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Guo L, Chen S, Ou L, Li S, Ye ZN, Liu HF. Disrupted Alpha-Ketoglutarate Homeostasis: Understanding Kidney Diseases from the View of Metabolism and Beyond. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1961-1974. [PMID: 35783031 PMCID: PMC9248815 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s369090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key intermediate of various metabolic pathways including tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, anabolic and catabolic reactions of amino acids, and collagen biosynthesis. Meanwhile, AKG also participates in multiple signaling pathways related to cellular redox regulation, epigenetic processes, and inflammation response. Emerging evidence has shown that kidney diseases like diabetic nephropathy and renal ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with metabolic disorders. In consistence with metabolic role of AKG, further metabolomics study demonstrated a dysregulated AKG level in kidney diseases. Intriguingly, earlier studies during the years of 1980s and 1990s indicated that AKG may benefit wound healing and surgery recovery. Recently, interests on AKG are arising again due to its protective roles on healthy ageing, which may shed light on developing novel therapeutic strategies against age-related diseases including renal diseases. This review will summarize the physiological and pathological properties of AKG, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, with a special emphasis on kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihua Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangmei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Nan Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhen-Nan Ye; Hua-Feng Liu, Email ;
| | - Hua-Feng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Autophagy and Major Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, People’s Republic of China
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Canton J, Blees H, Henry CM, Buck MD, Schulz O, Rogers NC, Childs E, Zelenay S, Rhys H, Domart MC, Collinson L, Alloatti A, Ellison CJ, Amigorena S, Papayannopoulos V, Thomas DC, Randow F, Reis e Sousa C. The receptor DNGR-1 signals for phagosomal rupture to promote cross-presentation of dead-cell-associated antigens. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:140-153. [PMID: 33349708 PMCID: PMC7116638 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 conventional dendritic (cDC1) cells are necessary for cross-presentation of many viral and tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells. cDC1 cells can be identified in mice and humans by high expression of DNGR-1 (also known as CLEC9A), a receptor that binds dead-cell debris and facilitates XP of corpse-associated antigens. Here, we show that DNGR-1 is a dedicated XP receptor that signals upon ligand engagement to promote phagosomal rupture. This allows escape of phagosomal contents into the cytosol, where they access the endogenous major histocompatibility complex class I antigen processing pathway. The activity of DNGR-1 maps to its signaling domain, which activates SYK and NADPH oxidase to cause phagosomal damage even when spliced into a heterologous receptor and expressed in heterologous cells. Our data reveal the existence of innate immune receptors that couple ligand binding to endocytic vesicle damage to permit MHC class I antigen presentation of exogenous antigens and to regulate adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hanna Blees
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Conor M Henry
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Michael D Buck
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Oliver Schulz
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Neil C Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Childs
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Santiago Zelenay
- Cancer Inflammation and Immunity Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, UK
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Lucy Collinson
- Electron Microscopy STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andres Alloatti
- Centre de Recherche, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cara J Ellison
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - David C Thomas
- Immunity and Inflammation, 9NC, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Felix Randow
- Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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3
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Temsirolimus induced structural transition of cancerous renal cystatin to normal form in rats: In vitro mechanistic approach underlying renal cancer prevention. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Shamsi A, Ahmed A, Bano B. Structural transition of kidney cystatin in dimethylnitrosamine-induced renal cancer in rats: identification as a novel biomarker for kidney cancer and prognosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1020-1029. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1166988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anas Shamsi
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202 002, India
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202 002, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Faculty of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh 202 002, India
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5
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Arinç E, Arslan S, Bozcaarmutlu A, Adali O. Effects of diabetes on rabbit kidney and lung CYP2E1 and CYP2B4 expression and drug metabolism and potentiation of carcinogenic activity of N-nitrosodimethylamine in kidney and lung. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:107-18. [PMID: 17034923 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
