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Zhao R, Zhou X, Zhao Z, Liu W, Lv M, Zhang Z, Wang C, Li T, Yang Z, Wan Q, Xu R, Cui Y. Farrerol Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Neuronal Survival and Reducing Neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04031-9. [PMID: 38376762 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a key influencing factor in the outcome of stroke. Inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and neuronal apoptosis are among the main factors that affect the progression of I/R injury. Farrerol (FAR) is a natural compound that can effectively inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. However, the role of FAR in cerebral I/R injury remains unknown. In this study, we found that FAR reduced brain injury and neuronal viability after cerebral I/R injury. Meanwhile, administration of FAR also reduced the inflammatory response of microglia after brain injury. Mechanistically, FAR treatment directly reduced neuronal death after oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R) through enhancing cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) activation to increase the expression of downstream neurotrophic factors and anti-apoptotic genes. Moreover, FAR decreased the activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, inhibited microglia activation, and reduced the production of inflammatory cytokines in microglia after OGD/R treatment or LPS stimulation. The compromised inflammatory response by FAR directly promoted the survival of neurons after OGD/R. In conclusion, FAR exerted a protective effect on cerebral I/R injury by directly decreasing neuronal death through upregulating CREB expression and attenuating neuroinflammation. Therefore, FAR could be a potentially effective drug for the treatment of cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Changxin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tianli Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zixiong Yang
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Jiangsu Road 16, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Estrogenic flavonoids and their molecular mechanisms of action. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 114:109250. [PMID: 36509337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a major group of phytoestrogens associated with physiological effects, and ecological and social impacts. Although the estrogenic activity of flavonoids was reported by researchers in the fields of medical, environmental and food studies, their molecular mechanisms of action have not been comprehensively reviewed. The estrogenic activity of the respective classes of flavonoids, anthocyanidins/anthocyanins, 2-arylbenzofurans/3-arylcoumarins/α-methyldeoxybenzoins, aurones/chalcones/dihydrochalcones, coumaronochromones, coumestans, flavans/flavan-3-ols/flavan-4-ols, flavanones/dihydroflavonols, flavones/flavonols, homoisoflavonoids, isoflavans, isoflavanones, isoflavenes, isoflavones, neoflavonoids, oligoflavonoids, pterocarpans/pterocarpenes, and rotenone/rotenoids, was summarized through a comprehensive literature search, and their structure-activity relationship, biological activities, signaling pathways, and applications were discussed. Although the respective classes of flavonoids contained at least one chemical mimicking estrogen, the mechanisms varied, such as those with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, non-estrogenic, and biphasic activities, and additional activities through crosstalk/bypassing, which exert biological activities through cell signaling pathways. Such mechanistic variations of estrogen action are not limited to flavonoids and are observed among other broad categories of chemicals, thus this group of chemicals can be termed as the "estrogenome". This review article focuses on the connection of estrogen action mainly between the outer and the inner environments, which represent variations of chemicals and biological activities/signaling pathways, respectively, and form the basis to understand their applications. The applications of chemicals will markedly progress due to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence for precision medicine, which is also true of the study of the estrogenome including estrogenic flavonoids.
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Qin X, Xu X, Hou X, Liang R, Chen L, Hao Y, Gao A, Du X, Zhao L, Shi Y, Li Q. The pharmacological properties and corresponding mechanisms of farrerol: a comprehensive review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:9-16. [PMID: 34846222 PMCID: PMC8635655 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.2006723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Farrerol, a typical natural flavanone isolated from the traditional Chinese herb 'Man-shan-hong' [Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae)] with phlegm-reducing and cough-relieving properties, is widely used in China for treating bronchitis and asthma. OBJECTIVE To present the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, vasoactive, antitumor, and antimicrobial effects of farrerol and its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The literature was reviewed by searching PubMed, Medline, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases between 2011 and May 2021. The following key words were used: 'farrerol,' 'flavanone,' 'anti-inflammatory,' 'antioxidant,' 'vasoactive,' 'antitumor,' 'antimicrobial,' and 'molecular mechanisms'. RESULTS Farrerol showed anti-inflammatory effects mainly mediated via the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-6/8, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α, NF-κB, NO, COX-2, JNK1/2, AKT, PI3K, ERK1/2, p38, Keap-1, and TGF-1β. Farrerol exhibited antioxidant effects by decreasing JNK, MDA, ROS, NOX4, Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3, p-p38 MAPK, and GSK-3β levels and enhancing Nrf2, GSH, SOD, GSH-Px, HO-1, NQO1, and p-ERK levels. The vasoactive effects of farrerol were also shown by the reduced α-SMA, NAD(P)H, p-ERK, p-Akt, mTOR, Jak2, Stat3, Bcl-2, and p38 levels, but increased OPN, occludin, ZO-1, eNOS, CaM, IP3R, and PLC levels. The antitumor effects of farrerol were evident from the reduced Bcl-2, Slug, Zeb-1, and vimentin levels but increased p27, ERK1/2, p38, caspase-9, Bax, and E-cadherin levels. Farrerol reduced α-toxin levels and increased NO production and NF-κB activity to impart antibacterial activity. CONCLUSIONS This review article provides a theoretical basis for further studies on farrerol, with a view to develop and utilise farrerol for treating of vascular-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Qin
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- CONTACT Xiaojiang Qin School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinrong Xu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruifeng Liang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Liangjing Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuxuan Hao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Anqi Gao
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xufeng Du
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Liangyuan Zhao
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanxi Medical University Affiliated First Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Targeted Drugs, School of Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Qingshan Li School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Guajardo-Correa E, Silva-Agüero JF, Calle X, Chiong M, Henríquez M, García-Rivas G, Latorre M, Parra V. Estrogen signaling as a bridge between the nucleus and mitochondria in cardiovascular diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:968373. [PMID: 36187489 PMCID: PMC9516331 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.968373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Epidemiological studies indicate that pre-menopausal women are more protected against the development of CVDs compared to men of the same age. This effect is attributed to the action/effects of sex steroid hormones on the cardiovascular system. In this context, estrogen modulates cardiovascular function in physiological and pathological conditions, being one of the main physiological cardioprotective agents. Here we describe the common pathways and mechanisms by which estrogens modulate the retrograde and anterograde communication between the nucleus and mitochondria, highlighting the role of genomic and non-genomic pathways mediated by estrogen receptors. Additionally, we discuss the presumable role of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and function in different CVD models and how this protein could act as a master regulator of estrogen protective activity. Altogether, this review focuses on estrogenic control in gene expression and molecular pathways, how this activity governs nucleus-mitochondria communication, and its projection for a future generation of strategies in CVDs treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Guajardo-Correa
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Francisco Silva-Agüero
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Calle
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Center of Applied Nanoscience (CANS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Chiong
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Henríquez
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Red para el Estudio de Enfermedades Cardiopulmonares de Alta Letalidad (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gerardo García-Rivas
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Hospital Zambrano Hellion, San Pedro Garza Garcia, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Latorre
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Mauricio Latorre, ; Valentina Parra,
| | - Valentina Parra
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Red para el Estudio de Enfermedades Cardiopulmonares de Alta Letalidad (REECPAL), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Mauricio Latorre, ; Valentina Parra,
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Farrerol Induces Cancer Cell Death via ERK Activation in SKOV3 Cells and Attenuates TNF-α-Mediated Lipolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179400. [PMID: 34502316 PMCID: PMC8430798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farrerol (FA) is a flavanone isolated from the Chinese herbal medicine “Man-shan-hong” (Rhododendron dauricum L.). In the present study, FA decreased the viability of SKOV3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and it induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Cell cycle distribution analysis via flow cytometry showed that FA decreased G1 populations and increased G2/M populations in SKOV3 cells. Additionally, Western blotting confirmed an increase in the expression level of proteins involved in the cell cycle, e.g., CDK and cyclins. FA-induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cells was also investigated using a TUNEL assay, and increased expression levels of proapoptotic factors, including Caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), through the Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK pathway were investigated. Proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1) have been identified as a driver of the pathological mechanisms underlying involuntary weight loss and impaired physical function, i.e., cachexia, during cancer; in the present study, we showed that farrerol attenuates TNF-α-induced lipolysis and increases adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Thus, farrerol could potentially be used as an anticancer agent or anticachetic drug.
