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Maali A, Gholizadeh M, Feghhi-Najafabadi S, Noei A, Seyed-Motahari SS, Mansoori S, Sharifzadeh Z. Nanobodies in cell-mediated immunotherapy: On the road to fight cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1012841. [PMID: 36761751 PMCID: PMC9905824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1012841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential in recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. The unique characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as heterogeneity, reduced blood flow, hypoxia, and acidity, can reduce the efficacy of cell-mediated immunity. The primary goal of cancer immunotherapy is to modify the immune cells or the TME to enable the immune system to eliminate malignancies successfully. Nanobodies, known as single-domain antibodies, are light chain-free antibody fragments produced from Camelidae antibodies. The unique properties of nanobodies, including high stability, reduced immunogenicity, enhanced infiltration into the TME of solid tumors and facile genetic engineering have led to their promising application in cell-mediated immunotherapy. They can promote the cancer therapy either directly by bridging between tumor cells and immune cells and by targeting cancer cells using immune cell-bound nanobodies or indirectly by blocking the inhibitory ligands/receptors. The T-cell activation can be engaged through anti-CD3 and anti-4-1BB nanobodies in the bispecific (bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs)) and trispecific (trispecific T-cell engager (TriTEs)) manners. Also, nanobodies can be used as natural killer (NK) cell engagers (BiKEs, TriKEs, and TetraKEs) to create an immune synapse between the tumor and NK cells. Nanobodies can redirect immune cells to attack tumor cells through a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) incorporating a nanobody against the target antigen. Various cancer antigens have been targeted by nanobody-based CAR-T and CAR-NK cells for treating both hematological and solid malignancies. They can also cause the continuation of immune surveillance against tumor cells by stopping inappropriate inhibition of immune checkpoints. Other roles of nanobodies in cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy include reprogramming macrophages to reduce metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as preventing the severe side effects occurring in cell-mediated immunotherapy. Here, we highlight the critical functions of various immune cells, including T cells, NK cells, and macrophages in the TME, and discuss newly developed immunotherapy methods based on the targeted manipulation of immune cells and TME with nanobodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Maali
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Monireh Gholizadeh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Noei
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Sheila Seyed-Motahari
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Sharifzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Zahra Sharifzadeh,
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Simard JR, Michelsen K, Wang Y, Yang C, Youngblood B, Grubinska B, Taborn K, Gillie DJ, Cook K, Chung K, Long AM, Hall BE, Shaffer PL, Foti RS, Gingras J. Modulation of Ligand-Gated Glycine Receptors Via Functional Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:56-69. [PMID: 35926871 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are targets of considerable therapeutic interest to address a wide variety of neurologic indications, including pain perception. Current pharmacological strategies have focused mostly on small molecule approaches that can be limited by selectivity requirements within members of a channel family or superfamily. Therapeutic antibodies have been proposed, designed, and characterized to alleviate this selectivity limitation; however, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved therapeutic antibody-based drugs targeting ion channels on the market to date. Here, in an effort to identify novel classes of engineered ion channel modulators for potential neurologic therapeutic applications, we report the generation and characterization of six (EC50 < 25nM) Cys-loop receptor family monoclonal antibodies with modulatory function against rat and human glycine receptor alpha 1 (GlyRα1) and/or GlyRα3. These antibodies have activating (i.e., positive modulator) or inhibiting (i.e., negative modulator) profiles. Moreover, GlyRα3 selectivity was successfully achieved for two of the three positive modulators identified. When dosed intravenously, the antibodies achieved sufficient brain exposure to cover their calculated in vitro EC50 values. When compared head-to-head at identical exposures, the GlyRα3-selective antibody showed a more desirable safety profile over the nonselective antibody, thus demonstrating, for the first time, an advantage for GlyRα3-selectivity. Our data show that ligand-gated ion channels of the glycine receptor family within the central nervous system can be functionally modulated by engineered biologics in a dose-dependent manner and that, despite high protein homology between the alpha subunits, selectivity can be achieved within this receptor family, resulting in future therapeutic candidates with more desirable drug safety profiles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study presents immunization and multiplatform screening approaches to generate a diverse library of functional antibodies (agonist, potentiator, or inhibitory) raised against human glycine receptors (GlyRs). This study also demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring alpha subunit selectivity, a desirable therapeutic profile. When tested in vivo, these tool molecules demonstrated an increased safety profile in favor of GlyRα3-selectivity. These are the first reported functional GlyR antibodies that may open new avenues to treating central nervous system diseases with subunit selective biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Simard
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Klaus Michelsen
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Chunhua Yang
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Beth Youngblood
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Barbara Grubinska
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kristin Taborn
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Daniel J Gillie
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kevin Cook
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Kyu Chung
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Alexander M Long
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Brian E Hall
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Paul L Shaffer
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Robert S Foti
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
| | - Jacinthe Gingras
- Departments of Neuroscience (J.R.S., C.Y., B.Y. B.G., K.T., D.J.G., J.G.), Molecular Engineering (K.M., A.M.L., P.L.S.), Protein Technologies (Y.W., B.E.H.), and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism (R.S.F.), Amgen Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Research, 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California (K.Co., K.Ch.)
