats were intrathecally treated with normal saline or DEX (2.5 µg) for 3 consecutive days. The concentration of interleukin-1β and -6 as well as tumor necrosis factor-α was examined by ELISA. The expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 were determined by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The results indicated that the pro-inflammatory cytokines TLR4 and NF-κB p65 were significantly upregulated in MA rats. DEX treatment markedly reduced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, suppressed MA-induced elevation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway, while these effects were blocked by pre-treatment with the selective α2AR antagonist BRL44408 (15 µg) at 30 min prior to CFA injection. These results suggested that DEX has an anti-nociceptive effect via suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB p65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yalan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Dai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yuanchang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yuqiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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10
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Dexmedetomidine Attenuates Neurotoxicity Induced by Prenatal Propofol Exposure. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2016; 28:51-64. [DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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11
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Effects of dexmedetomidine on P2X4Rs, p38-MAPK and BDNF in spinal microglia in rats with spared nerve injury. Brain Res 2014; 1568:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Katsuyama S, Aso H, Otowa A, Yagi T, Kishikawa Y, Komatsu T, Sakurada T, Nakamura H. Antinociceptive Effects of the Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors Milnacipran and Duloxetine on Vincristine-Induced Neuropathic Pain Model in Mice. ISRN PAIN 2014; 2014:915464. [PMID: 27335884 PMCID: PMC4893398 DOI: 10.1155/2014/915464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vincristine is an anticancer drug used to treat a variety of cancer types, but it frequently causes peripheral neuropathy. Neuropathic pain is often associated with the appearance of abnormal sensory signs, such as allodynia. Milnacipran and duloxetine, serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, have shown efficacy against several chronic pain syndromes. In this study, we investigated the attenuation of vincristine-induced mechanical allodynia in mice by milnacipran and duloxetine. To induce peripheral neuropathy, vincristine was administered once per day (0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) for 7 days. Mechanical allodynia was evaluated by measuring the withdrawal response to stimulation with a von Frey filament. In vincristine-treated mice, mechanical allodynia was observed on days 3-28 of vincristine administration. A single administration of milnacipran (40 mg/kg, i.p.) or duloxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on vincristine-induced mechanical allodynia. However, repeated administration of milnacipran (20 or 40 mg/kg, once per day, i.p.) or duloxetine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, once per day, i.p.) for 7 days significantly reduced vincristine-induced mechanical allodynia. These results suggest that chronic vincristine administration induces mechanical allodynia, and that repeated milnacipran and duloxetine administration may be an effective approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain caused by vincristine treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soh Katsuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromu Aso
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Akira Otowa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yagi
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Yukinaga Kishikawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Takaaki Komatsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sakurada
- Department of Pharmacology, Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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13
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Li SS, Zhang WS, Ji D, Zhou YL, Li H, Yang JL, Xiong YC, Zhang YQ, Xu H. Involvement of spinal microglia and interleukin-18 in the anti-nociceptive effect of dexmedetomidine in rats subjected to CCI. Neurosci Lett 2013; 560:21-5. [PMID: 24345418 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, a selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor (α2AR) agonist, has provided significant analgesia in neuropathic pain. However, its underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that intrathecal administration of dexmedetomidine alleviated mechanical allodynia induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI), and pretreatment with BRL44408 significantly reversed the dexmedetomidine-induced anti-nociceptive effect. Western blotting revealed that dexmedetomidine reduced the activation of microglia and the upregulation of interleukin-18 (IL-18) protein expression in the ipsilateral lumbar spinal dorsal horn, while BRL44408 pretreatment significantly blocked these effects of dexmedetomidine. Immunocytochemistry/immunohistochemistry indicated that the α2A-adrenoceptor was localised to microglia in primary culture, and IL-18 predominantly colocalised with the microglial marker Iba-1 in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These results suggest that the IL-18 signalling pathway in microglia may be involved in the anti-nociceptive effect of dexmedetomidine in rats subjected to CCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Shi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Lan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Le Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Chang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Kundra P, Velayudhan S, Krishnamachari S, Gupta SL. Oral ketamine and dexmedetomidine in adults' burns wound dressing--A randomized double blind cross over study. Burns 2013; 39:1150-6. [PMID: 23623339 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Study was designed to compare analgesic efficacy and side effects of oral dexmedetomidine and ketamine in adults for burn wound dressing. Sixty healthy adults with thermal burns with burn area (20-50%) were randomly assigned into 2 groups. In Group K 5mg/kg ketamine and in Group D 4 mcg/kg dexmedetomidine was given orally. Patients crossed over to the other group the following day. Visual analogue score, sedation score, haemodynamic parameters were recorded from 30min after drug administration to 2h after procedure. Patients' preference was also recorded. Mean VAS score was significantly reduced from baseline in both the groups at all time points (P<0.05). Pain relief in Group K (overall mean VAS 2.6±0.6cm) was significantly better when compared to Group D (overall mean VAS 3.8±0.8cm). Patients in group K were significantly more sedated (median 3) when compared to group D (median 2), P<0.05. Delirium and excessive salivation were significant complications observed with ketamine. More patients preferred ketamine (63.3%) than dexmedetomidine (36.7%), P<0.05. Oral ketamine and dexmedetomidine produced significant pain relief during burns wound dressing. Oral ketamine produced significantly better pain relief than dexmedetomidine but was associated with delirium and excessive salivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kundra
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Institute of National Importance, Pondicherry 605 006, India.