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Niță AR, Knock GA, Heads RJ. Signalling mechanisms in the cardiovascular protective effects of estrogen: With a focus on rapid/membrane signalling. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:103-118. [PMID: 34746830 PMCID: PMC8562205 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern society, cardiovascular disease remains the biggest single threat to life, being responsible for approximately one third of worldwide deaths. Male prevalence is significantly higher than that of women until after menopause, when the prevalence of CVD increases in females until it eventually exceeds that of men. Because of the coincidence of CVD prevalence increasing after menopause, the role of estrogen in the cardiovascular system has been intensively researched during the past two decades in vitro, in vivo and in observational studies. Most of these studies suggested that endogenous estrogen confers cardiovascular protective and anti-inflammatory effects. However, clinical studies of the cardioprotective effects of hormone replacement therapies (HRT) not only failed to produce proof of protective effects, but also revealed the potential harm estrogen could cause. The "critical window of hormone therapy" hypothesis affirms that the moment of its administration is essential for positive treatment outcomes, pre-menopause (3-5 years before menopause) and immediately post menopause being thought to be the most appropriate time for intervention. Since many of the cardioprotective effects of estrogen signaling are mediated by effects on the vasculature, this review aims to discuss the effects of estrogen on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) with a focus on the role of estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ and GPER) in triggering the more recently discovered rapid, or membrane delimited (non-genomic), signaling cascades that are vital for regulating vascular tone, preventing hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Roberta Niță
- School of Bioscience Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK
| | - Greg A. Knock
- School of Bioscience Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Richard J. Heads
- School of Bioscience Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK
- Cardiovascular Research Section, King’s BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, UK
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Wang J, Jin M, Jin C, Ye C, Zhou Y, Wang R, Cui H, Zhou W, Li G. A new pentacyclic triterpenoid from the leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. with inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:3313-3319. [PMID: 30810367 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1566822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new pentacyclic triterpenoid, 3-oxo-urs-11,13(18)-dien-28-oic acid (1), along with twelve known triterpenoids, α-amyrin (2), 19α-hydroxy-α-amyrin (3), triptohypol E (4), uvaol (5), 2α,3α-dihydroxyurs-11-en-13β,28-olide (6), 3β-hydroxyurs-11-en-13β,28-olide (7), ursolic acid (8), asiatic acid (9), oleanolic acid (10), aegiceradienol (11), obtusalin (12) and betulinic acid (13) were isolated from the leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L. Their structures were established from spectroscopic data and comparison with reported values. Among them, compounds 3, 4, 6, 7 and 11 were isolated from the Ericaceae family for the first time. Compounds 2, 5, 9, 12 and 13 were obtained from R. dauricum for the first time. Additionally, compounds 6, 10 and 11 significantly inhibited the levels of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at 3 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Mei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Chunshi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Rongshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji, P. R. China
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Farrerol maintains the contractile phenotype of VSMCs via inactivating the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:249-260. [PMID: 32840737 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Farrerol, a dihydroflavone isolated from Rhododendron dauricum L., can inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and exert a protective effect on H2O2-induced vascular endothelial cells injury. In this study, we investigated the effects of farrerol on VSMC phenotypic modulation and balloon injury-induced vascular neointimal formation and explored the underlying mechanisms. Serum-starved rat thoracic aorta SMCs (RASMCs) were first pretreated with farrerol (3, 10, and 30 μM, respectively), U0126 (a MEK kinase inhibitor), and SB203580 (a p38 kinase inhibitor), and followed by treatment with serum (10% FBS). The expression of several VSMC-specific markers, including α-SMA, SM22α, and OPN, were analyzed by western blot. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was also investigated. Farrerol inhibited the serum-induced transition of RASMCs from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype, and this was associated with a decrease in α-SMA and SM22α expression, and an increase in OPN expression. Farrerol also inhibited serum-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK in RASMCs. Moreover, U0126 and SB203580 both inhibited the serum-induced phenotypic transition of RASMCs. These findings indicate that farrerol can maintain the contractile phenotype of VSMCs partly via inactivating the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Using a rat model of carotid artery balloon injury, inhibition of VSMC phenotypic transition and suppression of neointimal formation were confirmed in vivo following the perivascular application of farrerol. Our results suggested that farrerol could be a promising lead compound for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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Long X, Gao Y, Liu W, Liu X, Hayashi T, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Ikejima T. Natural flavonoid silibinin promotes the migration and myogenic differentiation of murine C2C12 myoblasts via modulation of ROS generation and down-regulation of estrogen receptor α expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 474:243-261. [PMID: 32789659 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03849-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process, involving the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of myoblasts. Recent studies suggest that some natural flavanones stimulate myogenesis. However, the effect of plant estrogen, silibinin, on the regulation of myoblast behaviors is unclarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of silibinin on immortalized murine myoblast C2C12 in the aspects of proliferation, migration, differentiation along with underlying mechanisms. The results show that silibinin at concentrations below 50 μM enhanced the migration and differentiation of C2C12 cells, but had no effect on cell proliferation. Silibinin significantly promoted the production of ROS, which appeared to play important roles in the migration and differentiation of the myoblasts. Interestingly, among ROS, the superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical were associated with the migration, whereas hydrogen peroxide contributed to the myogenic differentiation. We used ER agonist and antagonist to explore whether estrogen receptors (ERs), which are affected by silibinin treatment in the silibinin-enhanced C2C12 migration and differentiation. Migration was independent of ERs, whereas the differentiation was associated with decreased ERα activity. In summary, silibinin treatment increases ROS levels, leading to the promotion of migration and myogenic differentiation. Negative regulation ERα of differentiation but not of migration may suggest that ERα represses hydrogen peroxide generation. The effect of silibinin on myoblast migration and differentiation suggests that silibinin may have therapeutic benefits for muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Long
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Gao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakanomachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Ibaraki, 649-1211, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Ibaraki, 649-1211, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development Liaoning Province, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China. .,China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