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Zúñiga L, Cayo A, González W, Vilos C, Zúñiga R. Potassium Channels as a Target for Cancer Therapy: Current Perspectives. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:783-797. [PMID: 35899081 PMCID: PMC9309325 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s326614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+) channels are highly regulated membrane proteins that control the potassium ion flux and respond to different cellular stimuli. These ion channels are grouped into three major families, Kv (voltage-gated K+ channel), Kir (inwardly rectifying K+ channel) and K2P (two-pore K+ channels), according to the structure, to mediate the K+ currents. In cancer, alterations in K+ channel function can promote the acquisition of the so-called hallmarks of cancer – cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metabolic changes, angiogenesis, and migratory capabilities – emerging as targets for the development of new therapeutic drugs. In this review, we focus our attention on the different K+ channels associated with the most relevant and prevalent cancer types. We summarize our knowledge about the potassium channels structure and function, their cancer dysregulated expression and discuss the K+ channels modulator and the strategies for designing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Angel Cayo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Wendy González
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, School of Medicine, Universidad de Talca, Talca, 3460000, Chile.,Center for The Development of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 8350709, Chile
| | - Rafael Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.,Centro de Nanomedicina, Diagnóstico y Desarrollo de Fármacos (ND3), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
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4
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Poly-dipeptides produced from C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeats cause selective motor neuron hyperexcitability in ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2113813119. [PMID: 35259014 PMCID: PMC8931230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113813119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72) gene is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Despite myriad studies on the toxic effects of poly-dipeptides produced from the C9orf72 repeats, the mechanisms underlying the selective hyperexcitability of motor cortex that characterizes the early stages of C9orf72 ALS patients remain elusive. Here, we show that the proline-arginine poly-dipeptides cause hyperexcitability in cortical motor neurons by increasing persistent sodium currents conducted by the Nav1.2/β4 sodium channel complex, which is highly expressed in the motor cortex. These findings provide the basis for understanding how the C9orf72 mutation causes motor neuron hyperactivation that can lead to the motor neuron death in C9orf72 ALS.