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15
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HONDA Y, SUNAGAWA M, YONEYAMA S, IKEMOTO H, NAKANISHI T, IWANAMI H, SUGA H, ISHIKAWA S, ISHINO S, HISAMITSU T. Analgesic and Anti-stress Effects of Yokukansan in Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3937/kampomed.64.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Park HJ, Kim YH, Koh HJ, Park CS, Kang SH, Choi JH, Moon DE. Analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine in vincristine-evoked painful neuropathic rats. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:1411-7. [PMID: 23166426 PMCID: PMC3492679 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.11.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, which is a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, was recently introduced into clinical practice for its analgesic properties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine in a vincristine-evoked neuropathic rat models. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with vincristine or saline (0.1 mg/kg/day) using a 5-day-on, 2-day-off schedule for 2 weeks. Saline and dexmedetomidine (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/kg) were injected to rats developed allodynia 14 days after vincristine injection, respectively. We evaluated allodynia at before, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min, and 24 hr after intraperitoneal drug (normal saline or dexmedetomidine) injection. Saline treatment did not show any differences for all the allodynia. Maximal paw withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli were 3.0 ± 0.4, 9.1 ± 1.9, 13.0 ± 3.6, 16.6 ± 2.4, and 24.4 ± 1.6 g at saline, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/kg dexmedetomidine injection, respectively. Minimal withdrawal frequency to cold stimuli were 73.3 ± 4.2, 57.1 ± 6.8, 34.3 ± 5.7, 20.0 ± 6.2, and 14.3 ± 9.5 g at saline, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/kg dexmedetomidine injection, respectively. Dexmedetomidine shows a dose-dependent antiallodynic effect on mechanical and cold stimuli in vincristine-evoked neuropathic rat models (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hue Jung Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Koh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-hee Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Eon Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Yang JL, Xu B, Li SS, Zhang WS, Xu H, Deng XM, Zhang YQ. Gabapentin reduces CX3CL1 signaling and blocks spinal microglial activation in monoarthritic rats. Mol Brain 2012; 5:18. [PMID: 22647647 PMCID: PMC3517515 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal glia, particularly microglia and astrocytes, are of the utmost importance in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. A recent study from our laboratory revealed that gabapentin, a recommended first-line treatment for multiple neuropathic conditions, could also efficiently antagonize thermal hyperalgesia evoked by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced monoarthritis (MA). In the present study, we investigated whether the spinal glia are involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of gabapentin and how this event occurs. RESULTS Unilateral intra-articular injection of CFA produced a robust activation of microglia and astrocytes. These cells exhibited large cell bodies, thick processes and increases in the ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1, a microglial marker) or the glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, an astrocytic marker). These cells also displayed immunoreactive signals, and an upregulation of the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) α2/δ-1 subunit, CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 expression levels in the spinal cord. These changes were associated with the development of thermal hyperalgesia. Immunofluorescence staining showed that VGCC α2/δ-1 subunit, a proposed gabapentin target of action, was widely distributed in primary afferent fibers terminals and dorsal horn neurons. CX3CL1, a potential trigger to activate microglia, colocalized with VGCC α2/δ-1 subunits in the spinal dorsal horn. However, its receptor CX3CR1 was mainly expressed in the spinal microglia. Multiple intraperitoneal (i.p.) gabapentin injections (100 mg/kg, once daily for 4 days with the first injection 60 min before intra-articular CFA) suppressed the activation of spinal microglia, downregulated spinal VGCC α2/δ-1 subunits decreased CX3CL1 levels and blocked the development of thermal hyperalgesia in MA rats. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide the first evidence that gabapentin diminishes CX3CL1 signaling and spinal microglia activation induced by joint inflammation. We also show that the VGCC α2/δ-1 subunits might be involved in these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Le Yang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Inhibition by dexmedetomidine of the activation of spinal dorsal horn glias and the intracellular ERK signaling pathway induced by nerve injury. Brain Res 2012; 1427:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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