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Farrerol Directly Targets GSK-3 β to Activate Nrf2-ARE Pathway and Protect EA.hy926 Cells against Oxidative Stress-Induced Injuries. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5967434. [PMID: 32082480 PMCID: PMC7007950 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5967434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated endothelial injury is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. Farrerol, a typical natural flavanone from the medicinal plant Rhododendron dauricum L., has been reported to show protective effects against oxidative stress-induced endothelial injuries in our previous study. However, its action molecular mechanisms and targets are still unclear. In the present study, we determined whether farrerol can interact with glycogen synthase kinase 3β- (GSK-3β-) nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling, which is critical in defense against oxidative stress. Our results demonstrated that farrerol could specifically target Nrf2 negative regulator GSK-3β and inhibit its kinase activity. Mechanistic studies proved that farrerol could induce an inhibitory phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9 without affecting the expression level of total GSK-3β protein and promote the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 as well as the mRNA and protein expression of its downstream target genes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in EA.hy926 cells. Further studies performed with GSK-3β siRNA and specific inhibitor lithium chloride (LiCl) confirmed that GSK-3β inhibition was involved in farrerol-mediated endothelial protection and Nrf2 signaling activation. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies revealed that farrerol could bind to the ATP pocket of GSK-3β, which is consistent with the ATP-competitive kinetic behavior. Collectively, our results firstly demonstrate that farrerol could attenuate endothelial oxidative stress by specifically targeting GSK-3β and further activating the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway.
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11
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Farrerol alleviates high glucose-induced renal mesangial cell injury through the ROS/Nox4/ERK1/2 pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 316:108921. [PMID: 31838053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperproliferation and oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia in mesangial cells plays crucial roles in the pathological process of diabetic nephropathy. Farrerol, isolated from rhododendron leaves, possesses broad anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties towards several diseases, but its role in diabetic neuropathy remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of farrerol in high glucose induced mesangial cell injury, and to explore underlying molecular mechanisms. Our results showed that high glucose in vitro conditions significantly stimulated cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokine secretion, extracellular matrix deposition, excessive oxidative stress, and NADPH oxidase activity in mesangial cells. Levels of NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and TGF-β1/Smad2 activation were significantly induced by high glucose conditions in mesangial cells. Inversely, farrerol treatments at 40, 60, and 80 μM concentrations, dose-dependently alleviated this molecular damage by high glucose in mesangial cells. We also found that restoration of Nox4 expression abolished the protective effects of farrerol on high glucose-induced proliferation and reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, pretreatment with the Nox4 inhibitor diphenyliodonium or the ERK1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059, displayed similar ameliorated effects of farrerol on high glucose-induced mesangial cell damage. Taken together, these data suggest that farrerol displays protective effects on high glucose induced mesangial cell injury, partly through the Nox4-mediated ROS/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. These observations may provide novel insights into the application of farrerol as a diabetic neuropathy treatment.
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Ueda K, Adachi Y, Liu P, Fukuma N, Takimoto E. Regulatory Actions of Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:909. [PMID: 31998238 PMCID: PMC6965027 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Premenopausal females have a lower incidence of death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than male counterparts, supporting the notion that estrogen is protective against the development and progression of CVD. Although large-scale randomized trials of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy failed to show cardiovascular benefits, recent ELITE study demonstrated anti-atherosclerotic benefits of exogenous estrogen depending on the initiation timing of the therapy. These results have urged us to better understand the mechanisms for actions of estrogens on CVD. Here, we review experimental and human studies, highlighting the emerging role of estrogen's non-nuclear actions linking to NO-cGMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ueda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Adachi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pangyen Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Fukuma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiki Takimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Eiki Takimoto
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13
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Pabbidi MR, Kuppusamy M, Didion SP, Sanapureddy P, Reed JT, Sontakke SP. Sex differences in the vascular function and related mechanisms: role of 17β-estradiol. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1499-H1518. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00194.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower in premenopausal women but increases with age and menopause compared with similarly aged men. Based on the prevalence of CVD in postmenopausal women, sex hormone-dependent mechanisms have been postulated to be the primary factors responsible for the protection from CVD in premenopausal women. Recent Women’s Health Initiative studies, Cochrane Review studies, the Early Versus Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol Study, and the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study have suggested that beneficial effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are seen in women of <60 yr of age and if initiated within <10 yr of menopause. In contrast, the beneficial effects of HRT are not seen in women of >60 yr of age and if commenced after 10 yr of menopause. The higher incidence of CVD and the failure of HRT in postmenopausal aged women could be partly associated with fundamental differences in the vascular structure and function between men and women and in between pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively. In this regard, previous studies from human and animal studies have identified several sex differences in vascular function and associated mechanisms. The female sex hormone 17β-estradiol regulates the majority of these mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the sex differences in vascular structure, myogenic properties, endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and the role of 17β-estradiol in the regulation of vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna R. Pabbidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Maniselvan Kuppusamy
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sean P. Didion
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Padmaja Sanapureddy
- Department of Primary Care and Medicine, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Joey T. Reed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Sumit P. Sontakke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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14
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Li B, Chen P, Wang JH, Li L, Gong JL, Yao H. Farrerol overcomes the invasiveness of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells by regulating the expression of inducers of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Microb Pathog 2018; 131:277. [PMID: 29731224 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has been proposed as a mechanism indispensable to acquisition of metastatic properties by tumor cells. In this study we tested the ability of Farrerol, a Chinese herb-derived compound to ablate the EMT in human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells, Calu-1 were treated with various concentrations of Farrerol for 24 h to examine its effect on their viability by the MTT assay. Only those concentrations which showed least effect on the viability of Calu-1 cells were further used to evaluate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers by western blotting. Furthermore the effect of such concentrations on the migration and invasion of Calu-1 cells was determined by wound healing and transwell invasion assays respectively. The results demonstrated that Farrerol treatment led to the downregulation of Slug and Zeb-1, transcriptional regulators of EMT with the concomitant increase and decrease in the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin respectively. These data were further supported by migration and invasion assays which demonstrated that Farrerol treatment caused inhibited the migration and invasion of Calu-1 lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Taken together, our results indicate that Farrerol suppresses lung squamous cell carcinoma cell metastatic potential by modulating the expression of EMT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Oncology Surgical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Jie-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jin-Lan Gong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China.
