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MCM2 in human cancer: functions, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Mol Med 2022; 28:128. [PMID: 36303105 PMCID: PMC9615236 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant DNA replication is the main source of genomic instability that leads to tumorigenesis and progression. MCM2, a core subunit of eukaryotic helicase, plays a vital role in DNA replication. The dysfunction of MCM2 results in the occurrence and progression of multiple cancers through impairing DNA replication and cell proliferation. Conclusions MCM2 is a vital regulator in DNA replication. The overexpression of MCM2 was detected in multiple types of cancers, and the dysfunction of MCM2 was correlated with the progression and poor prognoses of malignant tumors. According to the altered expression of MCM2 and its correlation with clinicopathological features of cancer patients, MCM2 was thought to be a sensitive biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and chemotherapy response. The anti-tumor effect induced by MCM2 inhibition implies the potential of MCM2 to be a novel therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Since DNA replication stress, which may stimulate anti-tumor immunity, frequently occurs in MCM2 deficient cells, it also proposes the possibility that MCM2 targeting improves the effect of tumor immunotherapy.
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Rai BP, Luis Dominguez Escrig J, Vale L, Kuusk T, Capoun O, Soukup V, Bruins HM, Yuan Y, Violette PD, Santesso N, van Rhijn BWG, Hugh Mostafid A, Imran Omar M. Systematic Review of the Incidence of and Risk Factors for Urothelial Cancers and Renal Cell Carcinoma Among Patients with Haematuria. Eur Urol 2022; 82:182-192. [PMID: 35393159 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The current impact of haematuria investigations on health care organisations is significant. There is currently no consensus on how to investigate patients with haematuria. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the incidence of bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) among patients undergoing investigation for haematuria and identify any risk factors for bladder cancer, UTUC, and RCC (BUR). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Medline, Embase, and Cochrane controlled trials databases and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for all relevant publications from January 1, 2000 to June 2021 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies with a minimum population of 50 patients with haematuria were considered for the review. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 44 studies were included. The total number of participants was 229701. The pooled incidence rate for urothelial bladder cancer was 17% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14-20%) for visible haematuria (VH) and 3.3% (95% CI 2.45-4.3%) for nonvisible haematuria (NVH). The pooled incidence rate for RCC was 2% (95% CI 1-2%) for VH and 0.58% (95% CI 0.42-0.77%) for NVH. The pooled incidence rate for UTUC was 0.75% (95% CI 0.4-1.2%) for VH and 0.17% (95% CI 0.081-0.299%) for NVH. On sensitivity analysis, the proportions of males (risk ratio [RR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.10-1.17 for VH; 1.54, 95% CI 1.34-1.78 for NVH; p < 0.00001; moderate certainty evidence) and individuals with a smoking history (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.24-1.61 for VH; 1.53, 95% CI 1.36-1.72 for NVH; p < 0.00001; moderate certainty evidence) appeared to be higher in BUR than in non-BUR groups. CONCLUSIONS Male gender and smoking history are risk factors for BUR cancer in haematuria, with bladder cancer being the commonest cancer. The incidence of RCC and UTUC in NVH is low. The review serves as a reference standard for future policy-making on investigation of haematuria by global organisations. PATIENT SUMMARY Our review shows that male gender and smoking history are risk factors for cancers of the bladder, kidney, and ureter. The review also provides information on the proportion of patients who have cancer when they have blood in their urine (haematuria) and will allow policy-makers to decide on the most appropriate method for investigating haematuria in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavan P Rai
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | | | - Luís Vale
- Department of Urology, Centro Hospital Universitário S. João, Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Teele Kuusk
- Department of Urology, Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust, Dartford, UK
| | - Otakar Capoun
- Department of Urology, General University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Soukup
- Department of Urology, General University Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harman M Bruins
- Department of Urology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen-Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuhong Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Health Science Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe D Violette
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy Santesso
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bas W G van Rhijn
- Department of Surgical Oncology (Urology), Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Hugh Mostafid
- Department of Urology, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