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Colecraft HM, Trimmer JS. Controlling ion channel function with renewable recombinant antibodies. J Physiol 2022; 600:2023-2036. [PMID: 35238051 PMCID: PMC9058206 DOI: 10.1113/jp282403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective ion channel modulators play a critical role in physiology in defining the contribution of specific ion channels to physiological function and as proof of concept for novel therapeutic strategies. Antibodies are valuable research tools that have broad uses including defining the expression and localization of ion channels in native tissue, and capturing ion channel proteins for subsequent analyses. In this review, we detail how renewable and recombinant antibodies can be used to control ion channel function. We describe the different forms of renewable and recombinant antibodies that have been used and the mechanisms by which they modulate ion channel function. We highlight the use of recombinant antibodies that are expressed intracellularly (intrabodies) as genetically-encoded tools to control ion channel function. We also offer perspectives of avenues of future research that may be opened by the application of emerging technologies for engineering recombinant antibodies for enhanced utility in ion channel research. Overall, this review provides insights that may help stimulate and guide interested researchers to develop and incorporate renewable and recombinant antibodies as valuable tools to control ion channel function. Abstract figure legend Two different approaches for controlling ion channel function using renewable recombinant antibodies. On the left, an externally applied intact IgG antibody (purple) binds to an extracellular domain of an ion channel (light blue) to control ion channel function. On the right, a genetically-encoded intrabody, in this example a camelid nanobody (green) fused to an effector molecule (red) binds to an intracellular auxiliary subunit of an ion channel (dark blue) to control ion channel function. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Colecraft
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - James S Trimmer
- Department of Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Neuroscience and Neuroimmunology Solutions for Osteoarthritis Pain: Biological Drugs, Growth Factors, Peptides and Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting Peripheral Nerves. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience is a vast discipline that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, physiology and pathophysiology of central and peripheral nerves. Advances made through basic, translational, and clinical research in the field of neuroscience have great potential for long-lasting and beneficial impacts on human and animal health. The emerging field of biological therapy is intersecting with the disciplines of neuroscience, orthopaedics and rheumatology, creating new horizons for interdisciplinary and applied research. Biological drugs, growth factors, therapeutic peptides and monoclonal antibodies are being developed and tested for the treatment of painful arthritic and rheumatic diseases. This concise communication focuses on the solutions provided by the fields of neuroscience and neuroimmunology for real-world clinical problems in the field of orthopaedics and rheumatology, focusing on synovial joint pain and the emerging biological treatments that specifically target pathways implicated in osteoarthritis pain in peripheral nerves.
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7
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Ion Channel Targeting with Antibodies and Antibody Fragments for Cancer Diagnosis. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8020033. [PMID: 31544839 PMCID: PMC6640718 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibody era has greatly impacted cancer management in recent decades. Indeed, antibodies are currently applied for both cancer diagnosis and therapy. For example, monoclonal antibodies are the main constituents of several in vitro diagnostics, which are applied at many levels of cancer diagnosis. Moreover, the great improvement provided by in vivo imaging, especially for early-stage cancer diagnosis, has traced the path for the development of a complete new class of antibodies, i.e., engineered antibody fragments. The latter embody the optimal characteristics (e.g., low renal retention, rapid clearance, and small size) which make them ideal for in vivo applications. Furthermore, the present review focuses on reviewing the main applications of antibodies and antibody fragments for solid cancer diagnosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we review the scientific evidence showing that ion channels represent an almost unexplored class of ideal targets for both in vitro and in vivo diagnostic purposes. In particular, we review the applications, in solid cancers, of monoclonal antibodies and engineered antibody fragments targeting the voltage-dependent ion channel Kv 11.1, also known as hERG1.
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Wulff H, Christophersen P, Colussi P, Chandy KG, Yarov-Yarovoy V. Antibodies and venom peptides: new modalities for ion channels. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:339-357. [PMID: 30728472 PMCID: PMC6499689 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ion channels play fundamental roles in both excitable and non-excitable tissues and therefore constitute attractive drug targets for myriad neurological, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as well as for cancer and immunomodulation. However, achieving selectivity for specific ion channel subtypes with small-molecule drugs has been challenging, and there currently is a growing trend to target ion channels with biologics. One approach is to improve the pharmacokinetics of existing or novel venom-derived peptides. In parallel, after initial studies with polyclonal antibodies demonstrated the technical feasibility of inhibiting channel function with antibodies, multiple preclinical programmes are now using the full spectrum of available technologies to generate conventional monoclonal and engineered antibodies or nanobodies against extracellular loops of ion channels. After a summary of the current state of ion channel drug discovery, this Review discusses recent developments using the purinergic receptor channel P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7), the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3 and the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as examples of targeting ion channels with biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Wulff
