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Abdelaziz RF, Hussein AM, Kotob MH, Weiss C, Chelminski K, Stojanovic T, Studenik CR, Aufy M. Enhancement of Radiation Sensitivity by Cathepsin L Suppression in Colon Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17106. [PMID: 38069428 PMCID: PMC10707098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally. Radiotherapy/Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the most common and effective cancer treatments. RT utilizes high-energy radiation to damage the DNA of cancer cells, leading to their death or impairing their proliferation. However, radiation resistance remains a significant challenge in cancer treatment, limiting its efficacy. Emerging evidence suggests that cathepsin L (cath L) contributes to radiation resistance through multiple mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the role of cath L, a member of the cysteine cathepsins (caths) in radiation sensitivity, and the potential reduction in radiation resistance by using the specific cath L inhibitor (Z-FY(tBu)DMK) or by knocking out cath L with CRISPR/Cas9 in colon carcinoma cells (caco-2). Cells were treated with different doses of radiation (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10), dose rate 3 Gy/min. In addition, the study conducted protein expression analysis by western blot and immunofluorescence assay, cytotoxicity MTT, and apoptosis assays. The results demonstrated that cath L was upregulated in response to radiation treatment, compared to non-irradiated cells. In addition, inhibiting or knocking out cath L led to increased radiosensitivity in contrast to the negative control group. This may indicate a reduced ability of cancer cells to recover from radiation-induced DNA damage, resulting in enhanced cell death. These findings highlight the possibility of targeting cath L as a therapeutic strategy to enhance the effectiveness of RT. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and to assess the translational implications of cath L knockout in clinical settings. Ultimately, these findings may contribute to the development of novel treatment approaches for improving outcomes of RT in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramadan F. Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Str. 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ahmed M. Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohamed H. Kotob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Christina Weiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Krzysztof Chelminski
- Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Str. 5, 1400 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Tamara Stojanovic
- Programme for Proteomics, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Christian R. Studenik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Aufy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (R.F.A.); (M.H.K.); (C.W.); (M.A.)
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Liu H, Peng J, Huang L, Ruan D, Li Y, Yuan F, Tu Z, Huang K, Zhu X. The role of lysosomal peptidases in glioma immune escape: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154146. [PMID: 37398678 PMCID: PMC10311646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, which has the characteristics of strong invasion, frequent recurrence, and rapid progression. These characteristics are inseparable from the evasion of glioma cells from immune killing, which makes immune escape a great obstacle to the treatment of glioma, and studies have confirmed that glioma patients with immune escape tend to have poor prognosis. The lysosomal peptidase lysosome family plays an important role in the immune escape process of glioma, which mainly includes aspartic acid cathepsin, serine cathepsin, asparagine endopeptidases, and cysteine cathepsins. Among them, the cysteine cathepsin family plays a prominent role in the immune escape of glioma. Numerous studies have confirmed that glioma immune escape mediated by lysosomal peptidases has something to do with autophagy, cell signaling pathways, immune cells, cytokines, and other mechanisms, especially lysosome organization. The relationship between protease and autophagy is more complicated, and the current research is neither complete nor in-depth. Therefore, this article reviews how lysosomal peptidases mediate the immune escape of glioma through the above mechanisms and explores the possibility of lysosomal peptidases as a target of glioma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linzhen Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuguang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
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Cathepsins Trigger Cell Death and Regulate Radioresistance in Glioblastoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244108. [PMID: 36552871 PMCID: PMC9777369 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) remains very challenging, and it is particularly important to find sensitive and specific molecular targets. In this work, we reveal the relationship between the expression of cathepsins and radioresistance in GBM. We analyzed cathepsins (cathepsin B, cathepsin D, cathepsin L, and cathepsin Z/X), which are highly associated with the radioresistance of GBM by regulating different types of cell death. Cathepsins could be potential targets for GBM treatment.