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15
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Sustained ERK activation-mediated proliferation inhibition of farrerol on human gastric carcinoma cell line by G0/G1-phase cell-cycle arrest. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 25:490-9. [PMID: 26656929 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current cancer treatment is partly limited by chemotherapy-induced vascular toxicity associated with damage to vascular endothelial cells. In this study, the cytotoxicity of farrerol against SGC7901 gastric cancer cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro was investigated along with the underlying mechanisms of its growth-inhibitory effect against SGC7901 cells. MTT assays showed that farrerol inhibited SGC7901 cell growth, but exerted no cytotoxicity against HUVECs. Flow cytometry showed that treatment of SGC7901 cells with farrerol (5, 40, or 160 μmol/l) for 24 h caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in a concentration-dependent manner. Western blotting indicated that exposure of SGC7901 cells to farrerol resulted in significant upregulation of p27KIP1 (p27), accompanied by sustained activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK instead of JNK. Farrerol-stimulated p27 expression, p38 MAPK activation, and cell growth inhibition were attenuated by pretreatment with U0126, an MEK1/2 inhibitor. In conclusion, this study indicates the selective cytotoxicity of farrerol against SGC7901 cells, but not HUVECs. Furthermore, it provides the first evidence that farrerol could induce cancer cell growth inhibition by G0/G1-phase cell-cycle arrest mediated by sustained ERK activation. The findings show the potential of farrerol as a chemotherapeutic agent without vascular toxicity for use against gastric cancer.
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Kiyama R. Estrogenic Potentials of Traditional Chinese Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1365-1399. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen, a steroid hormone, is associated with several human activities, including environmental, industrial, agricultural, pharmaceutical and medical fields. In this review paper, estrogenic activity associated with traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) is discussed first by focusing on the assays needed to detect estrogenic activity (animal test, cell assay, ligand-binding assay, protein assay, reporter-gene assay, transcription assay and yeast two-hybrid assay), and then, their sources, the nature of activities (estrogenic or anti-estrogenic, or other types), and pathways/functions, along with the assay used to detect the activity, which is followed by a summary of effective chemicals found in or associated with TCM. Applications of estrogens in TCM are then discussed by a comprehensive search of the literature, which include basic study/pathway analysis, cell functions, diseases/symptoms and medicine/supplements. Discrepancies and conflicting cases about estrogenicity of TCM among assays or between TCM and their effective chemicals, are focused on to enlarge estrogenic potentials of TCM by referring to omic knowledge such as transcriptome, proteome, glycome, chemome, cellome, ligandome, interactome and effectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoiti Kiyama
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Life Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Li B, Chen P, Wang JH, Li L, Gong JL, Yao H. Ferrerol overcomes the invasiveness of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells by regulating the expression of inducers of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:171-175. [PMID: 28943152 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) has been proposed as a mechanism indispensable to acquisition of metastatic properties by tumor cells. In this study we tested the ability of Ferrerol, a Chinese herb-derived compound to ablate the EMT in human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Human lung squamous cell carcinoma cells, Calu-1 were treated with various concentrations of Ferrerol for 24 h to examine its effect on their viability by the MTT assay. Only those concentrations which showed least effect on the viability of Calu-1 cells were further used to evaluate the expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers by western blotting. Furthermore the effect of such concentrations on the migration and invasion of Calu-1 cells was determined by wound healing and transwell invasion assays respectively. The results demonstrated that Ferrerol treatment led to the downregulation of Slug and Zeb-1, transcriptional regulators of EMT with the concomitant increase and decrease in the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin respectively. These data were further supported by migration and invasion assays which demonstrated that Ferrerol treatment caused inhibited the migration and invasion of Calu-1 lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Taken together, our results indicate that Ferrerol suppresses lung squamous cell carcinoma cell metastatic potential by modulating the expression of EMT proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Oncology Surgical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710074, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Jie-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jin-Lan Gong
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Shidong Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China.
