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Hoefer KC, Barbe AG, Adams A, Schoppmeier C, Wicht MJ, Weber LT, Noack MJ, Graf I. Halitosis in young patients with chronic kidney disease: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Head Face Med 2024; 20:32. [PMID: 38750491 PMCID: PMC11094915 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-024-00428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) directly affects oral health. Yet data about halitosis in young CKD patients and the impact of dental prophylaxis is limited. Therefore, as part of this randomized clinical trial, halitosis in young CKD patients undergoing intensive or standard oral preventive procedures was to be explored. METHODS Three volatile sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide) were measured in 30 young patients with CKD (mean age 14.2 years; 16 males, 14 females). Breath samples were taken after 3 and 6 months and analyzed with selective gas chromatography (OralChroma). Tongue coating (Winkel Index) and clinical indices to determine local inflammation or oral hygiene (Papillary Bleeding Index and Quigley-Hein Index) were assessed. Within an extended anamnesis, patients and their mothers and nurses were questioned about the perceived halitosis. Corresponding quotes were noted verbatim. Patients were randomized to either intensive need-related oral health care measures (oral preventative program, OPP) or a one-stage standard prevention (treatment as usual, TAU). RESULTS While there were no differences in volatile sulfur compound levels between TAU and OPP at the three time points of measurements (p > 0.05), there was a tendency towards a reduction in dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide of affected patients within the OPP group over time. Looking at potential differences between both groups with regard to tongue coating, significant differences were observed between baseline and 3 months after study start in the OPP group, and between baseline and 6 months after study start in the TAU group (p < 0.05). The burden of halitosis was frequently reported by patients' mothers and nurses. CONCLUSIONS Young CKD patients regularly suffered from halitosis and dimethyl sulfide was its main source. Preventive measures mainly resulted in a reduction of tongue coating. TRIAL REGISTRATION The German Clinical Trial Register (# DRKS00010580).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Charlotte Hoefer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Greta Barbe
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Adams
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Schoppmeier
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Jochen Wicht
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz T Weber
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Graf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Clinical Trial Evaluating Quality of Life in Patients with Intra-Oral Halitosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020326. [PMID: 35054019 PMCID: PMC8779688 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is considered to be extremely unattractive in the context of social interactions. The main research objective of this study was to evaluate whether intra-oral halitosis may impact patients’ quality of life (QOL). One hundred generally healthy adult participants complaining about oral malodor and diagnosed with intra-oral halitosis were enrolled in this study. For halitosis diagnosis, a gas chromatography (GC) analysis by the Oral Chroma portable device was used. QOL assessment was based on the Short Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36). The respondents had the highest scores in the physical functioning (PF), activity limitations caused by emotional problems (RE) and activity limitations caused by physical problems (RP) domains, and the weakest in the general health perception (GH), vitality (VT) and emotional wellbeing (MH) ones. The total volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) level was negatively correlated with SF-36 domains. The SF-36 domains’ scores decreased the higher the level of VSC was. The respondents assessed their QOL to be at its best in physical functioning and activity limitations caused by emotional and physical problems and the worst in general health perception, vitality and emotional wellbeing. The strongest correlation between halitosis and decreased QOL was found in the social functioning (SF), vitality, emotional wellbeing and general health perception domains.
