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Clarke GM, Holloway CMB, Zubovits JT, Nofech-Mozes S, Murray M, Liu K, Wang D, Kiss A, Yaffe MJ. Three-dimensional tumor visualization of invasive breast carcinomas using whole-mount serial section histopathology: implications for tumor size assessment. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 174:669-677. [PMID: 30612274 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-05122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Linear tumor size (T-size) estimated with conventional histology informs breast cancer management. Previously we demonstrated significant differences in margin and focality estimates using conventional histology versus digital whole-mount serial sections (WMSS). Using WMSS we can measure T-size or volume. Here, we compare WMSS T-size with volume, and with T-size measured conventionally. We also compare the ellipsoid model for calculating tumor volume to direct, WMSS measurement. METHODS Two pathologists contoured regions of invasive carcinoma and measured T-size from both WMSS and (simulated) conventional sections in 55 consecutive lumpectomy specimens. Volume was measured directly from the contours. Measurements were compared using the paired t-test or Spearman's rank-order correlation. A five-point 'border index' was devised and assigned to each case to parametrize tumor shape considering 'compactness' or cellularity. Tumor volumes calculated assuming ellipsoid geometry were compared with direct, WMSS measurements. RESULTS WMSS reported significantly larger T-size than conventional histology in the majority of cases [61.8%, 34/55; means = (2.34 cm; 1.99 cm), p < 0.001], with a 16.4% (9/55) rate of 'upstaging'. The majority of discordances were due to undersampling. T-size and volume were strongly correlated (r = 0.838, p < 0.001). Significantly lower volume was obtained with WMSS versus ellipsoid modeling [means = (1.18 cm3; 1.45 cm3), p < 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS Significantly larger T-size is measured with WMSS than conventionally, due primarily to undersampling in the latter. Volume and linear size are highly correlated. Diffuse tumors interspersed with normal or non-invasive elements may be sampled less extensively than more localized masses. The ellipsoid model overestimates tumor volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Clarke
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Room C7-27c 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - C M B Holloway
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Room T2-015 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - J T Zubovits
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Scarborough and Rouge Hospital, 3030 Birchmount Road, Toronto, ON, M1W 3W3, Canada
| | - S Nofech-Mozes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Room E423a 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - M Murray
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Room C7-48a 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - K Liu
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Room C7-27a 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - D Wang
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Room C7-27a 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - A Kiss
- Research Design and Biostatistics, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Room G106 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - M J Yaffe
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Room S6-57 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M. Kerr
- Aberdeen University Medical School, Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Marianne C. Nicolson
- Aberdeen University Medical School, Department of Oncology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK
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3D Pathology Volumetric Technique: A Method for Calculating Breast Tumour Volume from Whole-Mount Serial Section Images. Int J Breast Cancer 2012; 2012:691205. [PMID: 23320179 PMCID: PMC3540737 DOI: 10.1155/2012/691205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour size, most commonly measured by maximum linear extent, remains a strong predictor of survival in breast cancer. Tumour volume, proportional to the number of tumour cells, may be a more accurate surrogate for size. We describe a novel “3D pathology volumetric technique” for lumpectomies and compare it with 2D measurements. Volume renderings and total tumour volume are computed from digitized whole-mount serial sections using custom software tools. Results are presented for two lumpectomy specimens selected for tumour features which may challenge accurate measurement of tumour burden with conventional, sampling-based pathology: (1) an infiltrative pattern admixed with normal breast elements; (2) a localized invasive mass separated from the in situ component by benign tissue. Spatial relationships between key features (tumour foci, close or involved margins) are clearly visualized in volume renderings. Invasive tumour burden can be underestimated using conventional pathology, compared to the volumetric technique (infiltrative pattern: 30% underestimation; localized mass: 3% underestimation for invasive tumour, 44% for in situ component). Tumour volume approximated from 2D measurements (i.e., maximum linear extent), assuming elliptical geometry, was seen to overestimate volume compared to the 3D volumetric calculation (by a factor of 7x for the infiltrative pattern; 1.5x for the localized invasive mass).