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - K George Chandy
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Infection and Immunity Theme, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Yarov-Yarovoy
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Hutchings CJ, Colussi P, Clark TG. Ion channels as therapeutic antibody targets. MAbs 2018; 11:265-296. [PMID: 30526315 PMCID: PMC6380435 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1548232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that antibodies have numerous potential benefits when developed as therapeutics. Here, we evaluate the technical challenges of raising antibodies to membrane-spanning proteins together with enabling technologies that may facilitate the discovery of antibody therapeutics to ion channels. Additionally, we discuss the potential targeting opportunities in the anti-ion channel antibody landscape, along with a number of case studies where functional antibodies that target ion channels have been reported. Antibodies currently in development and progressing towards the clinic are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore G. Clark
- TetraGenetics Inc, Arlington Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca New York, USA
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Delgado JY, Selvin PR. A Revised View on the Role of Surface AMPAR Mobility in Tuning Synaptic Transmission: Limitations, Tools, and Alternative Views. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:21. [PMID: 30079019 PMCID: PMC6062754 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium dynamics in presynaptic terminals regulate the response dynamics of most central excitatory synapses. However, this dogma has been challenged by the hypothesis that mobility of the postsynaptic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid subtype glutamate receptors (AMPAR) plays a role in tuning fast excitatory synaptic transmission. In this review, we reevaluate the factors regulating postsynaptic AMPAR mobility, reassess the modeling parameters, analyze the experimental tools, and end by providing alternative ideas stemming from recent results. In particular, newer methods of labeling AMPARs with small fluorophores in live neurons, combined with super-resolution microscopy and sub-second dynamics, lends support to the idea that AMPARs are primarily within the synapse, are greatly constrained, and have much slower mobility than previously thought. We discuss new experiments which may be necessary to readdress the role of postsynaptic AMPAR mobility in tuning fast excitatory synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jary Y Delgado
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paul R Selvin
- Department of Physics, Biophysics, and the Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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Stortelers C, Pinto-Espinoza C, Van Hoorick D, Koch-Nolte F. Modulating ion channel function with antibodies and nanobodies. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Danquah W, Meyer-Schwesinger C, Rissiek B, Pinto C, Serracant-Prat A, Amadi M, Iacenda D, Knop JH, Hammel A, Bergmann P, Schwarz N, Assunção J, Rotthier W, Haag F, Tolosa E, Bannas P, Boué-Grabot E, Magnus T, Laeremans T, Stortelers C, Koch-Nolte F. Nanobodies that block gating of the P2X7 ion channel ameliorate inflammation. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:366ra162. [PMID: 27881823 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels are desirable therapeutic targets, yet ion channel-directed drugs with high selectivity and few side effects are still needed. Unlike small-molecule inhibitors, antibodies are highly selective for target antigens but mostly fail to antagonize ion channel functions. Nanobodies-small, single-domain antibody fragments-may overcome these problems. P2X7 is a ligand-gated ion channel that, upon sensing adenosine 5'-triphosphate released by damaged cells, initiates a proinflammatory signaling cascade, including release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). To further explore its function, we generated and characterized nanobodies against mouse P2X7 that effectively blocked (13A7) or potentiated (14D5) gating of the channel. Systemic injection of nanobody 13A7 in mice blocked P2X7 on T cells and macrophages in vivo and ameliorated experimental glomerulonephritis and allergic contact dermatitis. We also generated nanobody Dano1, which specifically inhibited human P2X7. In endotoxin-treated human blood, Dano1 was 1000 times more potent in preventing IL-1β release than small-molecule P2X7 antagonists currently in clinical development. Our results show that nanobody technology can generate potent, specific therapeutics against ion channels, confirm P2X7 as a therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders, and characterize a potent new drug candidate that targets P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welbeck Danquah
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Meyer-Schwesinger
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Pinto
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arnau Serracant-Prat
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Amadi
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Domenica Iacenda
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Knop
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Hammel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philine Bergmann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joana Assunção
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wendy Rotthier
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bannas