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Gurpinar B, Kumral TL, Sari H, Tutar B, Uyar Y. A new halitosis screening tool: halitosis finding score derivation and validation. Acta Odontol Scand 2022; 80:44-50. [PMID: 34102953 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1936162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lack of a valid and appropriate halitosis screening survey prompted us to develop and validate a simple, 15-item questionnaire to be used as a screening tool to score halitosis for the daily practise. METHODS After calculating the sample size, 200 participants were included in the study. All participants filled a 15-item questionnaire with the subsequent measurements of halitosis through the organoleptic scoring system and a halimeter. The application of questionnaire and the halitosis measurements were repeated 15 days after the first control. RESULTS Mann-Whitney's U test was statistically significant between the halimeter measurements and Halfins scores (p=.000, p<.05). ROC curve is drawn due to halitometer analyses. The cut-off point was determined such as Halfins scores greater than 14 indicated halitosis (65.75 sensitivity, 66.04 specificity). The content validation and concurrent validity were proven successful. CONCLUSIONS A new halitosis-specific screening tool called Halfins was proven as a valid diagnostic tool for measuring halitosis in the present study. Nevertheless, we believe this questionnaire could be used as complementary tool for the diagnosis of halitosis, seeing as its use alone is not able to firmly conclude the presence of halitosis in all cases, an organoleptic test or VSC assessment would still be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Gurpinar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tolgar Lutfi Kumral
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Sari
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Belgin Tutar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Uyar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Adolescence, Adulthood and Self-Perceived Halitosis: A Role of Psychological Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57060614. [PMID: 34204752 PMCID: PMC8231527 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Halitosis is a frequent condition that affects a large part of the population. It is considered a "social stigma", as it can determine a number of psychological and relationship consequences that affect people's lives. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of psychological factors in the condition of self-perceived halitosis in adolescent subjects and adulthood. (2) Type of studies reviewed: We conducted, by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, systematic research of the literature on PubMed and Scholar. The key terms used were halitosis, halitosis self-perception, psychological factors, breath odor and two terms related to socio-relational consequences ("Halitosis and Social Relationship" OR "Social Issue of Halitosis"). Initial research identified 3008 articles. As a result of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the number of publications was reduced to 38. (3) Results: According to the literature examined, halitosis is a condition that is rarely self-perceived. In general, women have a greater ability to recognize it than men. Several factors can affect the perception of the dental condition, such as socioeconomic status, emotional state and body image. (4) Conclusion and practical implication: Self-perceived halitosis could have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Among the most frequent consequences are found anxiety, reduced levels of self-esteem, misinterpretation of other people's attitudes and embarrassment and relational discomfort that often result in social isolation.
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Renvert S, Noack MJ, Lequart C, Roldán S, Laine ML. The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12:251-262. [PMID: 32753975 PMCID: PMC7342603 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s253765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of halitosis cases originate within the oral cavity (intra-oral halitosis). With a focus on intra-oral halitosis, this narrative review article provides a current summary of the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis and discusses practical considerations for healthcare professionals (HCPs), including dentists, dental hygienists, general practitioners, community pharmacists, nurses and medical specialists. MEDLINE and PubMed were searched up to 31 December 2019. Additional information was sourced from reference lists of relevant published literature. Full-text articles which reported on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis were considered for inclusion. Halitosis affects substantial numbers of individuals globally and is an underestimated problem in dental practice. Current estimates of the prevalence of halitosis, in addition to diagnostic methods and management considerations for halitosis, are discussed. Although not a life-threatening condition, halitosis has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life and can result in psychological consequences including social, professional and affective limitations. Using a simple step-wise approach for diagnosis and treatment, dentists and dental hygienists are ideally placed to respond to an initial consultation for halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Renvert
- Department of Oral Health, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christophe Lequart
- Private practice, Sorigny, Union Française pour la Santé Bucco-Dentaire (UFSBD), Paris, France
| | - Silvia Roldán
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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He M, Lu H, Cao J, Zhang Y, Wong MCM, Fan J, Ye W. Psychological characteristics of Chinese patients with genuine halitosis. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1576-1585. [PMID: 32352617 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present case-control study aimed to compare the psychological status of patients with and without halitosis, and investigate the association between psychological disorders and halitosis. METHODS Patients who complained about bad breath and diagnosed with genuine halitosis were assigned to the halitosis group, while patients without genuine halitosis were assigned to the control group (n = 106, each group). Information on the demographics and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) of participants was collected. The organoleptic score and Halimeter measurement were used to measure halitosis. RESULTS The mean SCL-90 score of participants in the halitosis group (0.63) was significantly greater than that in the control group (0.48) (p = .002). The scores of the domains of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoid ideation were found to be significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in SCL-90 scores between the mild and moderate-severe halitosis groups (p = .479). CONCLUSION The psychological status of genuine halitosis patients was significantly worse than normal patients without halitosis complaint and also without halitosis. The main problems were in the aspects of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. However, the negative impact was not related to the severity of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Cao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - May Chun Mei Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
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