There are limited number of studies regarding the influence of diabetes on the regulation of cytochrome P450s and associated drug metabolizing enzyme activities especially in extrahepatic tissues such as kidney. However, there is almost no such study in lung. Alloxan-induced diabetes did not change CYP2B4 expression as measured with immunoblot analysis and associated enzyme, benzphetamine N-demethylase, activity in rabbit kidney and lung. Induction of cytochrome P4502E1 by diabetes was identified by immunochemical detection on Western blots in the lung and kidney microsomes of rabbits. In parallel to CYP2E1 induction, aniline 4-hydroxylase and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities were markedly increased in diabetic rabbit lung and kidney. CYP2B4 and CYP2E1 dependent drug metabolism did not show any tissue variation in diabetic rabbit. These findings are in contrast to those of rats, mice and hamster. The results of the present work, in combination with those of the previous work [Arinç, E., Arslan, S., Adali, O., 2005. Differential effects of diabetes on CYP2E1 and CYP2B4 proteins and associated drug metabolizing enzyme activities in rabbit liver. Arch. Toxicol. 79, 427-433], indicate the existence of species-dependent response of CYP-dependent drug metabolizing enzymes to diabetes. A procarcinogen and food contaminant, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), is converted to its carcinogenic form after it is activated with NDMA N-demethylase. In the current study, a statistically significant increase of liver, kidney and lung NDMA N-demethylase activity associated with CYP2E1 was shown in diabetic rabbit. Thus, it is expected that, the risk of nitrosamine induced carcinogenesis will be greater in liver, kidney and lung of the diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Arinç
- Biochemistry Graduate Programme and Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Inonu Bulvari, 06531 Ankara, Turkey.
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6
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Shiao YH, Rice JM, Anderson LM, Diwan BA, Hard GC. von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations in N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced rat renal epithelial tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90:1720-3. [PMID: 9827526 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/90.22.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene are common in human clear cell kidney cancers. Carcinogens in cigarette smoke, especially nitrosamines, are known to induce kidney tumors of a variety of histologic types in rodents--but with no evidence of VHL mutations; however, none of these tumors resembled human clear cell carcinomas. We examined N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced kidney tumors of the clear or mixed clear/granular cell type in Wistar rats to assess the presence of VHL mutations. METHODS Sections of eight clear or mixed clear/granular cell kidney tumors that had been formalin fixed and paraffin embedded were microdissected. DNA was extracted from the microdissected tissue, and exons 1-3 of the rat VHL gene were examined by use of polymerase chain reaction and cycle sequencing techniques. RESULTS Four VHL gene mutations (three G:C to A:T and one A:T to G:C) were detected in three of the tumors in contrast to no mutations in 40 previously reported rat kidney tumors of other histologic types (three of eight tumors versus none of 40; two-sided Fisher's exact test; P=.003). Only tumors showing prominent swollen clear cell cytology with a signet-ring appearance had VHL mutations. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of VHL mutations in kidney tumors after direct chemical exposure and provides a possible molecular pathway linking tobacco smoking to kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Shiao
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702, USA.
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7
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Vamvakas S, Richter H, Bittner D. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and nuclear matrix/intermediate filament proteins in renal carcinogenesis. Recent Results Cancer Res 1997; 143:195-208. [PMID: 8912420 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60393-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Vamvakas
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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8
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McLaren J, Boulikas T, Vamvakas S. Induction of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the kidney after in vivo application of renal carcinogens. Toxicology 1994; 88:101-12. [PMID: 8160192 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(94)90113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorovinylcysteine, the key metabolite thought to be responsible for the nephrocarcinogenicity of trichloroethene and dichloroacetylene, induces DNA double-strand breaks followed by increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear proteins in cultured renal cells (Vamvakas et al., 1992, Biochem. Pharmacol. 44, 1131-1138). Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation represents a post-translational modification of nuclear proteins involved in DNA repair, DNA replication, and modulation of gene expression. The present study investigates the induction of DNA double-strand breaks and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the renal cortex after in vivo administration of several renal carcinogens to male Wistar rats, and the temporal relationship between these two processes. Dichlorovinylcysteine caused a time-dependent increase in the amount of poly(ADP-ribosyl)conjugates in the kidney cortex, which was preceded by increased formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Potassium bromate and ferric nitrilotriacetate, whose nephrocarcinogenicity is thought to result from increased formation of reactive oxygen species, both induced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation with the concomitant formation of DNA double-strand breaks. Dimethylnitrosamine, an indirect acting methylating agent, and trimethylpentane, a non-genotoxic renal carcinogen, failed to induce poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation or a significant increase in DNA double-strand breaks in the renal cortex. The results indicate that nephrocarcinogens capable of inducing DNA fragmentation also induce post-translational modification of renal proteins via increased poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McLaren