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18
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Min J, Weitian Z, Peng C, Yan P, Bo Z, Yan W, Yun B, Xukai W. Correlation between insulin-induced estrogen receptor methylation and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:156. [PMID: 27832775 PMCID: PMC5105242 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance have been recently recognized as an important cause of atherosclerosis. Clinical studies have also found that expression of the estrogen receptor is closely related to the incidence of atherosclerosis. This study investigate the effects of insulin and estrogen receptor α (ER-α) in atherosclerosis. Methods Double knockout ApoE/Lepr mice were given intraperitoneal injections of insulin, and their aortae were harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with insulin or infected with a lentivirus encoding exogenous ER-α, and changes in gene expression were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The methylation levels of the ER-α gene were tested using bisulfite sequencing PCR, and flow cytometry and EdU assay were used to measure VSMCs proliferation. Results Our results showed that insulin can induce the formation of atherosclerosis. Gene expression analysis revealed that insulin promotes the expression of DNA methyltransferases and inhibits ER-α expression, while 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine can inhibit this effect of insulin. Bisulfite sequencing PCR analysis showed that methylation of the ER-α second exon region increased in VSMCs treated with insulin. The results also showed that ER-α can inhibit VSMCs proliferation. Conclusions Our data suggest that insulin promotes the expression of DNA methyltransferases, induces methylation of ER-α second exon region and decreases the expression of ER-α, thereby interfering with estrogen regulation of VSMCs proliferation, resulting in atherosclerosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0471-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Min
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhong Weitian
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Cai Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Zhang Bo
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military, Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military, Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Bai Yun
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military, Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Wang Xukai
- Department of Cardiology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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19
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Dai F, Gao L, Zhao Y, Wang C, Xie S. Farrerol inhibited angiogenesis through Akt/mTOR, Erk and Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:686-693. [PMID: 27235707 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farrerol is one of traditional Chinese medicines, isolated from Rhododendron dauricum L. It has been reported that Farrerol exerts multiple biological activities. Angiogenesis is an important drug target for cancer and inflammation therapy, the effect of Farrerol on angiogenesis is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We aimed to investigate whether Farrerol may have inhibitory effects against angiogenesis. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Two kinds of endothelial cells, named human umbilical vein endothelia cell and human micro vessel endothelial cells, were used to examine the effect and mechanism of Farrerol on angiogenesis. MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation, wound healing assay and boyden's chamber assay were used to examine cell migration, Matrigel was used as basement membrane substratum in tube formation assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining assay and trypan blue staining were used to detect cell apoptosis, mouse aortic rings assay was performed as ex vivo assay, the expression of proteins involved in angiogenesis was tested using western blot, the binding of Farrerol to Stat3 was monitored by docking assay, molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA method. RESULTS Farrerol showed an inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelia cell and human micro vessel endothelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Farrerol induced cell cycle arrest and increased the apoptotic percentage of endothelial cells. Farrerol also suppressed the formation of new micro vessels from mouse aortic rings. Moreover, Farrerol reduced the phosphorylation levels of Erk, Akt, mTOR, Jak2 and Stat3 as well as protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Docking assay, molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA method showed that Farrerol bound to domain of Stat3, Ser613,Gln635, Glu638 and Thr714 are the main residues in Farrerol binding sites with the binding free energy -7.3 ∼ -9.0kcal/mol. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we demonstrated that Farrerol inhibited angiogenesis through down regulation of Akt/mTOR, Erk and Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway. The inhibitory effect of Farrerol on angiogenesis suggested that this compound may be helpful to the angiogenesis-related diseases treatment, such as cancer and inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Joint Tomato Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Songqiang Xie
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Pharmaceutical College of Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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Muka T, Vargas KG, Jaspers L, Wen KX, Dhana K, Vitezova A, Nano J, Brahimaj A, Colpani V, Bano A, Kraja B, Zaciragic A, Bramer WM, van Dijk GM, Kavousi M, Franco OH. Estrogen receptor β actions in the female cardiovascular system: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Maturitas 2016; 86:28-43. [PMID: 26921926 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Five medical databases were searched for studies that assessed the role of ERβ in the female cardiovascular system and the influence of age and menopause on ERβ functioning. Of 9472 references, 88 studies met our inclusion criteria (71 animal model experimental studies, 15 human model experimental studies and 2 population based studies). ERβ signaling was shown to possess vasodilator and antiangiogenic properties by regulating the activity of nitric oxide, altering membrane ionic permeability in vascular smooth muscle cells, inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation and by regulating adrenergic control of the arteries. Also, a possible protective effect of ERβ signaling against left ventricular hypertrophy and ischemia/reperfusion injury via genomic and non-genomic pathways was suggested in 27 studies. Moreover, 5 studies reported that the vascular effects of ERβ may be vessel specific and may differ by age and menopause status. ERβ seems to possess multiple functions in the female cardiovascular system. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether isoform-selective ERβ-ligands might contribute to cardiovascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kris G Vargas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Jaspers
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ke-xin Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klodian Dhana
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Vitezova
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Nano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adela Brahimaj
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica Colpani
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjola Bano
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bledar Kraja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania; University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Tirana, Albania
| | - Asija Zaciragic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gaby M van Dijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Cacioppo JA, Koo Y, Lin PCP, Osmulski SA, Ko CD, Ko C. Generation of an estrogen receptor beta-iCre knock-in mouse. Genesis 2016; 54:38-52. [PMID: 26663382 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel knock-in mouse that expresses codon-improved Cre recombinase (iCre) under regulation of the estrogen receptor beta (Esr2) promoter was developed for conditional deletion of genes and for the spatial and/or temporal localization of Esr2 expression. ESR2 is one of two classical nuclear estrogen receptors and displays a spatiotemporal expression pattern and functions that are different from the other estrogen receptor, ESR1. A cassette was constructed that contained iCre, a polyadenylation sequence, and a neomycin selection marker. This construct was used to insert iCre in front of the endogenous start codon of the Esr2 gene of a C57BL/6J embryonic stem cell line via homologous recombination. Resulting Esr2-iCre mice were bred with ROSA26-lacZ and Ai9-RFP reporter mice to visualize cells of functional iCre expression. Strong expression was observed in the ovary, the pituitary, the interstitium of the testes, the head and tail but not body of the epididymis, skeletal muscle, the coagulation gland (anterior prostate), the lung, and the preputial gland. Additional diffuse or patchy expression was observed in the cerebrum, the hypothalamus, the heart, the adrenal gland, the colon, the bladder, and the pads of the paws. Overall, Esr2-iCre mice will serve as a novel line for conditionally ablating genes in Esr2-expressing tissues, identifying novel Esr2-expressing cells, and differentiating the functions of ESR2 and ESR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Cacioppo
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61802
| | - Yongbum Koo
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61802.,School of Biological Sciences, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Po-Ching Patrick Lin
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61802
| | - Sarah A Osmulski
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61802
| | - Chunjoo D Ko
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61802
| | - CheMyong Ko
- Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61802
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22
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Menazza S, Murphy E. The Expanding Complexity of Estrogen Receptor Signaling in the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2016; 118:994-1007. [PMID: 26838792 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and cardioprotection. However, the mechanisms by which estrogen mediates these effects are still poorly understood. As detailed in this review, estrogen can regulate transcription by binding to 2 nuclear receptors, ERα and ERβ, which differentially regulate gene transcription. ERα and ERβ regulation of gene transcription is further modulated by tissue-specific coactivators and corepressors. Estrogen can bind to ERα and ERβ localized at the plasma membrane as well as G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor to initiate membrane delimited signaling, which enhances kinase signaling pathways that can have acute and long-term effects. The kinase signaling pathways can also mediate transcriptional changes and can synergize with the ER to regulate cell function. This review will summarize the beneficial effects of estrogen in protecting the cardiovascular system through ER-dependent mechanisms with an emphasis on the role of the recently described ER membrane signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Menazza
- From the Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- From the Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Green Tea Catechin, EGCG, Suppresses PCB 102-Induced Proliferation in Estrogen-Sensitive Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Breast Cancer 2015; 2015:163591. [PMID: 26783468 PMCID: PMC4691479 DOI: 10.1155/2015/163591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the environment is of considerable concern since they accumulate in human breast tissue and may stimulate the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumors. Studies have shown that EGCG from green tea can modify estrogenic activity and thus may act as a cancer chemopreventive agent. In the present study, we evaluated the individual and combined effects of PCB 102 and EGCG on cell proliferation using an estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cell line MCF-7/BOS. PCB 102 (1-10 μM) increased cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the proliferative effects of PCB 102 were mediated by ERα and could be abrogated by the selective ERα antagonist MPP. EGCG (10-50 μM) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of PCB 102-induced cell proliferation, with nearly complete inhibition at 25 μM EGCG. The antiproliferative action of EGCG was mediated by ERβ and could be blocked by the ERβ-specific inhibitor PHTPP. In conclusion, EGCG suppressed the proliferation-stimulating activity of the environmental estrogen PCB 102 which may be helpful in the chemoprevention of breast cancer.