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Xiong YJ, Zhu Y, Liu YL, Zhao YF, Shen X, Zuo WQ, Lin F, Liang ZQ. P300 Participates in Ionizing Radiation-Mediated Activation of Cathepsin L by Mutant p53. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 378:276-286. [PMID: 34253647 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that cathepsin L (CTSL) is involved in the ability of tumors to resist ionizing radiation (IR), but the specific mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. We report here that mutant p53 (mut-p53) is involved in IR-induced transcription of CTSL. We found that irradiation caused activation of CTSL in mut-p53 cell lines, whereas there was almost no activation in p53 wild-type cell lines. Additionally, luciferase reporter gene assay results demonstrated that IR induced the p53 binding region on the CTSL promoter. We further demonstrated that the expression of p300 and early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1) was upregulated in mut-p53 cell lines after IR treatment. Accordingly, the expression of Ac-H3, Ac-H4, AcH3K9 was upregulated after IR treatment in mut-p53 cell lines, whereas histone deacetylase (HDAC) 4 and HDAC6 were reciprocally decreased. Moreover, knockdown of either Egr-1 or p300 abolished the binding of mut-p53 to the promoter of CTSL. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay results showed that the IR-activated transcription of CTSL was dependent on p300. To further delineate the clinical relevance of interactions between Egr-1/p300, mut-p53, and CTSL, we accessed primary tumor samples to evaluate the relationships between mut-p53, CTSL, and Egr-1/p300 ex vivo. The results support the notion that mut-p53 is correlated with CTSL transcription involving the Egr-1/p300 pathway. Taken together, the results of our study revealed that p300 is an important target in the process of IR-induced transcription of CTSL, which confirms that CTSL participates in mut-p53 gain-of-function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Transcriptional activation of cathepsin L by ionizing radiation required the involvement of mutated p53 and Egr-1/p300. Interference with Egr-1 or p300 could inhibit the expression of cathepsin L induced by ionizing radiation. The transcriptional activation of cathepsin L by p300 may be mediated by p53 binding sites on the cathepsin L promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jie Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Wen-Qing Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
| | - Zhong-Qin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China (Y.X., Y.L., Y.Zha., X.S., Q.Z., F.L., Z.L.), and Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China (Y.Zhu)
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Overview of Evidence-Based Chemotherapy for Oral Cancer: Focus on Drug Resistance Related to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060893. [PMID: 34208465 PMCID: PMC8234904 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents has become a major issue in the treatment of oral cancer (OC). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years with regard to its relation to the mechanism of chemotherapy drug resistance. EMT-activating transcription factors (EMT-ATFs), such as Snail, TWIST, and ZEB, can activate several different molecular pathways, e.g., PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and TGF-β. In contrast, the activated oncological signal pathways provide reciprocal feedback that affects the expression of EMT-ATFs, resulting in a peritumoral extracellular environment conducive to cancer cell survival and evasion of the immune system, leading to resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. We present an overview of evidence-based chemotherapy for OC treatment based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Chemotherapy Order Templates. We focus on the molecular pathways involved in drug resistance related to the EMT and highlight the signal pathways and transcription factors that may be important for EMT-regulated drug resistance. Rapid progress in antitumor regimens, together with the application of powerful techniques such as high-throughput screening and microRNA technology, will facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to augment chemotherapy.
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Zhang Z, Yue P, Lu T, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Role of lysosomes in physiological activities, diseases, and therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:79. [PMID: 33990205 PMCID: PMC8120021 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long known as digestive organelles, lysosomes have now emerged as multifaceted centers responsible for degradation, nutrient sensing, and immunity. Growing evidence also implicates role of lysosome-related mechanisms in pathologic process. In this review, we discuss physiological function of lysosomes and, more importantly, how the homeostasis of lysosomes is disrupted in several diseases, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, pancreatitis, lysosomal storage disorders, and malignant tumors. In atherosclerosis and Gaucher disease, dysfunction of lysosomes changes cytokine secretion from macrophages, partially through inflammasome activation. In neurodegenerative diseases, defect autophagy facilitates accumulation of toxic protein and dysfunctional organelles leading to neuron death. Lysosomal dysfunction has been demonstrated in pathology of