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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9
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Dekant W, Vamvakas S. Mechanisms of xenobiotic-induced renal carcinogenicity. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1992; 23:297-337. [PMID: 1540538 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60969-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Dekant
- Institut für Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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10
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Aitio A, Aitio ML, Camus AM, Cardis E, Bartsch H. Cytochrome P-450 isozyme pattern is related to individual susceptibility to diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer in rats. Jpn J Cancer Res 1991; 82:146-56. [PMID: 1848544 PMCID: PMC5918375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1991.tb01822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis between rodent strains and species have been linked to variations in genetically-determined mixed function oxidase activities. In order to verify whether such variations also determine the susceptibility of individual animals of the same strain to a chemical carcinogen, outbred male Wistar rats were administered diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (1, 2, or 3 mg/kg) five times a week for 20 weeks. The relationship was examined between the outcome (i.e., presence or absence of liver tumors, and latency period) and the hepatic activities of mixed function oxidases and conjugating enzymes, as well as of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, measured before the carcinogen treatment. In addition, the metabolic profiles of two model drugs, antipyrine and disopyramide, in the urine were analyzed and correlated with the carcinogen susceptibility. The length of the latency period of hepatocellular tumors in individual rats was negatively related to the activities of hepatic dimethylnitrosamine N-demethylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and epoxide hydrolase and positively related to the amount of microsomal protein. Consistent relationships between the other 10 measured parameters and the susceptibility to DEN-induced carcinogenesis were not detected. Long-term treatment with DEN slightly decreased the proportion of metabolism of antipyrine into norantipyrine, and increased the share of 4-hydroxyantipyrine; a decrease in the metabolism of disopyramide to N-deisopropyldisopyramide was also detected. It is concluded that the pattern of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes is related to differences in individual susceptibility to nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis. The relationship was most marked at low dose levels, which are the levels at which nitrosamine exposures of humans are known to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aitio
- Unit of Environmental Carcinogens and Host Factors, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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11
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Ruchirawat M, Navasumrit P, Aramphongphan A, Mahathanatrakul W, Frank N. Alterations in dimethylnitrosamine-induced lethality and acute hepatotoxicity in rats during dietary thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiencies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1990; 116:599-603. [PMID: 2254378 DOI: 10.1007/bf01637080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine deficiencies on dimethylnitrosamine-induced lethality and hepatotoxicity were investigated in the rat. Development of deficiencies was monitored by growth rate, food intake, ratio of liver weight to body weight and the biochemical parameters (thiamin diphosphate effects for thiamin deficiency, glutathione reductase activity coefficient for riboflavin deficiency and erythrocyte glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activity for pyridoxine deficiency). Thiamin deficiency slightly increased the acute toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine as observed by the lowering of the LD50 dose and the greater increase in the serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase levels. Riboflavin deficiency, on the other hand, slightly increased the LD50 dose of dimethylnitrosamine and resulted in less dimethylnitrosamine-induced damage to the liver. Pyridoxine deficiency did not affect the lethal dose nor significantly alter the transaminases levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ruchirawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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12
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Yang AH, Oberley TD, Oberley LW, Schmid SM, Cummings KB. In vitro modulation of antioxidant enzymes in normal and malignant renal epithelium. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1987; 23:546-58. [PMID: 3624157 DOI: 10.1007/bf02620972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The activities of three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, were monitored in isolated human renal adenocarcinoma tissues and in cultured human renal adenocarcinoma cells. The results were compared to the activities of these enzymes in the proposed cell of origin, isolated human proximal tubular tissues, and cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells. Strong modulation of these enzymes by culture conditions was observed in normal cells but not in carcinoma cells. Low levels of cellular lipid peroxidation, as assessed by levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), were observed in adenocarcinoma cells under the culture conditions tested with one exception: greatly elevated MDA was observed in renal adenocarcinoma cells grown on plastic in serum-free, chemically defined medium. This increased lipid peroxidation correlated with a loss of cell viability under these conditions.
