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Tiemann M, Claviez A, Lüders H, Zimmermann M, Schellong G, Dörffel W, Parwaresch R. Proliferation characteristics in pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma point to a cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase. Mod Pathol 2005; 18:1440-7. [PMID: 16056247 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the prognostic relevance of the proliferation rate in neoplastic cells in children and adolescents with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens were immunostained with the proliferation-associated monoclonal antibodies Ki-S5 (Ki-67 antigen) and Ki-S2 (which detects the repp86 protein). Repp86 is a protein of about 100 kDa encoded by a gene located on human chromosome band 20q11.2. In contrast to the Ki-67 antigen, repp86 expression is restricted to the cell cycle phases G(2), S and M. Immunohistochemical results on diagnostic lymph node biopsy specimens from 224 patients included in two pediatric multicenter Hodgkin's trials, GPOH HD-90 and HD-95, were compared with clinical data. High Ki-67 antigen expression was a striking feature of Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells as well as lymphocytic and histiocytic cells (median: 80%, range: 20-100%), in contrast to low repp86 expression (median: 20%, range: 10-80%; P<0.001). The proliferation rate was independent of histological subtype, stage and presence of B symptoms. The probability of event-free and overall survival (+/-standard error) of all patients at 5 years was 91.6+/-2.0 and 98.1+/-1.0%, respectively. The proliferation rate of tumor cells did not influence the outcome. The difference between Ki-67 and repp86 expression in Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg or lymphocytic and histiocytic cells points to a possible cell cycle arrest in the G(1) phase, which may explain the obvious paradox of a highly proliferating but slowly growing paucicellular tumor. High Ki-67 expression does not seem to be an adverse prognostic factor in pediatric and adolescent patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma treated by effective risk-adapted chemo-radiotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tiemann
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Galteland E, Sivertsen EA, Svendsrud DH, Smedshammer L, Kresse SH, Meza-Zepeda LA, Myklebost O, Suo Z, Mu D, Deangelis PM, Stokke T. Translocation t(14;18) and gain of chromosome 18/BCL2: effects on BCL2 expression and apoptosis in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Leukemia 2005; 19:2313-23. [PMID: 16193090 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gain of chromosome 18q and translocation t(14;18) are] frequently found in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL). Increased BCL2 transcription and BCL2 protein expression have been suggested to be the result of the gain. We utilized FISH, PCR and array CGH to study BCL2 and chromosome 18 copy number changes and rearrangements in 93 cases of B-NHL. BCL2 protein was expressed in >75% of the tumor cells in 92% of the cases by immunohistochemistry. Gain of BCL2 was associated with a 25% increase in BCL2 expression levels (immunoblotting), whereas t(14;18) resulted in a 55% increase in BCL2 levels compared to cases without BCL2 alterations. The tumor cell (spontaneous) apoptotic fractions were similar for the cases with different BCL2 genotypes. However, the normal cell apoptotic fractions were higher for the tumors with t(14;18) compared to the tumors without BCL2 alterations, while the tumors with gain of BCL2 only showed intermediate levels. Low-level gains of parts of chromosome 18 were found in 14 of the 38 B-NHL cases with t(14;18), with a consensus region 18pter-q21.33 that did not include the BCL2 gene. The 11 cases with 18q gain only showed a consensus region encompassing 18q21.2-18q21.32 and 18q21.33, which contain PMAIP1/MALT1 and BCL2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galteland
- Department of Radiation Biology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Kenny LM, Aboagye EO, Price PM. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Cell Proliferation in Oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004; 16:176-85. [PMID: 15191004 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2003.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-cell proliferation is a hallmark of the malignant phenotype. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers a unique method of imaging biological and biochemical changes in vivo. Radiolabelled thymidine and thymidine analogues are currently in development as PET tracers. By studying the uptake and kinetics of such compounds using PET, a measure of DNA synthesis and hence cell proliferation can be obtained. Molecular imaging of cellular proliferation with PET is now possible, and has the potential to play an important role in the evaluation of efficacy of new anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kenny