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Tung YT, Lin LC, Liu YL, Ho ST, Lin CY, Chuang HL, Chiu CC, Huang CC, Wu JH. Antioxidative phytochemicals from Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. leaf extracts reduce serum uric acid levels in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:423. [PMID: 26627882 PMCID: PMC4665888 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Some of the genus Rhododendron was used in traditional medicine for arthritis, acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma, pain, inflammation, rheumatism, hypertension and metabolic diseases and many species of the genus Rhododendron contain a large number of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties that could be developed into pharmaceutical products. Methods In this study, the antioxidative phytochemicals of Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. leaves were detected by an online HPLC–DPPH method. In addition, the anti-hyperuricemic effect of the active phytochemicals from R. oldhamii leaf extracts was investigated using potassium oxonate (PO)-induced acute hyperuricemia. Results Six phytochemicals, including (2R, 3R)-epicatechin (1), (2R, 3R)-taxifolin (2), (2R, 3R)-astilbin (3), hyposide (4), guaijaverin (5), and quercitrin (6), were isolated using the developed screening method. Of these, compounds 3, 4, 5, and 6 were found to be major bioactive phytochemicals, and their contents were determined to be 130.8 ± 10.9, 105.5 ± 8.5, 104.1 ± 4.7, and 108.6 ± 4.0 mg per gram of EtOAc fraction, respectively. In addition, the four major bioactive phytochemicals at the same dosage (100 mmol/kg) were administered to the abdominal cavity of potassium oxonate (PO)-induced hyperuricemic mice, and the serum uric acid level was measured after 3 h of administration. H&E staining showed that PO-induced kidney injury caused renal tubular epithelium nuclear condensation in the cortex areas or the appearance of numerous hyaline casts in the medulla areas; treatment with 100 mmol/kg of EtOAc fraction, (2R, 3R)-astilbin, hyposide, guaijaverin, and quercitrin significantly reduced kidney injury. In addition, the serum uric acid level was significantly suppressed by 54.1, 35.1, 56.3, 56.3, and 53.2 %, respectively, by the administrations of 100 mmol/kg EtOAc fraction and the derived major phytochemicals, (2R, 3R)-astilbin, hyposide, guaijaverin, and quercitrin, compared to the PO group. The administration of 10 mg/kg benzbromarone, a well-known uricosuric agent, significantly reduced the serum uric acid level by 45.5 % compared to the PO group. Conclusion The in vivo decrease in uric acid was consistent with free radical scavenging activity, indicating that the major phytochemicals of R. oldhamii leave extracts and the derived phytochemicals possess potent hypouricemic effects, and they could be potential candidates for new hypouricemic agents.
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Qin X, Hou X, Liang T, Chen L, Lu T, Li Q. Farrerol can attenuate the aortic lesion in spontaneously hypertensive rats via the upregulation of eNOS and reduction of NAD(P)H oxidase activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 769:211-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ci X, Lv H, Wang L, Wang X, Peng L, Qin FXF, Cheng G. The antioxidative potential of farrerol occurs via the activation of Nrf2 mediated HO-1 signaling in RAW 264.7 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 239:192-9. [PMID: 26111761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Farrerol, (S)-2,3-dihydro-5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6,8-dimethyl-4-benzopyrone, isolated from rhododendron, has been shown to have antioxidative potential, but the molecular mechanism underlying this activity remains unclear. The inducible expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidative and cytoprotective enzyme, is known to play an important role in cytoprotection in a variety of pathological models. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidative potential of farrerol against oxidative damage and investigated its antioxidative mechanism in RAW 264.7 cells. The molecular mechanism underlying the cytoprotective function of farrerol was determined by analyzing intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional activation and the inhibitory effect of HO-1 on ROS production. Farrerol induced antioxidant enzymes mRNA expression, HO-1 protein expression and nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Farrerol down-regulated the expression of the Keap1 protein and the thiol reducing agents attenuated farrerol-induced HO-1 expression. Further investigation utilizing Western blotting and specific inhibitors of Akt, p38, JNK and ERK demonstrated that Akt, p38, and ERK axis of signaling pathway mediates HO-1 expression. Moreover, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative damage was ameliorated by farrerol treatment in a dose-dependent manner, which was abolished by Akt, p38, ERK and HO-1 inhibitors (Snpp). It is hence likely that farrerol inactivated KEAP-1 or activated the Akt, p38 and ERK to facilitate the release of Nrf2 from Keap1 and subsequent reduced the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species via the induction of HO-1 expression. These results support the central role of HO-1 in the cytoprotective effect of farrerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Hongming Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Lidong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - Liping Peng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China
| | - F Xiao-Feng Qin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130001, China; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Huang X, Jin Y, Zhou D, Xu G, Huang J, Shen L. IQGAP1 modulates the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to estrogen. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1460-6. [PMID: 25777140 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration has been proven to be a critical event in the development of varicosity. Variations in estrogen levels, a pathological event related to age and pregnancy, play a role in the pathogenesis of varicosity. Previous studies have reported a different response of VSMCs following estrogen stimulation. However, the exact mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. In the present study, we examined the responses of lesion and normal VSMCs treated with 10(-8) M 17β-estradiol (E2) for 24 h. A differential effect of exposure to E2 was observed in these cells. IQ-domain GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), a scaffold protein, was overexpressed in the lesion VSMCs and was shown to modulate VSMC proliferation and migration in response to E2. Furthermore, the increased expression of IQGAP1 was found to be intimately associated with a high activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα), which has been implicated in the regulation of VSMC physiological function. Additionally, we found that two critical kinases, Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mediated the activation of ERα and VSMC proliferation. According to our results, we thus concluded that high levels of IQGAP1 in VSMCs regulate the physiological reaction of the cells in response to estrogen exposure, and that kinases are involved in the process by mediating ERα activation. In view of the essential role of IQGAP1 in the physiological function of VSMCs, targeting this molecule may prove to be a promising strategy for the treatment of varicosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchen Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Yiqi Jin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Dayong Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
