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Li H, Su YS, He W, Zhang JB, Zhang Q, Jing XH, Zhan LB. The nonneuronal cholinergic system in the colon: A comprehensive review. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22165. [PMID: 35174565 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101529r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) is found not only in cholinergic nerve termini but also in the nonneuronal cholinergic system (NNCS). ACh is released from cholinergic nerves by vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT), but ACh release from the NNCS is mediated by organic cation transporter (OCT). Recent studies have suggested that components of the NNCS are located in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), crypt-villus organoids, immune cells, intestinal stem cells (ISCs), and vascular endothelial cells (VECs). When ACh enters the interstitial space, its self-modulation or effects on adjacent tissues are part of the range of its biological functions. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms of ACh synthesis and release in the NNCS. Furthermore, studies on ACh functions in colonic disorders suggest that ACh from the NNCS contributes to immune regulation, IEC and VEC repair, ISC differentiation, colonic movement, and colonic tumor development. As indicated by the features of some colonic disorders, ACh and the NNCS have positive and negative effects on these disorders. Furthermore, the NNCS is located in multiple colonic organs, and the specific effects and cross-talk involving ACh from the NNCS in different colonic tissues are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Changzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang-Shuai Su
- Research Center of Meridians, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- Research Center of Meridians, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Bin Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Changzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Jing
- Research Center of Meridians, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bin Zhan
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
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Tong L, Cui D, Zeng J. Topical bendazol inhibits experimental myopia progression and decreases the ocular accumulation of HIF-1α protein in young rabbits. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2020; 40:567-576. [PMID: 32839973 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the inhibitory effect of bendazol on form-deprivation myopia (FDM) in rabbits as well as the underlying biochemical processes. METHODS Forty-eight 3-week-old New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group, a form-deprivation (FD) group and an FD + bendazol group (treated with 1% bendazol in the FD eyes). Refraction, corneal curvature, vitreous chamber depth (VCD) and axial length (AL) were assessed using streak retinoscopy, keratometry, and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively. Eyeballs were enucleated for histological analysis, and ocular tissues were homogenized to determine the mRNA and protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). RESULTS Bendazol inhibited the progression of FDM and suppressed the upregulation of HIF-1α. At week 6, in the control, FD and FD + bendazol groups, the refraction values were 1.38 ± 0.43, 0.03 ± 0.47 and 1.25 ± 0.35 D, respectively (p < 0.001); the ALs were 13.91 ± 0.11, 14.15 ± 0.06 and 13.97 ± 0.10 mm, respectively (p < 0.001) and the VCDs were 6.56 ± 0.06, 6.69 ± 0.07 and 6.61 ± 0.06 mm, respectively (p < 0.001). HIF-1α was upregulated in FD eyes but downregulated in FD + bendazol eyes, while the mAChRs were the opposite. CONCLUSIONS In the FD rabbit model, bendazol significantly inhibits the development of myopia and downregulates HIF-1α expression, which may provide a novel therapeutic approach for myopia control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Poleti MD, Moncau CT, Silva-Vignato B, Rosa AF, Lobo AR, Cataldi TR, Negrão JA, Silva SL, Eler JP, de Carvalho Balieiro JC. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis reveals muscle contraction and metabolism proteins linked to ultimate pH in bovine skeletal muscle. Meat Sci 2018; 145:209-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Saternos HC, Almarghalani DA, Gibson HM, Meqdad MA, Antypas RB, Lingireddy A, AbouAlaiwi WA. Distribution and function of the muscarinic receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. Physiol Genomics 2017; 50:1-9. [PMID: 29093194 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00062.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and are widely known to mediate numerous functions within the central and peripheral nervous system. Thus, they have become attractive therapeutic targets for various disorders. It has long been known that the parasympathetic system, governed by acetylcholine, plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular function. Unfortunately, due to the lack of pharmacologic selectivity for any one muscarinic receptor, there was a minimal understanding of their distribution and function within this region. However, in recent years, advancements in research have led to the generation of knockout animal models, better antibodies, and more selective ligands enabling a more thorough understanding of the unique role muscarinic receptors play in the cardiovascular system. These advances have shown muscarinic receptor 2 is no longer the only functional subtype found within the heart and muscarinic receptors 1 and 3 mediate both dilation and constriction in the vasculature. Although muscarinic receptors 4 and 5 are still not well characterized in the cardiovascular system, the recent generation of knockout animal models will hopefully generate a better understanding of their function. This mini review aims to summarize recent findings and advances of muscarinic involvement in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Saternos
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Daniyah A Almarghalani
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Hayley M Gibson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Mahmood A Meqdad
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Raymond B Antypas
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ajay Lingireddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Wissam A AbouAlaiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, Ohio
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Radu BM, Osculati AMM, Suku E, Banciu A, Tsenov G, Merigo F, Di Chio M, Banciu DD, Tognoli C, Kacer P, Giorgetti A, Radu M, Bertini G, Fabene PF. All muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M 1-M 5) are expressed in murine brain microvascular endothelium. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5083. [PMID: 28698560 PMCID: PMC5506046 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental studies indicate that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are potential pharmacological targets for the treatment of neurological diseases. Although these receptors have been described in human, bovine and rat cerebral microvascular tissue, a subtype functional characterization in mouse brain endothelium is lacking. Here, we show that all muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M1-M5) are expressed in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells. The mRNA expression of M2, M3, and M5 correlates with their respective protein abundance, but a mismatch exists for M1 and M4 mRNA versus protein levels. Acetylcholine activates calcium transients in brain endothelium via muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors. Moreover, although M1 and M3 are the most abundant receptors, only a small fraction of M1 is present in the plasma membrane and functions in ACh-induced Ca2+ signaling. Bioinformatic analyses performed on eukaryotic muscarinic receptors demonstrate a high degree of conservation of the orthosteric binding site and a great variability of the allosteric site. In line with previous studies, this result indicates muscarinic acetylcholine receptors as potential pharmacological targets in future translational studies. We argue that research on drug development should especially focus on the allosteric binding sites of the M1 and M3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania
| | | | - Eda Suku
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania.,Engineering Faculty, Constantin Brancusi' University, Calea Eroilor 30, Targu Jiu, 210135, Romania
| | - Grygoriy Tsenov
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Flavia Merigo
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Marzia Di Chio
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 050095, Romania
| | - Cristina Tognoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Petr Kacer
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, 25067, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mihai Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy. .,Department of Life and Environmental Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, PO Box MG-6, Reactorului 30, Magurele, 077125, Romania.
| | - Giuseppe Bertini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Paolo Francesco Fabene
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy
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