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric Boué-Grabot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toon Laeremans
- Ablynx NV, Technologiepark 21, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Fang Y, Chu TH, Ackerman ME, Griswold KE. Going native: Direct high throughput screening of secreted full-length IgG antibodies against cell membrane proteins. MAbs 2017; 9:1253-1261. [PMID: 28933630 PMCID: PMC5680790 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1381812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gel microdroplet – fluorescence activated cell sorting (GMD-FACS) is an innovative high throughput screening platform for recombinant protein libraries, and we show here that GMD-FACS can overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional screening methods for antibody libraries. For example, phage and cell surface display benefit from exceptionally high throughput, but generally require high quality, soluble antigen target and necessitate the use of anchored antibody fragments. In contrast, the GMD-FACS assay can screen for soluble, secreted, full-length IgGs at rates of several thousand clones per second, and the technique enables direct screening against membrane protein targets in their native cellular context. In proof-of-concept experiments, rare anti-EGFR antibody clones were efficiently enriched from a 10,000-fold excess of anti-CCR5 clones in just three days. Looking forward, GMD-FACS has the potential to contribute to antibody discovery and engineering for difficult targets, such as ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Fang
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Thach H Chu
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Karl E Griswold
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,c Immunology & Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon , NH , USA.,d Department of Biological Sciences , Dartmouth , Hanover , NH.,e Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
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14
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Tiede C, Bedford R, Heseltine SJ, Smith G, Wijetunga I, Ross R, AlQallaf D, Roberts APE, Balls A, Curd A, Hughes RE, Martin H, Needham SR, Zanetti-Domingues LC, Sadigh Y, Peacock TP, Tang AA, Gibson N, Kyle H, Platt GW, Ingram N, Taylor T, Coletta LP, Manfield I, Knowles M, Bell S, Esteves F, Maqbool A, Prasad RK, Drinkhill M, Bon RS, Patel V, Goodchild SA, Martin-Fernandez M, Owens RJ, Nettleship JE, Webb ME, Harrison M, Lippiat JD, Ponnambalam S, Peckham M, Smith A, Ferrigno PK, Johnson M, McPherson MJ, Tomlinson DC. Affimer proteins are versatile and renewable affinity reagents. eLife 2017; 6:e24903. [PMID: 28654419 PMCID: PMC5487212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular recognition reagents are key tools for understanding biological processes and are used universally by scientists to study protein expression, localisation and interactions. Antibodies remain the most widely used of such reagents and many show excellent performance, although some are poorly characterised or have stability or batch variability issues, supporting the use of alternative binding proteins as complementary reagents for many applications. Here we report on the use of Affimer proteins as research reagents. We selected 12 diverse molecular targets for Affimer selection to exemplify their use in common molecular and cellular applications including the (a) selection against various target molecules; (b) modulation of protein function in vitro and in vivo; (c) labelling of tumour antigens in mouse models; and (d) use in affinity fluorescence and super-resolution microscopy. This work shows that Affimer proteins, as is the case for other alternative binding scaffolds, represent complementary affinity reagents to antibodies for various molecular and cell biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Bedford
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie J Heseltine
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gina Smith
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Imeshi Wijetunga
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Ross
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Danah AlQallaf
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander Balls
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Curd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Hughes
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Martin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R Needham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C Zanetti-Domingues
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anna A Tang
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Gibson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Kyle
- Avacta Life Sciences, Wetherby, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola Ingram
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Taylor
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Louise P Coletta
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Iain Manfield
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Knowles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra Bell
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Filomena Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Azhar Maqbool
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Raj K Prasad
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Drinkhill
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robin S Bon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Marisa Martin-Fernandez
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Ray J Owens
- Oxford Protein Production Facility UK, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne E Nettleship
- Oxford Protein Production Facility UK, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Harrison
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Lippiat
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Peckham
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Michael J McPherson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Charles Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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15