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Xu QH, Yuan Q, Zhang YQ, Li B, Min YL, Ge QM, Liang RB, Shao Y. Ocular Metastasis in Elderly Male Bladder Cancer Patients: Potential Risk Factors. Am J Mens Health 2021; 14:1557988320908998. [PMID: 32146866 PMCID: PMC7065287 DOI: 10.1177/1557988320908998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common type of tumor among elderly male population; it causes intraocular metastasis (IOM). The study investigated the differences between elderly male bladder cancer patients with and without IOM, and identified risk factors for IOM. In this study, 749 elderly male patients (aged ≥50 years) with bladder cancer were included from November 2003 to December 2016. Differences between the IOM and non-IOM (NIOM) groups were evaluated by chi-square test and Student’s t-test. The binary logistic regression analysis calculates the risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic value of IOM in elderly male patients with bladder cancer. The incidence of IOM in patients with bladder cancer was 1.7%. No significant differences were detected in age and histopathology between the IOM and NIOM groups. According to the study, the IOM group had higher ALP and Cyfra21-1. Binary logistic regression indicated that ALP and Cyfra21-1 were risk factors for IOM in elderly male bladder cancer patients (p < .05). ROC curve analysis revealed area under the curve values for ALP and Cyfra21-1 of 0.913 and 0.814, using cutoff values of 9.65 and 83.5 U/L, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity values for ALP were 61.5% and 95.8%, respectively, while those for Cyfra21-1 were 84.6% and 73.3%. The investigation indicates that ALP and Cyfra21-1 are risk factors for IOM in elderly male patients with bladder cancer and ALP is more reliable at distinguishing IOM from NIOM in elderly male patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Hui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Lan Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Min Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Bin Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Clinical Ophthalmology Institute, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Ocular Disease Clinical Research Center, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Samad A, Haque F, Nain Z, Alam R, Al Noman MA, Rahman Molla MH, Hossen MS, Islam MR, Khan MI, Ahammad F. Computational assessment of MCM2 transcriptional expression and identification of the prognostic biomarker for human breast cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05087. [PMID: 33024849 PMCID: PMC7530310 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) is a highly conserved protein from the MCM protein family that plays an important role in eukaryotic DNA replication as well as in cell cycle progression. In addition, it maintains the ploidy level consistency in eukaryotic cells, hence, mutations or alteration of this protein could result in the disintegration of the fine-tuned molecular machinery that can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Moreover, MCM2 has been found to be an important marker for progression and prognosis in different cancers. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the MCM2 expression and the associated outcome in breast cancer (BC) patients based on the publicly available online databases. In this study, server-based gene expression analyses indicate the upregulation of MCM2 (p < 10-6; fold change>2.0) in various BC subtypes as compared to the respective normal tissues. Besides, the evaluation of histological sections from healthy and cancer tissues showed strong staining signals indicating higher expression of MCM2 protein. The overexpression of MCM2 was significantly correlated to promoter methylation and was related to patients' clinical features. Further, mutation analysis suggested missense as the predominant type of mutation (71.4%) with 18 copy-number alterations and 0.2% mutation frequency in the MCM2 gene. This study revealed a significant correlation (Cox p ≤ 0.05) between the higher MCM2 expression and lower patient survival. Finally, we identified the co-expressed genes with gene ontological features and signaling pathways associated in BC development. We believe that this study will provide a basis for MCM2 to be a significant biomarker for human BC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Samad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Haque
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Zulkar Nain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, East West University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Alam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdullah Al Noman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Habibur Rahman Molla
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Saddam Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Raquibul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Md Iqbal Khan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Foysal Ahammad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Wang X, Gu Y, Zhang S, Li G, Liu T, Wang T, Qin H, Jiang B, Zhu L, Li Y, Lei H, Li M, Zhang Q, Yang R, Fang F, Guo H. Unbiased enrichment of urine exfoliated cells on nanostructured substrates for sensitive detection of urothelial tumor cells. Cancer Med 2019; 9:290-301. [PMID: 31709750 PMCID: PMC6943141 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early detection of urothelial carcinoma (UC) by noninvasive diagnostic methods with high accuracy is still underscored. This study aimed to develop a noninvasive assay incorporating both enrichment of urine exfoliated cells and immunoassays for UC detection. Methods Polystyrene dishes were exposed to oxygen plasma and modified with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane to prepare amine‐functionalized nanostructured substrates (NS). Performance characterization of NS was evaluated by atomic force microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Urine exfoliated cells were captured by NS and then immunostained to detect urinary tumor cells (UTCs), which was called UTC assay. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, area under ROC curve (AUC), and Youden index were used to find the cutoff value of UTC assay. ROC analysis and McNemar test were used to compare the diagnostic accuracy of UTC assay with cytology. Kappa test was used to analyze the agreement of UTC assay and cytology with pathological diagnosis. Results Nanostructured substrates had good cell binding yields of nucleated cells and tumor cells. CK20+CD45−CD11b− cells were considered as UTCs. UTC number ≥ 1 per sample could be considered as a positive result. By AUC and Kappa analysis, UTC assay showed good performance in UC detection. McNemar test demonstrated that UTC assay had a superior sensitivity even in low‐grade subgroup and a similar specificity compared to cytology in UC diagnosis. Conclusions Nanostructured substrates could be used to enrich the exfoliated cells from urine samples. UTC assay with NS has the potential to play a role in UC detection. The value of this assay still needs additional validation by large, multi‐center studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Department of Pathology, Naval Characteristic Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixiang Qin