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Binks S, Clelland CA, Layton C. A comparison of pathological methods of measuring lung cancer volume. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49:654-6. [PMID: 8881916 PMCID: PMC500609 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.49.8.654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine which of several pathological methods of measuring lung cancer volume compared most favourably with the gold standard. METHODS Three pathological methods were used on 54 resected lung cancers: (1) measuring the maximum dimension and assuming a spherical shape; (2) measuring three dimensions and assuming an ellipsoidal shape; and (3) deriving the volume from the area of tumour on sequential 1 cm slices using a photocopier and an image analysis system. The gold standard was obtained from the area of whole mount tumour sections on sequential 0.1 cm slices of eight cancers. RESULTS Volumes derived from 1 cm lung slices gave results closest to our gold standard but assuming tumours were ellipsoidal was only a slightly less accurate and less time consuming method. Assuming cancers were spherical resulted in gross overestimation of the tumour volumes. CONCLUSIONS For practical purposes, it is reasonable to measure three dimensions of a lung tumour at sectioning and calculate the volume using the formula for an ellipsoid (V = 4/3 pi d.e.f, where d, e and f are the semi-axes).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Binks
- Department of Histopathology, City Hospital, Nottingham
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Wagner H, Ruckdeschel JC. Screening, Early Detection, and Early Intervention Strategies for Lung Cancer. Cancer Control 1995; 2:493-502. [PMID: 10825262 DOI: 10.1177/107327489500200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening for lung cancer has been utilized for several decades without demonstrating overall survival benefit. However, recent advances in treatment of lung cancer, improvements in our biologic understanding of lung cancer development, and an increasing population of healthy ex-smokers provide cause for optimism. Several chemoprevention trials suggest that it may be possible to intervene in the oncologic process prior to the development of invasive malignancy, resulting in a delay or reversal of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wagner
- Thoracic Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Fontanini G, Macchiarini P, Pepe S, Ruggiero A, Hardin M, Bigini D, Vignati S, Pingitore R, Angeletti CA. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in paraffin sections of peripheral, node-negative non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer 1992; 70:1520-7. [PMID: 1355398 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:6<1520::aid-cncr2820700613>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation of 40 peripheral, node-negative non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) treated with surgery alone was investigated by immunohistochemical analysis with the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) PC10, which recognizes a proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded material. Results were correlated with DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction (SPF) analyzed by DNA flow cytometric study. Mitotic count (MC) was analyzed by light microscopic study and histopathologic features. PCNA immunoreactivity was seen in all samples and confined to the nuclei of cancer, but not to the surrounding, tumor-negative cells; its frequency ranged from 0-70% (median, 15%), and tumors expressed either a low (0-25%, n = 25) or intermediate (26-75%, n = 15) proliferative activity. There was no relationship between PCNA immunoreactivity and tumor stage or among size, histologic type, and mitotic count (MC). Tumors with intratumoral blood vessel invasion (BVI) showed a significantly higher (P less than 0.005) PCNA immunoreactivity than BVI-negative tumors. PCNA scores were significantly higher (P less than 0.005) in DNA aneuploid (n = 22) than in DNA diploid (n = 18) tumors and correlated significantly with the SPF of DNA aneuploid tumors (r = 0.825, P less than 0.0001), but not with diploid tumors (r = 0.002, P = 0.9). Intermediate proliferating tumors had a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) MC than their counterparts. In univariate analysis, significant predictors of survival were tumor classification (T1 versus T2), tumor size (less than or equal to 2.6 cm versus more than 2.6 cm), BVI (BVI-negative versus BVI-positive), MC (less than or equal to 8 versus more than 8), and PCNA immunoreactivity (low versus intermediate). DNA ploidy and SPF did not influence survival significantly. Only PCNA immunoreactivity retained its independent level of significance (P = 0.02) by multivariate analysis. It was concluded that PCNA immunostaining is a simple and clinically useful method for estimating cell proliferation in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of resected peripheral, node-negative NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fontanini
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy and Histology, University of Pisa, Italy
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Alama A, Costantini M, Repetto L, Conte PF, Serrano J, Nicolin A, Barbieri F, Ardizzoni A, Bruzzi P. Thymidine labelling index as prognostic factor in resected non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26:622-5. [PMID: 2169278 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(90)90093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess the prognostic value of tumor proliferative activity, 89 patients with operable non-small cell lung cancer were studied. Tumor samples were obtained during surgery and cell kinetics were analyzed by the in vitro thymidine labelling index (TLI). The overall median TLI (2.9) was used to identify two subsets of patients with high and low proliferating tumors. In univariate analysis survival was significantly longer in patients with lower TLI (P = 0.047) and with stage I-II (P = 0.003) and T1-T2 tumors (P = 0.043). In multivariate analysis, stage was the most important prognostic parameter (P = 0.004). The risk of death for patients with TLI higher than 2.9 was increased (hazard ratio = 2.01, CI = 0.96-4.27).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alama
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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