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Conroy PJ, Law RH, Caradoc-Davies TT, Whisstock JC. Antibodies: From novel repertoires to defining and refining the structure of biologically important targets. Methods 2017; 116:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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16
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Dromedary immune response and specific Kv2.1 antibody generation using a specific immunization approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:167-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Gavello D, Carbone E, Carabelli V. Leptin-mediated ion channel regulation: PI3K pathways, physiological role, and therapeutic potential. Channels (Austin) 2016; 10:282-96. [PMID: 27018500 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1164373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is produced by adipose tissue and identified as a "satiety signal," informing the brain when the body has consumed enough food. Specific areas of the hypothalamus express leptin receptors (LEPRs) and are the primary site of leptin action for body weight regulation. In response to leptin, appetite is suppressed and energy expenditure allowed. Beside this hypothalamic action, leptin targets other brain areas in addition to neuroendocrine cells. LEPRs are expressed also in the hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, substantia nigra, pancreatic β-cells, and chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland. It is intriguing how leptin is able to activate different ionic conductances, thus affecting excitability, synaptic plasticity and neurotransmitter release, depending on the target cell. Most of the intracellular pathways activated by leptin and directed to ion channels involve PI3K, which in turn phosphorylates different downstream substrates, although parallel pathways involve AMPK and MAPK. In this review we will describe the effects of leptin on BK, KATP, KV, CaV, TRPC, NMDAR and AMPAR channels and clarify the landscape of pathways involved. Given the ability of leptin to influence neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity by modulating ion channels activity, we also provide a short overview of the growing potentiality of leptin as therapeutic agent for treating neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gavello
- a Department of Drug Science , Lab of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Neuroscience, NIS Center of Excellence, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- a Department of Drug Science , Lab of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Neuroscience, NIS Center of Excellence, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- a Department of Drug Science , Lab of Cellular Physiology and Molecular Neuroscience, NIS Center of Excellence, University of Torino , Torino , Italy
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18
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Sun H, Luo L, Lal B, Ma X, Chen L, Hann CL, Fulton AM, Leahy DJ, Laterra J, Li M. A monoclonal antibody against KCNK9 K(+) channel extracellular domain inhibits tumour growth and metastasis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10339. [PMID: 26842342 PMCID: PMC4742836 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels act to maintain cell resting membrane potential--a prerequisite for many biological processes. KCNK9, a member of K2P family, is implicated in cancer, owing to its overexpression in human tumours and its ability to promote neoplastic cell survival and growth. However, KCNK9's underlying contributions to malignancy remain elusive due to the absence of specific modulators. Here we describe the development of monoclonal antibodies against the KCNK9 extracellular domain and their functional effects. We show that one antibody (Y4) with the highest affinity binding induces channel internalization. The addition of Y4 to KCNK9-expressing carcinoma cells reduces cell viability and increases cell death. Systemic administration of Y4 effectively inhibits growth of human lung cancer xenografts and murine breast cancer metastasis in mice. Evidence for Y4-mediated carcinoma cell autonomous and immune-dependent cytotoxicity is presented. Our study reveals that antibody-based KCNK9 targeting is a promising therapeutic strategy in KCNK9-expressing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Immunotherapy Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Bachchu Lal
- Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Xinrong Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology and Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Christine L Hann
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Amy M Fulton
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Daniel J Leahy
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - John Laterra
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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19
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Gonzalez-Munoz AL, Minter RR, Rust SJ. Phenotypic screening: the future of antibody discovery. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:150-156. [PMID: 26440132 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Most antibody therapeutics have been isolated from high throughput target-based screening. However, as the number of validated targets diminishes and the target space becomes increasingly competitive, alternative strategies, such as phenotypic screening, are gaining momentum. Here, we review successful phenotypic screens, including those used to isolate antibodies against cancer and infectious agents. We also consider exciting advances in the expression and phenotypic screening of antibody repertoires in single cell autocrine systems. As technologies continue to develop, we believe that antibody phenotypic screening will increase further in popularity and has the potential to provide the next generation of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Gonzalez-Munoz
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ralph R Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Steven J Rust
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK.