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Ji JZ, Lao KJ, Hu J, Pang T, Jiang ZZ, Yuan HL, Miao JS, Chen X, Ning SS, Xiang H, Guo YM, Yan M, Zhang LY. Discovery of novel aromatase inhibitors using a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence assay. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1082-92. [PMID: 25047514 PMCID: PMC4125720 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Aromatase is an important target for drugs to treat hormone-dependent diseases, including breast cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) aromatase assay suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS). METHODS A 384-well aromatase HTRF assay was established, and used to screen about 7000 compounds from a compound library. Anti-proliferation activity of the hit was evaluated using alamarBlue(R) assay in a hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line T47D. Molecular docking was conducted to elucidate the binding mode of the hit using the Discovery Studio program. RESULTS The Z' value and signal to background (S/B) ratio were 0.74 and 5.4, respectively. Among the 7000 compounds, 4 hits (XHN22, XHN26, XHN27 and triptoquinone A) were found to inhibit aromatase with IC50 values of 1.60±0.07, 2.76±0.24, 0.81±0.08 and 45.8±11.3 μmol /L, respectively. The hits XHN22, XHN26 and XHN27 shared the same chemical scaffold of 4-imidazolyl quinoline. Moreover, the most potent hit XHN27 at 10 and 50 μmol/L inhibited the proliferation of T47D cells by 45.3% and 35.2%, respectively. The docking study revealed that XHN27 docked within the active site of aromatase and might form a hydrogen bond and had a π-cation interaction with amino acid residues of the protein. CONCLUSION XHN27, an imidazolyl quinoline derivative of flavonoid, is a potent aromatase inhibitor with anti-proliferation activity against breast cancer in vitro. The established assay can be used in HTS for discovering novel aromatase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-zi Ji
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ke-jing Lao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Pang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhen-zhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao-liang Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Design and Drug Discovery, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing-shan Miao
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shan-shan Ning
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-meng Guo
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lu-yong Zhang
- Jiangsu Center for Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Li J, Ge R, Zhao C, Tang L, Li J, Li Q. Farrerol regulates occludin expression in hydrogen peroxide-induced EA.hy926 cells by modulating ERK1/2 activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 734:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Nguyen CT, Luong TT, Kim GL, Pyo S, Rhee DK. Korean Red Ginseng inhibits apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells via estrogen receptor β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt signaling. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:69-75. [PMID: 25535479 PMCID: PMC4268566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been shown to exert antistress effects both in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of ginseng on stress in brain cells are not well understood. This study investigated how Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) controls hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis via regulation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt and estrogen receptor (ER)-β signaling. Methods Human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells were pretreated with KRG and subsequently exposed to H2O2. The ability of KRG to inhibit oxidative stress-induced apoptosis was assessed in MTT cytotoxicity assays. Apoptotic protein expression was examined by Western blot analysis. The roles of ER-β, PI3K, and p-Akt signaling in KRG regulation of apoptosis were studied using small interfering RNAs and/or target antagonists. Results Pretreating SK-N-SH cells with KRG decreased expression of the proapoptotic proteins p-p53 and caspase-3, but increased expression of the antiapoptotic protein BCL2. KRG pretreatment was also associated with increased ER-β, PI3K, and p-Akt expression. Conversely, ER-β inhibition with small interfering RNA or inhibitor treatment increased p-p53 and caspase-3 levels, but decreased BCL2, PI3K, and p-Akt expression. Moreover, inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling diminished p-p53 and caspase-3 levels, but increased BCL2 expression. Conclusion Collectively, the data indicate that KRG represses oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by enhancing PI3K/Akt signaling via upregulation of ER-β expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gyu-Lee Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Su-Won, Korea
| | - Suhkneung Pyo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Su-Won, Korea
| | - Dong-Kwon Rhee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Su-Won, Korea
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Antioxidant activities and phytochemicals of leaf extracts from 10 native rhododendron species in taiwan. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:283938. [PMID: 24987425 PMCID: PMC4060324 DOI: 10.1155/2014/283938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhododendron, one of the most famous ornamental plants in the world, is traditionally a medicinal plant. However, the potential bioactivities of native Rhododendron in Taiwan have not been completely studied. In this study, the results revealed that Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum exhibited the best antioxidant activities among 10 native Rhododendron species in Taiwan. Furthermore, based on a bioactivity-guided isolation principle, nine specific phytochemicals were isolated and identified as (2R,3S)-catechin (1), (2R,3R)-epicatechin (1′), (2R,3R)-dihydromyricetin 3-O-β-l-arabinopyranoside (2), (2S,3S)-taxifolin 3-O-β-l-arabinopyranoside (2′), (2R,3R)-taxifolin 3-O-β-l-arabinopyranoside (3), myricetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3′), rutin (4), hyperoside (5), and quercitrin (6). Of these compounds, 2 and 3 were found to be major bioactive compounds, and their concentrations in the n-butanol (BuOH) fraction were determined to be 52.0 and 67.3 mg per gram, respectively. These results demonstrated that methanolic extracts of Rhododendron pseudochrysanthum leaves have excellent antioxidant activities and great potential as a source for natural health products.