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Driver HE, White IN, Butler WH. Dose-response relationships in chemical carcinogenesis: renal mesenchymal tumours induced in the rat by single dose dimethylnitrosamine. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1987; 68:133-43. [PMID: 3580278 PMCID: PMC2013020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A single intraperitoneal dose of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) given to weanling rats after 3 days' treatment with a protein-free diet results in the induction of renal mesenchymal tumours, the incidence of which is related to the dose of DMN in a sigmoid dose-response curve. The number of tumours per kidney is small, most animals given 40 mg/kg DMN (the TD100) having either one or two tumours in each kidney. However, within a few days of dosing a large number of small proliferative foci of mesenchymal cells, which resemble the tumours, appears in the renal cortex. The number of these foci is linearly related to the dose of DMN. By 12 weeks, the majority of these foci have disappeared, leaving an essentially normal kidney with only one or two developing tumours. The initial amount of methylation of guanine at the O6 and 7 positions in the kidney DNA measured 18 h after dosing is also linearly related to the dose of DMN. Thus, the formation of the early lesions is directly proportional to the amount of DNA alkylation, but the eventual tumour incidence is not. It is suggested that the mechanisms which operate to remove the majority of the early proliferative foci determine the shape of the dose-response curve for the tumours, which is independent of the initial alkylation levels.
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Abstract
Renal tumors have been reported to be induced by natural products, chemical carcinogens, viruses, or radiation. Species or strain specificity and sex also appear to play significant roles in their development. In man, it is also likely that the heredity existence of other diseases, smoking, food habits, and irradiation may be etiological factors. It also appears that hormonal, chemical, and other environmental factors can play a role. Nephrotoxin modifies two-stage chemical carcinogenesis in rat kidney. Some nephrotoxins without carcinogenicity promote the development of renal tumors in rats pretreated with subcarcinogenic doses of chemical carcinogens. The importance of nephrotoxin in development of renal adenocarcinomas needs elucidation. Preneoplastic lesions in the kidneys can be recognized by histochemical methods with specific antibodies. It is hoped that further research will be continued, so that data obtained from experimental work will provide a better understanding of the etiology and induction of renal cancer in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hiasa
- First Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Japan
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15
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Hard GC. Experimental models for the sequential analysis of chemically-induced renal carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 1986; 14:112-22. [PMID: 3012758 DOI: 10.1177/019262338601400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to discriminate non-specific toxicity from the early precursor lesions of neoplasia, emphasis in these studies has been on the use of models requiring only a single administration of chemical. Our interests have focussed on three neoplastic entities in the kidney, renal mesenchymal neoplasia, renal cell carcinoma, and nephroblastoma. Dimethylnitrosamine administered as a single intraperitoneal injection to immature female Wistar rats, pre-conditioned for several days with a no-protein/sugar-only diet, has been used for investigating the complex morphological nature of renal mesenchymal tumors, their pathogenesis and the development of cell culture correlates. The near 100% tumor incidence and its facility for cell culture manipulation makes this a particularly potent model for studying chemical carcinogenesis and the evolution of cell transformation. Discovery that the rat kidney response to DMN was biphasic with respect to the time of treatment led to the subsequent development of a high incidence system for inducing renal adenocarcinoma, using older rats. Renal cell carcinomas could also be induced in mice by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The tumor frequency in female CBA/H/T6J mice was almost 100%, providing a new model for the investigation of renal carcinogenesis in this species. Nephroblastoma has been a poorly comprehended neoplasm in both lower animals and man because of the lack of a high incidence model in conventional laboratory mammals. Recently, we have exploited an increased spontaneous predisposition of the Nb rat to nephroblastoma using a single intraperitoneal dose of N-ethylnitrosourea in pregnant females on day 18 of gestation, producing a frequency of 50% for this tumor type. More potent however, was a system which utilized the partially inbred IIIVO/J strain of rabbit using the same carcinogen and transplacental route of administration. The resultant incidence of nephroblastomas in the progeny was in excess of 90%, and like their counterparts in man, the neoplasms developed rapidly and had a potential for distant metastasis. Each one of these animal models is suitable for the sequential tracing of tumor pathogenesis, and in depth analysis of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation and formation of different types of renal cancer.