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20
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Kwong K, Carr MJ. Voltage-gated sodium channels. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22:131-9. [PMID: 26043074 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels play a key role in the transmission of sensory information about the status of organs in the periphery. Sensory fibers contain a heterogeneous yet specific distribution of voltage-gated sodium channel isoforms. Major efforts by industry and academic groups are underway to develop medicines that interrupt inappropriate signaling for a number of clinical indications by taking advantage of this specific distribution of channel isoforms. This review highlights recent advances in the study of human channelopathies, animal toxins and channel structure that may facilitate the development of selective voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
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21
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Wu M, Li M. Resonant waveguide grating for monitoring biomolecular interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1278:139-152. [PMID: 25859947 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2425-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Label-free detection technologies have been widely used to characterize biomolecular interactions without having to label the target molecules. These technologies exhibit considerable potential in facilitating assay development and enabling new integrated readouts. When combined with high-throughput capability, label-free detection may be applied to small molecule screens for drug candidates. Based on the resonant waveguide grating biosensors, a label-free high-throughput detection system, the Epic(®) System, has been applied to monitor molecular interactions. Here we describe a generic label-free assay to quantitatively measure phospho-specific interactions between a trafficking signal-phosphorylated SWTY peptide and 14-3-3 proteins or anti-phosphopeptide antibodies. Compared with the solution-based fluorescence anisotropy assay, our results support that the high-throughput resonant waveguide grating biosensor system has shown the capability not only for high-throughput characterization of binding rank and affinity but also for the exploration of potential interacting kinases for the substrates. Hence, it provides a new generic HTS platform for phospho-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wu
- High Throughput Screening Facility at Univ. of Iowa (UIHTS), Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, 115 S. Grand Avenue, 316 PHAR, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA,
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22
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Abstract
Antibody drugs have become an increasingly significant component of the therapeutic landscape. Their success has been driven by some of their unique properties, in particular their very high specificity and selectivity, in contrast to the off-target liabilities of small molecules (SMs). Antibodies can bring additional functionality to the table with their ability to interact with the immune system, and this can be further manipulated with advances in antibody engineering. This review summarizes what antibody therapeutics have achieved to date and what opportunities and challenges lie ahead. The target landscape for large molecules (LMs) versus SMs and some of the challenges for antibody drug development are discussed. Effective penetration of membrane barriers and intracellular targeting is one challenge, particularly across the highly resistant blood-brain barrier. The expanding pipeline of antibody-drug conjugates offers the potential to combine SM and LM modalities in a variety of creative ways, and antibodies also offer exciting potential to build bi- and multispecific molecules. The ability to pursue more challenging targets can also be further exploited but highlights the need for earlier screening in functional cell-based assays. I discuss how this might be addressed given the practical constraints imposed by high-throughput screening sample type and process differences in antibody primary screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J. Smith
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Wilkinson TCI, Gardener MJ, Williams WA. Discovery of Functional Antibodies Targeting Ion Channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:454-67. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114560698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels play critical roles in physiology and disease by modulation of cellular functions such as electrical excitability, secretion, cell migration, and gene transcription. Ion channels represent an important target class for drug discovery that has been largely addressed, to date, using small-molecule approaches. A significant opportunity exists to target these channels with antibodies and alternative formats of biologics. Antibodies display high specificity and affinity for their target antigen, and they have the potential to target ion channels very selectively. Nevertheless, isolating antibodies to this target class is challenging due to the difficulties in expression and purification of ion channels in a format suitable for antibody drug discovery in addition to the complexity of screening for function. In this article, we will review the current state of ion channel biologics discovery and the progress that has been made. We will also highlight the challenges in isolating functional antibodies to these targets and how these challenges may be addressed. Finally, we also illustrate successful approaches to isolating functional monoclonal antibodies targeting ion channels by way of a number of case studies drawn from recent publications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wendy A. Williams
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Bouwknecht JA. Behavioral studies on anxiety and depression in a drug discovery environment: keys to a successful future. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:158-76. [PMID: 25460021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The review describes a personal journey through 25 years of animal research with a focus on the contribution of rodent models for anxiety and depression to the development of new medicines in a drug discovery environment. Several classic acute models for mood disorders are briefly described as well as chronic stress and disease-induction models. The paper highlights a variety of factors that influence the quality and consistency of behavioral data in a laboratory setting. The importance of meta-analysis techniques for study validation (tolerance interval) and assay sensitivity (Monte Carlo modeling) are demonstrated by examples that use historic data. It is essential for successful discovery of new potential drugs to maintain a high level of control in animal research and to bridge knowledge across in silico modeling, and in vitro and in vivo assays. Today, drug discovery is a highly dynamic environment in search of new types of treatments and new animal models which should be guided by enhanced two-way translation between bench and bed. Although productivity has been disappointing in the search of new and better medicines in psychiatry over the past decades, there has been and will always be an important role for in vivo models in-between preclinical discovery and clinical development. The right balance between good science and proper judgment versus a decent level of innovation, assay development and two-way translation will open the doors to a very bright future.