- Molecular Therapy Group and PET Oncology Group, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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4
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Pinto AE, Cabeçadas J, Nóbrega SD, Mendonça E. Flow cytometric S-phase fraction as a complementary biological parameter for the cytological grading of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diagn Cytopathol 2003; 29:194-9. [PMID: 14506670 DOI: 10.1002/dc.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a technique that can overcome tissue-sampling disaggregation problems related to DNA flow cytometry analysis. The aim of this study, with long-term follow-up (median, 72 mo), was to investigate the prognostic value of DNA ploidy and S-phase fraction (SPF) in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and additionally, the relevance of SPF in the grading of NHLs, using FNAC. The series comprised 76 patients with NHL (32 indolent and 44 aggressive tumors, including 14 Burkitt lymphomas) and 30 patients with reactive lymph node enlargement used as a control group. DNA flow cytometry was performed on fresh samples obtained by FNAC. NHL grading was done according to the updated Kiel classification. The 5-yr overall survival of patients with NHL was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method. All samples of the control group and 81.6% of the NHLs showed a DNA diploid pattern. Fourteen cases (18.4%) were DNA aneuploid with bimodal distribution: slight hyperdiploidy and near-tetraploidy. Despite the higher incidence of aneuploidy in aggressive than in indolent tumors (22.7% vs. 12.5%), no correlation between DNA ploidy and NHL grading was observed. In contrast, SPF revealed a strong correlation with grading (P=0.0001). The mean SPF values varied from 6.5% in indolent NHLs, to 20.4% in aggressive not-otherwise-specified (NOS) NHLs, and to 35.3% in Burkitt lymphomas. Nearly all aggressive NHLs had an SPF >15%, while the vast majority of indolent NHLs showed an SPF <10%. The mean SPF value in the reactive node group was 6.6%. NHL grading significantly was correlated to survival (P=0.004) only if the Burkitt lymphomas, which showed the best prognosis, were analyzed as an independent group. There was a trend that did not reach statistical significance (P=0.072) for a worse clinical outcome of patients with aneuploid tumors. When mean SPF values were used as cutoff points to divide both indolent NHLs and aggressive NOS NHLs into two proliferative subgroups, no differences in relation to survival were found (P=0.763 and P=0.994, respectively). Also, no proliferative difference was verified between indolent NHLs and the reactive lymph node group (P=0.223). These results show that flow cytometric SPF is a valuable complementary parameter for grading NHLs on FNAC samples, but it appears to give no additional prognostic information on subset analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- António E Pinto
- Department of Morphologic Pathology, Portuguese Oncologic Institute, Lisbon Center, Portugal.
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5
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Rassidakis GZ, Jones D, Lai R, Ramalingam P, Sarris AH, McDonnell TJ, Medeiros LJ. BCL-2 family proteins in peripheral T-cell lymphomas: correlation with tumour apoptosis and proliferation. J Pathol 2003; 200:240-8. [PMID: 12754745 DOI: 10.1002/path.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1 and the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX and BCL-XS in a series of 112 peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) classified according to the WHO classification. Using immunohistochemical methods and a 10% cut-off, each protein was detected in a subset of PTCLs: BCL-2 in 46%, BCL-XS in 49%, BAX in 57%, BCL-XL in 57%, and MCL-1 in 65%. The mean percentage of positive cells for these proteins varied significantly among the PTCL types. Only two types of PTCL, ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, had a distinctive pattern of expression; all were BCL-2-negative and MCL-1-positive. The mean percentage of BAX-positive and BCL-XS-positive tumour cells was higher in ALK-positive ALCL than in ALK-negative ALCL or other types of PTCL (p = 0.06 and p = 0.01, respectively, Kruskal-Wallis test). MCL-1 was detected significantly more frequently (p = 0.01, chi-square test) and at higher levels (p = 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test) in ALK-positive ALCL and ALK-negative ALCL than in other PTCL types. The apoptotic rate, evaluated by the TUNEL assay, correlated inversely with BCL-2 expression (p = 0.035). The proliferation index, assessed by the MIB-1 antibody, correlated with expression levels of MCL-1 (R = 0.42, p = 0.003), BCL-2 (R = 0.32, p = 0.027), BAX (R = 0.33, p = 0.014), and BCL-XL (R = 0.34, p = 0.015) (Spearman rank). In conclusion, BCL-2 family proteins are expressed by a subset of PTCLs and their levels correlate with some histological types, apoptotic rate, and proliferation index. Expression of these proteins may explain the poor response of many types of PTCL to standard chemotherapy. These proteins may also provide novel targets for experimental therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Rassidakis