pancreatitis. Abnormal autophagy activation or inhibition has been revealed in autoimmune disorders. In tumor microenvironment, malignant phenotypes, including tumorigenesis, growth regulation, invasion, drug resistance, and radiotherapy resistance, of tumor cells and behaviors of tumor-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and T cells are also mediated by lysosomes. Based on these findings, a series of therapeutic methods targeting lysosomal proteins and processes have been developed from bench to bedside. In a word, present researches corroborate lysosomes to be pivotal organelles for understanding pathology of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, pancreatitis, and lysosomal storage disorders, and malignant tumors and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Han N, Yang L, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Chen R, Yu Y, Dong Z, Zhang M. LncRNA MATN1-AS1 prevents glioblastoma cell from proliferation and invasion via RELA regulation and MAPK signaling pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:784. [PMID: 32042800 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.11.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and malignant tumor types. Despite treatment advances, GBM pathogenesis still remains largely unknown. MATN1-AS1, an intron-retained long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), has been implicated in GBM development. However, the underlying mechanism has not been identified. This study aimed to examine MATN1-AS1 expression and uncover its role in GBM. Methods LncRNAs with low expression levels were selected by analyzing brain glioma-related genes. The relative mRNA level of MATN1-AS1 was quantified using RT-qPCR in 75 GBM tumors and 10 normal brain tissues. Overall survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RT-qPCR and immunoblotting analysis were carried out to assess the levels of MATN1-AS1, RELA, ERK1/2, Bcl-2, Bax, survivin, and MMP-9 in GBM cells. Biological functions of MATN1-AS1 in GBM tumors were measured both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of RELA regulation by MATN1-AS1 was detected using RNA pull-down, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and the dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Results MATN1-AS1 was the most downregulated lncRNA in GBM and was correlated with a shorter survival time and poorer prognosis of GBM patients. Conversely, RELA was increased in GBM tumor tissues and negatively correlated with MATN1-AS1 expression. MATN1-AS1 over-expression or siRNA-RELA knockdown resulted in downregulation of mRNA and protein levels of RELA, ERK1/2, Bcl-2, survivin, and MMP-9; reduced cell proliferation and invasion; increased Bax mRNA and protein levels; and enhanced cellular apoptosis. MATN1-AS1 bound to E2F6, which negatively targeted RELA. Furthermore, MATN1-AS1 over-expression in GBM cells resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions Upregulation of the lncRNA MATN1-AS1 inhibited GBM cell proliferation and invasion through inhibition of RELA via E2F6 and suppression of the MAPK signaling pathway. MATN1-AS1 might be an underlying therapeutic target for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yangmei Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Fouani L, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. Targeting Oncogenic Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling with Redox-Active Agents for Cancer Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1096-1123. [PMID: 29161883 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling is essential under physiologically relevant conditions. However, aberrant activation of this pathway plays a pertinent role in tumorigenesis and contributes to resistance. Recent Advances: The importance of the NF-κB pathway means that its targeting must be specific to avoid side effects. For many currently used therapeutics and those under development, the ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a promising strategy. CRITICAL ISSUES As cancer cells exhibit greater ROS levels than their normal counterparts, they are more sensitive to additional ROS, which may be a potential therapeutic niche. It is known that ROS are involved in (i) the activation of NF-κB signaling, when in sublethal amounts; and (ii) high levels induce cytotoxicity resulting in apoptosis. Indeed, ROS-induced cytotoxicity is valuable for its capabilities in killing cancer cells, but establishing the potency of ROS for effective inhibition of NF-κB signaling is necessary. Indeed, some cancer treatments, currently used, activate NF-κB and may stimulate oncogenesis and confer resistance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Thus, combinatorial approaches using ROS-generating agents alongside conventional therapeutics may prove an effective tactic to reduce NF-κB activity to kill cancer cells. One strategy is the use of thiosemicarbazones, which form redox-active metal complexes that generate high ROS levels to deliver potent antitumor activity. These agents also upregulate the metastasis suppressor, N-myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1), which functions as an NF-κB signaling inhibitor. It is proposed that targeting NF-κB signaling may proffer a new therapeutic niche to improve the efficacy of anticancer regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Fouani