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25
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Lee KJ, Wang W, Padaki R, Bi V, Plewa CA, Gavva NR. Mouse monoclonal antibodies to transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 act as antagonists of multiple modes of channel activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:223-31. [PMID: 24893987 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel has been implicated in different pathophysiologies that include asthma, cough, itch, and inflammatory pain. Agonists of TRPA1 such as mustard oil and its key component allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) cause pain and neurogenic inflammation in humans and pain behaviors in rodents. Hence, TRPA1 antagonists are being pursued as potential therapeutics. With the goal of generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to human TRPA1 that could act as selective antagonists, we immunized mice with a variety of antigens expressing TRPA1 channels. After generation of hybridomas, the hybridoma conditioned media were screened to identify the mAbs that bind TRPA1 channels by a flow cytometry assay utilizing U2OS or Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing TRPA1. The purified IgGs from the hybridomas that showed selective binding to TRPA1 were evaluated for antagonism in agonist-induced (45)Ca(2+) uptake assays using CHO-TRPA1 cells. Several of the mAbs showed concentration-dependent inhibition of AITC and cold (4°C) activation of TRPA1. The most potent mAb, 2B10, had IC50 values of approximately 260 and 90 nM in the two assays, respectively. These antagonist mAbs also blocked osmotically activated TRPA1 as well as activation by an endogenous agonist (4-oxo-2-nonenal). In summary, we generated mouse mAbs against TRPA1 that act as antagonists of multiple modes of TRPA1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Jeong Lee
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery (K.J.L., R.P., V.B., C.A.P.) and Neuroscience (W.W., N.R.G.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Weiya Wang
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery (K.J.L., R.P., V.B., C.A.P.) and Neuroscience (W.W., N.R.G.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Rupa Padaki
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery (K.J.L., R.P., V.B., C.A.P.) and Neuroscience (W.W., N.R.G.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Vivian Bi
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery (K.J.L., R.P., V.B., C.A.P.) and Neuroscience (W.W., N.R.G.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Cherylene A Plewa
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery (K.J.L., R.P., V.B., C.A.P.) and Neuroscience (W.W., N.R.G.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Narender R Gavva
- Departments of Therapeutic Discovery (K.J.L., R.P., V.B., C.A.P.) and Neuroscience (W.W., N.R.G.), Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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Lee JH, Park CK, Chen G, Han Q, Xie RG, Liu T, Ji RR, Lee SY. A monoclonal antibody that targets a NaV1.7 channel voltage sensor for pain and itch relief. Cell 2014; 157:1393-1404. [PMID: 24856969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels control the upstroke of the action potentials in excitable cells. Multiple studies have shown distinct roles of NaV channel subtypes in human physiology and diseases, but subtype-specific therapeutics are lacking and the current efforts have been limited to small molecules. Here, we present a monoclonal antibody that targets the voltage-sensor paddle of NaV1.7, the subtype critical for pain sensation. This antibody not only inhibits NaV1.7 with high selectivity, but also effectively suppresses inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice. Interestingly, the antibody inhibits acute and chronic itch despite well-documented differences in pain and itch modulation. Using this antibody, we discovered that NaV1.7 plays a key role in spinal cord nociceptive and pruriceptive synaptic transmission. Our studies reveal that NaV1.7 is a target for itch management, and the antibody has therapeutic potential for suppressing pain and itch. Our antibody strategy may have broad applications for voltage-gated cation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Qingjian Han
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rou-Gang Xie
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tong Liu
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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