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Rassidakis GZ, Jones D, Thomaides A, Sen F, Lai R, Cabanillas F, McDonnell TJ, Medeiros LJ. Apoptotic rate in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. A study using a tissue microarray with validation on full tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:328-34. [PMID: 12219774 DOI: 10.1309/hkmv-vmpp-0ch8-3dpq] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with a wide spectrum of clinicopathologic features, and apoptosis mechanisms may have a role in lymphomagenesis. We assessed apoptotic rate (AR) in 112 PTCLs using a tissue microarray developed in our laboratory and a modified terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The mean AR was 1.47% +/- 1.38% for the entire group of PTCLs (range, 0.06%-5.15%), and AR varied significantly among different tumor types. In mycosis fungoides, the mean AR was 0.74%; angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, 1.02%; PTCL, not otherwise specified, 1.38%; cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), 1.41%; anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein (ALK)-negative ALCL, 1.43%; extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type, 2.04%; ALK-positive ALCL, 2.95%; and enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma, 3.06%. Mean AR was higher in PTCL with large cell vs small/medium cell morphologic features (1.66% +/- 1.1% vs 0.99% +/- 1.0%). In a subset of 33 PTCLs, the tissue microarray results comparedfavorably with those obtained in full tissue sections. We conclude that the highest ARs in PTCLs are found in enteropathy-type T-cell lymphoma and ALK-positive ALCL, and that AR can be assessed reliably by using a tissue microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Rassidakis
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Stokke T, DeAngelis P, Smedshammer L, Galteland E, Steen HB, Smeland EB, Delabie J, Holte H. Loss of chromosome 11q21-23.1 and 17p and gain of chromosome 6p are independent prognostic indicators in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1900-13. [PMID: 11747333 PMCID: PMC2364025 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was employed to study chromosomal aberrations in relation to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and patient survival in 94 cases of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma diagnosed between 1983 and 1993. Eighty cases had aberrations by CGH. Chromosomal regions 1p21-31.1 (10%), 6cen-q24 (12%), 8p (11%), 9p21-ter (14%), 11q21-23.1 (11%), 13q13-21.1 (12%), and 17p (15%) were frequently lost. Gains were found at 3q21-ter (22%), 6p (11%), 7p (12%), 8q23-ter (13%), 12cen-q15 (17%), 17q24-ter (13%), and 18q13.3-21 (20%). A high number of aberrations (> or = 4, 33 cases) was associated (P < or = 0.001) with the mantle cell and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma subtypes, a high fraction of tumour cells in S phase, and short survival (RR (relative risk) = 3.7). Loss of 1p21-31.1, 8p, 9p21-ter, 11q21-23.1, and 13q13-21.1 were associated with mantle cell lymphoma (P < or = 0.03), while gain of 6p and 12cen-q15 were more frequent in diffuse large B-cell and small lymphocytic lymphoma, respectively (P = 0.04). Loss of 8p and 17p, and gain of 3q21-ter, 6p, 7p, and 8q23-ter were associated with a high S phase fraction (P < or = 0.03), but none of the aberrations were associated with tumour apoptotic fraction (P > or = 0.13). The most important prognostic CGH parameters (P < 0.001) were losses of 11q21-23.1 (RR = 3.8) and 17p (RR = 4.4), and gain of 6p (RR = 4.2). The latter parameters and IPI were the only ones with independent prognostic value (RR = 10, 5.0, 6.7, and 3.7, respectively; P < 0.001) when assessed together with lymphoma sub-type, primary versus relapse cases, treatment, B symptoms, S phase fraction, and presence of BCL1 and BCL2 translocations. A combined CGH/IPI binary parameter had high prognostic value for patients receiving different treatments, with various lymphoma sub-types, and for primary as well as relapse cases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Life Tables