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Zhang X, Wang J, Li X, Wang D. Lysosomes contribute to radioresistance in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 439:39-46. [PMID: 30217567 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used methods to treat human tumors. Efficacy is due mainly to the DNA damage it induces. However, tumor cells often develop responsive adaptiveness to radiation treatment to survive, which leads to radioresistance. Many cellular processes, such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest and autophagy, are involved in the development of radioresistance. Few interventions to combat radioresistance exist to date. In recent years, the lysosome has been reported to contribute to chemo- and radioresistance. Although for many years, the lysosome was known as an organelle that degrades waste materials, we now know it is also involved in important signaling pathways regulating cellular homeostasis. Although an increasing number of preclinical studies show that lysosome-related factors promote radioresistance, the role of the lysosome in radioresistance has not been systematically demonstrated. Here, we combine an updated understanding of lysosomes with a review of current studies regarding the role of lysosomes in mediating radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
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Cathepsin B contributes to radioresistance by enhancing homologous recombination in glioblastoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:390-396. [PMID: 30099343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to adjuvant radiotherapy is a major cause of treatment failure in patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Recently, the role of lysosome, especially lysosomal proteases, in radioresistance is being paid more and more attention to. Here, we investigated the radioresistant role of Cathepsin B (CTSB), one important member of cysteine proteases, in GBM cell lines. A protease array kit was used to test GBM cells before and after irradiation. Nude mice were implanted with GBM cells to generate orthotopic xenografts for in vivo studies. Response of U87 and U251 cells to treatment was examined using cell viability, flow cytometry. Cells were transfected with siRNA knockdown and gene expression constructs and molecules potentially mediating response were examined through western blot analysis, PCR and EdU assay. The results from protease array kit showed that CTSB was up-regulated the most among all proteases after irradiation. And this was verified by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of tumor samples both from in vivo study and clinical patients. Compared to negative control group, knocking down CTSB led to radiosensitivity. And this radiosensitive effect was achieved by decreasing homologous recombination (HR) efficiency. Further study showed that knocking down CTSB caused cell cycle arrested in G0/G1 phases, in which HR efficiency was impaired. Knocking down CTSB contributed to radiosensitivity in GBM cells by causing cell cycle arrest and down-regulating HR efficiency.
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Zhang Y, Xu Z, Ding J, Tan C, Hu W, Li Y, Huang W, Xu Y. HZ08 suppresses RelB-activated MnSOD expression and enhances Radiosensitivity of prostate Cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:174. [PMID: 30053873 PMCID: PMC6062957 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The development of radioresistance is one of main causes for therapeutic failure of prostate cancer (PCa). The present study aims to investigate the function and the related mechanism by which HZ08 sensitizes radiotherapeutic efficiency to treat aggressive PCa cells. Methods PCa cells were pretreated with HZ08 (6,7-dimethoxy-1-(3,4-dimethoxy) benzyl-2-(N-n-octyl-N′-cyano) guanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline) and followed by ionizing radiation (IR) treatment. Cytotoxicity in the treated cells was analyzed to assess the radiosensitization capacity of HZ08 by flow cytometry, MTT and colony survival assays. The cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were measured using specific ROS detection probes and a Seahorse XF96 Analyzer, respectively. RelB binding to the NF-κB intronic enhancer region of the human SOD2 gene was determined using a ChIP assay. The levels of phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and IKKα were quantified and further confirmed using a PI3K inhibitor. Finally, the synergistic effect of HZ08 on radiosensitization of PCa cells was validated using a mouse xenograft tumor model. Results HZ08 enhanced radiosensitivity of PCa cells through increasing ROS and declining mitochondrial respiration due to suppression of mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme MnSOD. Mechanistically, HZ08 appeared to inhibit PI3K/Akt/IKKα signaling axis, resulting in transcriptional repression of MnSOD expression by preventing RelB nuclear translocation. Conclusions HZ08 can serve as a useful radiosensitizing agent to improve radiotherapy for treating aggressive PCa cells with high level of constitutive RelB. The present study suggests a promising approach for enhancing radiotherapeutic efficiency to treat advanced PCa by inhibiting antioxidant defense function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-018-0849-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaji Ding
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Tan
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizi Hu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Huang
- Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 42 Baiziting, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Xiong Y, Wang W, Fei Y, Tan C, Liang Z. K-ras mutation promotes ionizing radiation-induced invasion and migration of lung cancer in part via the Cathepsin L/CUX1 pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 362:424-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Han ML, Zhao YF, Tan CH, Xiong YJ, Wang WJ, Wu F, Fei Y, Wang L, Liang ZQ. Cathepsin L upregulation-induced EMT phenotype is associated with the acquisition of cisplatin or paclitaxel resistance in A549 cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1606-1622. [PMID: 27840408 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Cathepsin L (CTSL), a lysosomal acid cysteine protease, is known to play important roles in tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance. In this study we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of chemoresistance by CTSL in human lung cancer cells. METHODS Human lung cancer A549 cells, A549/PTX (paclitaxel-resistant) cells and A549/DDP (cisplatin-resistant) cells were tested. The resistance to cisplatin or paclitaxel was detected using MTT and the colony-formation assays. Actin remodeling was observed with FITC-Phalloidin fluorescent staining or immunofluorescence. A wound-healing assay or Transwell assay was used to assess the migration or invasion ability. The expression of CTSL and epithelial and mesenchymal markers was analyzed with Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The expression of EMT-associated transcription factors was measured with Western blotting or q-PCR. BALB/c nude mice were implanted subcutaneously with A549 cells overexpressing CTSL, and the mice were administered paclitaxel (10, 15 mg/kg, ip) every 3 d for 5 times. RESULTS Cisplatin or paclitaxel treatment (10-80 ng/mL) induced CTSL expression in A549 cells. CTSL levels were much higher in A549/PTX and A549/DDP cells than in A549 cells. Silencing of CTSL reversed the chemoresistance in A549/DDP and A549/TAX cells, whereas overexpression of CTSL attenuated the sensitivity of A549 cells to cisplatin or paclitaxel. Furthermore, A549/DDP and A549/TAX cells underwent morphological and cytoskeletal changes with increased cell invasion and migration abilities, accompanied by decreased expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and cytokeratin-18) and increased expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin and vimentin), as well as upregulation of EMT-associated transcription factors Snail, Slug, ZEB1 and ZEB2. Silencing of CTSL reversed EMT in A549/DDP and A549/TAX cells; In contrast, overexpression of CTSL induced EMT in A549 cells. In xenograft nude mouse model, the mice implanted with A549 cells overexpressing CTSL exhibited significantly reduced sensitivity to paclitaxel treatment, and increased expression of EMT-associated proteins and transcription factors in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION Cisplatin and paclitaxel resistance is associated with CTSL upregulation-induced EMT in A549 cells. Thus, CTSL-mediated EMT may be exploited as a target to enhance the efficacy of cisplatin or paclitaxel against lung cancer and other types of malignancies.
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Wang W, Long L, Wang L, Tan C, Fei X, Chen L, Huang Q, Liang Z. Knockdown of Cathepsin L promotes radiosensitivity of glioma stem cells both in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:274-84. [PMID: 26706414 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The presence of glioma stem cells (GSCs) in tumor is relevant for glioma treatment resistance. This study assessed whether knockdown of Cathepsin L can influence GSC growth, tumor radiosensitivity, and clinical outcome. Protein levels of Cathepsin L and stem cell markers (CD133 and Nestin) were analyzed in samples from 90 gliomas of different WHO grades and 6 normal brain tissues by immunohistochemistry. Two glioma stem cell lines with overexpressed Cathepsin L were stably transfected with Cathepsin L short hairpin RNA expression vectors. The effects of Cathepsin L inhibition on radiosensitivity, self-renewal, stemness, DNA damage, and apoptosis were evaluated. In addition, an intracranial animal model and subcutaneous tumor xenografts in nude mice were used to assess tumor response to Cathepsin L inhibition in vivo. Our results proved that expressions of Cathepsin L and CD133, but not of Nestin, correlated with malignant grades of glioma tissues. GSCs with high Cathepsin L and CD133 co-expression were extraordinarily radioresistant. Cathepsin L inhibition with radiotherapy significantly reduced GSC growth, promoted apoptosis, and improved radiosensitivity. Knockdown of Cathepsin L resulted in a dramatic reduction of CD133 expression, as well as the decreased phosphorylation of DNA repair checkpoint proteins (ATM and DNA-PKcs). Furthermore, combination of Cathepsin L inhibition and radiotherapy potently blocked tumor growth and decreased blood vessel formation in vivo. Taken together, these findings suggest Cathepsin L as a promising therapeutic target for clinical therapy in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linmei Long
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caihong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xifeng Fei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Leisong Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongqin Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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