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16
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Sadrudin AA, Lewin MR, Cruse JP. Induction of nephroblastoma-like renal tumours in rats by a single dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. J Pathol 1985; 145:229-39. [PMID: 2984394 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711450304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A single injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (200 mg/kg s.c.) resulted in the development of renal tumours in 70 per cent of treated rats within 1 year. The tumours were frequently bilateral (36 per cent) and grew to a large size (up to 100 g) before causing death. Lung metastases were found in one case. Histologically, the majority of the tumours (73 per cent) exhibited the classical triphasic morphological features of nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour) with varying proportions of epithelial (glomeruloid and tubular structures), stromal (fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, cartilage) and blastematous elements. This pathological resemblance to human nephroblastoma suggests the possibility of using dimethylhydrazine-induced renal tumours as a model of Wilms' tumour.
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17
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Maduagwu EN, Frei E, Frank N, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R. Nitrosamine metabolism in kwashiorkor rats. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:3577-81. [PMID: 6651876 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro metabolism of nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was studied in liver tissue obtained from male weanling kwashiorkor wistar rats. The elimination of this compound and that of nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) from the blood, after a single intravenous dose, was also investigated. N-demethylase activity in liver microsomes of the test animals was not significantly different from that of the controls although the activity of this enzyme per gram wet liver tissue was considerably reduced in the model animals. On the other hand, the glutathione (GSH) content in liver cytosol of the kwashiorkor animals was much higher than that of the controls. The elimination of NDMA and NMOR from the blood of the experimental animals over 8 hr following i.v. administration of the carcinogens, showed that the clearance rate of each nitrosamine was significantly lower in the kwashiorkor rats.
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18
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Hoel DG, Kaplan NL, Anderson MW. Implication of nonlinear kinetics on risk estimation in carcinogenesis. Science 1983; 219:1032-7. [PMID: 6823565 DOI: 10.1126/science.6823565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Efforts in estimating carcinogenic risk in humans from long-term exposure to chemical carcinogens have centered on the problem of low-dose extrapolation. For chemicals with metabolites that interact with DNA, it may be more meaningful to relate tumor response to the concentration of the DNA adducts in the target organ rather than to the applied dose. Many data suggest that the relation between tumor response and concentration of DNA adducts in the target organ may be linear. This implies that the nonlinearities of the dose-response curve for tumor induction may be due to the kinetic processes involved in the formation of carcinogen metabolite--DNA adducts. Of particular importance is the possibility that the kinetic processes may show a nonlinear "hockey-stick" like behavior which results from saturation of detoxification or DNA repair processes. The mathematical models typically used for low-dose extrapolation are shown potentially to overestimate risk by several orders of magnitude when nonlinear kinetics are present.
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19
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Wise A. Interaction of diet and toxicity--the future role of purified diet in toxicological research. Arch Toxicol 1982; 50:287-99. [PMID: 6293408 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness of the importance of diet as a determinant of the toxicity of many compounds. This paper briefly reviews some of the ways in which diet affects toxicity, and draws some conclusions regarding the ideal diet for toxicological investigations. Then the two competing types of diet, stock and purified (including those frequently called semi-synthetic and semi-purified), are described and their characteristic strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Stock diets are very variable commodities, may be nutritionally poorly balanced, and also contain many non-nutritive components that influence toxicity. The formulation and preparation of purified diet are discussed. It is concluded that investigations of the mechanisms of toxicity, as well as studies of absorption, distribution and metabolism of toxic compounds, could benefit from the use of well-defined purified diets.
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Kyrtopoulos SA, Swann PF. The use of radioimmunoassay to study the formation and disappearance of O6-methylguanine in mouse liver satellite and main-band DNA following dimethylnitrosamine administration. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1980; 98:127-38. [PMID: 7217178 DOI: 10.1007/bf00405957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive radioimmunoassay for O6-methyldeoxyguanosine has been developed, permitting the analysis of microgram amounts of DNA. This technique has been used in the study of the formation and removal of O6-methylguanine in mouse liver satellite and main-band DNA. The results indicate a reduced extent of O6-methylguanine formation in satellite DNA but similar rates of its removal from both classes of DNA.
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