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/classification
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Prognosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk
- Risk Factors
- S Phase
- Survival Analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stokke
- Department of Biophysics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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Stokke T, Galteland E, Holte H, Smedshammer L, Suo Z, Smeland EB, Børresen-Dale AL, DeAngelis P, Steen HB. Oncogenic aberrations in the p53 pathway are associated with a high S phase fraction and poor patient survival in B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2000; 89:313-24. [PMID: 10956404 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000720)89:4<313::aid-ijc1>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The implications of aberrations in the p53 pathway for induction of apoptosis and regulation of S phase entry, and for patient survival, were investigated in 83 B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Eight cases had missense mutations in exons 5, 7, 8 and 9 as revealed by constant denaturant gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Fifteen cases had lost 1 TP53 allele as revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization. Ten cases expressed high levels of p53 as assessed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. S phase fractions were higher, apoptotic fractions were the same and survival times were shorter in all aberration groups compared with the cases with no TP53/p53 aberrations. Since many tumors had more than one TP53/p53 aberration, the tumors were divided into groups with the following characteristics: no TP53/p53 aberrations; loss of one TP53 allele only (9 cases), TP53 point mutation (8 cases), high-level p53 expression and no TP53 mutation (3 cases). Tumors from the 3 latter groups had higher median S phase fractions (5%, 7.6%, and 5%, respectively, p<0.02) than the cases without any aberrations (1.1%), and survival time for these patients was much shorter (relative risks of 5.9, 8.9, and 6.6, respectively, p<0.003). Apoptotic fractions were similar in all these groups (p=0.09). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of TP53/p53 aberrations is a strong and independent prognostic parameter in B-cell Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stokke
- Department of Biophysics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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Galteland E, Holte H, Stokke T. c-MYC, RB-1, TP53, and centromere 8 and 17 copy number in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas assessed by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990415)38:2<53::aid-cyto2>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Olsen G, Lyng H, Tufto I, Solberg K, Bjørnaes I, Rofstad EK. Measurement of proliferation activity in human melanoma xenografts by magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 17:393-402. [PMID: 10195582 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(98)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor proliferation may be predictive for malignant progression and response to fractionated therapy of cancer. The purpose of the present work was to investigate whether the proliferation activity of solid tumors can be assessed in vivo from the proton relaxation times, T1 and T2. Tumors of four amelanotic human melanoma xenograft lines were studied. Three parameters were used to represent tumor proliferation activity; the volume doubling time, Tvol, the potential doubling time, Tpot, and the fraction of cells in S-phase. Tvol was determined from volumetric growth data. Tpot and S-phase fraction were determined by flow cytometric analysis of tumor cells after bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in vivo. T1 and T2 were measured by 1H-MRI in vivo, using spin-echo pulse sequences. The proliferation parameters and relaxation times differed considerably among the tumor lines. Significant correlations were found between the proliferation parameters and the relaxation times, regardless of whether Tvol, Tpot, or S-phase fraction was considered. Tumors with short Tvol and Tpot and high S-phase fraction had long T1 and T2 compared to tumors with long Tvol and Tpot and low S-phase fraction. The elongated T1 and T2 of fast growing tumors were probably due to increased interstitial and/or intravascular water content. The present results suggest that in vivo spin-echo 1H-MRI can be used to discriminate between tumors of high and low proliferation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Olsen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo
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