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Qin X, Hou X, Zhang M, Liang T, Zhi J, Han L, Li Q. Relaxation of rat aorta by farrerol correlates with potency to reduce intracellular calcium of VSMCs. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:6641-56. [PMID: 24747597 PMCID: PMC4013652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15046641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Farrerol, isolated from Rhododendron dauricum L., has been proven to be an important multifunctional physiologically active component, but its vasoactive mechanism is not clear. The present study was performed to observe the vasoactive effects of farrerol on rat aorta and to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms. Isolated aortic rings of rat were mounted in an organ bath system and the myogenic effects stimulated by farrerol were studied. Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]in) was measured by molecular probe fluo-4-AM and the activities of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (LVGC) were studied with whole-cell patch clamp in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The results showed that farrerol significantly induced dose-dependent relaxation on aortic rings, while this vasorelaxation was not affected by NG-nitro-l-arginine methylester ester or endothelium denudation. In endothelium-denuded aortas, farrerol also reduced Ca2+-induced contraction on the basis of the stable contraction induced by KCl or phenylephrine (PE) in Ca2+-free solution. Moreover, after incubation with verapamil, farrerol can induce relaxation in endothelium-denuded aortas precontracted by PE, and this effect can be enhanced by ruthenium red, but not by heparin. With laser scanning confocal microscopy method, the farrerol-induced decline of [Ca2+]in in cultured VSMCs was observed. Furthermore, we found that farrerol could suppress Ca2+ influx via LVGC by patch clamp technology. These findings suggested that farrerol can regulate the vascular tension and could be developed as a practicable vasorelaxation drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Xiaomin Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Mingsheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Taigang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhi
- School of Physiology Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 280, Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lingge Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Qingshan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, No. 56, Xinjian Road, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Li JK, Ge R, Tang L, Li QS. Protective effects of farrerol against hydrogen-peroxide-induced apoptosis in human endothelium-derived EA.hy926 cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:733-40. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelium plays an important role in the physiological homeostasis of blood vessels. Endothelial injury is considered to be implicated in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. Farrerol, a flavonoid considered to be the major bioactive component in a traditional Chinese herb, “Man-shan-hong”, which is the dried leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L., displays many bioactive properties, including antibechic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and the inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. In this study, the protective effects of farrerol on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis in human endothelium-derived EA.hy926 cells were investigated. The results showed that farrerol significantly inhibited the loss of cell viability and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in H2O2-induced EA.hy926 cells. Meanwhile, farrerol inhibited H2O2-induced elevation in the levels of intracellular malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, as well as cell apoptosis. Furthermore, real time RT–PCR and Western blot analysis showed that farrerol significantly decreased the expression of Bax mRNA, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and phosph-p38 MAPK, while increasing the exporession of Bcl-2 mRNA and Bcl-2 in H2O2-induced EA.hy926 cells. These results are the first demonstration that farrerol has protective effects against H2O2-induced apoptosis in EA.hy926 cells, and suggests that farrerol is a potential candidate for the intervention of endothelial-injury-associated cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
- School of Public Health Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Rui Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Li Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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Ueda K, Karas RH. Emerging evidence of the importance of rapid, non-nuclear estrogen receptor signaling in the cardiovascular system. Steroids 2013; 78:589-96. [PMID: 23276634 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors are classically known as ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate gene transcription in cells in response to hormone binding. In addition to this "genomic" signaling pathway, a "rapid, non-nuclear" signaling pathway mediated by cell membrane-associated estrogen receptors also has been recognized. Although for many years there was little evidence to support any physiological relevance of rapid-signaling, very recently evidence has been accumulating supporting the importance of the rapid, non-nuclear signaling as potentially critical for the protective effects of estrogen in the cardiovascular system. Better understanding of the rapid, non-nuclear signaling potentially provides an opportunity to design "pathway-specific" selective estrogen receptor modulators capable of differentially regulating non-nuclear vs. genomic effects that may prove useful ultimately as specific therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Ueda
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Popescu R, Kopp B. The genus Rhododendron: an ethnopharmacological and toxicological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 147:42-62. [PMID: 23454683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The vast genus Rhododendron includes species that have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, pain, gastro-intestinal disorders, common cold, asthma, skin disease, etc. Rhododendrons are also well known for their toxicity and some species have been traditionally used as poison. AIM OF THE REVIEW The work reviews and analyses the traditional use, biological activities with the corresponding chemical constituents, and toxicological data on Rhododendron species. The review aims at characterizing the ethnopharmacology of the genus in relation to its toxicity in order to identify the therapeutic potential of Rhododendron species and future directions for research. METHODS Data regarding Rhododendron spp. was collected using electronic databases (SciFinder, PubMed, Google Scholar) and library search for selected peer-reviewed articles. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases The Plant List, Tropicos, eFloras, Flora Iberica and Flora Europaea (RBGE). Additional information on traditional use and botany was obtained from published books. The review encompasses literature, mainly regarding biological activity and toxicological data, from 1898 to the end of December 2012. RESULTS Rhododendrons have been used in Asian, North American and European traditional medicine mainly against inflammation, pain, skin ailments, common cold and gastro-intestinal disorders. In vivo and in vitro testing of plant extracts and isolated compounds determined diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, insecticidal and cytotoxic activity. Rhododendron spp. can cause intoxications in humans following intake of rhododendron honey or medicinal preparations. The toxicity is due to grayanotoxins, diterpenes which activate voltage-gated sodium channels and lead to gastro-intestinal, cardiac and central nervous system symptoms. CONCLUSION Rhododendron species are useful traditional remedies for the treatment of inflammation, pain, skin ailments, common cold and gastro-intestinal disorders. Pharmacological data has validated most indications of rhododendrons in ethnomedicine and toxicology studies have confirmed the toxicity observed by traditional use. Ethnopharmacological data point to the therapeutic potential of the genus Rhododendron for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and pain and, thus, research should focus on identification of active compounds and related mechanistic studies. Prolonged and high dose intake of traditional formulations containing rhododendrons should be avoided until more in depth toxicity studies become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Popescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Ci X, Chu X, Wei M, Yang X, Cai Q, Deng X. Different effects of farrerol on an OVA-induced allergic asthma and LPS-induced acute lung injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34634. [PMID: 22563373 PMCID: PMC3338508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Farrerol, isolated from rhododendron, has been shown to have the anti-bacterial activity, but no details on the anti-inflammatory activity. We further evaluated the effects of this compound in two experimental models of lung diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings For the asthma model, female BALB/c mice were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and then treated daily with farrerol (20 and 40 mg/kg, ip) as a therapeutic treatment from day 22 to day 26 post immunization. To induce acute lung injury, female BALB/c mice were injected intranasally with LPS and treated with farrerol (20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h prior to LPS stimulation. Inflammation in the two different models was determined using ELISA, histology, real-time PCR and western blot. Farrerol significantly regulated the phenotype challenged by OVA, like cell number, Th1 and Th2 cytokines levels in the BALF, the OVA-specific IgE level in the serum, goblet cell hyperplasia in the airway, airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine and mRNA expression of chemokines and their receptors. Furthermore, farrerol markedly attenuated the activation of phosphorylation of Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65 both in vivo and in vitro. However, farrerol has no effect on the acute lung injury model. Conclusion/Significance Our finding demonstrates that the distinct anti-inflammatory effect of farrerol in the treatment of asthma acts by inhibiting the PI3K and NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wei
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinren Cai
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuming Deng
- Institute of Zoonoses, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Barros RPA, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptors and the metabolic network. Cell Metab 2011; 14:289-99. [PMID: 21907136 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome has reached pandemic level worldwide, and evidence is that estradiol plays a key role in its development. The discovery of the second estrogen receptor, ERβ, in tissues previously not considered targets of estradiol was a breakthrough in endocrinology. In the present review, we discuss how the presence of ERβ and the previously described ERα in tissues involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis (brain, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, liver, and heart) may have important implications to risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Imbalance of ERα/ERβ ratio in this "metabolic network" may lead to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P A Barros
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
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