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Li
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Haozhi Lei
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Suzhou Municipal Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- PerMed Biomedicine Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Tang MS, Wu XR, Lee HW, Xia Y, Deng FM, Moreira AL, Chen LC, Huang WC, Lepor H. Electronic-cigarette smoke induces lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21727-21731. [PMID: 31591243 PMCID: PMC6815158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911321116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic-cigarettes (E-cigs) are marketed as a safe alternative to tobacco to deliver the stimulant nicotine, and their use is gaining in popularity, particularly among the younger population. We recently showed that mice exposed to short-term (12 wk) E-cig smoke (ECS) sustained extensive DNA damage in lungs, heart, and bladder mucosa and diminished DNA repair in lungs. Nicotine and its nitrosation product, nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone, cause the same deleterious effects in human lung epithelial and bladder urothelial cells. These findings raise the possibility that ECS is a lung and bladder carcinogen in addition to nicotine. Given the fact that E-cig use has become popular in the past decade, epidemiological data on the relationship between ECS and human cancer may not be known for a decade to come. In this study, the carcinogenicity of ECS was tested in mice. We found that mice exposed to ECS for 54 wk developed lung adenocarcinomas (9 of 40 mice, 22.5%) and bladder urothelial hyperplasia (23 of 40 mice, 57.5%). These lesions were extremely rare in mice exposed to vehicle control or filtered air. Current observations that ECS induces lung adenocarcinomas and bladder urothelial hyperplasia, combined with our previous findings that ECS induces DNA damage in the lungs and bladder and inhibits DNA repair in lung tissues, implicate ECS as a lung and potential bladder carcinogen in mice. While it is well established that tobacco smoke poses a huge threat to human health, whether ECS poses any threat to humans is not yet known and warrants careful investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010;
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - William C Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010
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Liao X, Han C, Wang X, Huang K, Yu T, Yang C, Huang R, Liu Z, Han Q, Peng T. Prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance mRNA expression in early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:3255-3271. [PMID: 30233242 PMCID: PMC6130532 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s171293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential prognostic value of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) genes in patients with early-stage pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) after pancreaticoduodenectomy by using the RNA-sequencing dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods An RNA-sequencing dataset of 112 early-stage PDAC patients who received a pancreaticoduodenectomy was obtained from TCGA. Survival analysis was used to identify potential prognostic values of MCM genes in PDAC overall survival (OS). Results Through mining public databases, we observed that MCM genes (MCM2, MCM3, MCM4, MCM5, MCM6, and MCM7) were upregulated in pancreatic cancer tumor tissue and have a strong positive coexpression with each other. Multivariate survival analysis indicated that a high expression of MCM4 significantly increased the risk of death in patients with PDAC, and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.655, 0.587, and 0.509 for a 1-, 2-, and 3-year PDAC OS prediction, respectively. Comprehensive survival analysis of MCM4 using stratified and joint effects survival analysis suggests that MCM4 may be an independent prognostic indicator for PDAC OS. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that MCM4 may participate in multiple biologic processes and pathways, including DNA replication, cell cycle, tumor protein p53, and Notch signaling pathways, thereby affecting prognosis of PDAC patients. Conclusions Our study indicates that MCM2–7 were upregulated in pancreatic cancer tumor tissues, and mRNA expression of MCM4 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator for PDAC OS prediction after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Quanfa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China,
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8
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Brisuda A, Háček J, Čechová M, Škapa P, Babjuk M. Clinical and cytopathological factors affecting the cellularity of urinary cell blocks and the implication for diagnosis and follow-up of urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma. Cytopathology 2018; 29:537-544. [PMID: 29873845 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The methodology of cell blocks (CBs) has long been an integrated part of cytology. However, there are very few data on CBs derived from urine. Their main disadvantage is a lack of cellularity, which limits their broader clinical applicability. Factors affecting cellular adequacy in urine remain unclear. We assessed the impact of basic clinical and cytopathological factors on the adequacy of cellularity in urinary CBs. METHODS Freshly voided urine was collected from 401 consecutive individuals. Of these, 167 patients were diagnosed with urothelial carcinoma. The remaining 234 patients had various benign urological conditions. Papanicolaou classes were determined and CBs produced. Cellular adequacy was assigned to each CB (acellular, hypocellular, moderate cellularity, high cellularity), and moderately and highly cellular CBs were considered as adequate. Several factors were analysed to find any correlation with the adequacy of the cellularity. RESULTS In univariate analysis, seven factors significantly correlated with the adequacy of the CBs. In the multivariate model, positive sediment (OR = 3.7), female sex (OR = 2.7), positive urinary cytology (OR = 2.6) and positive leucocyturia (OR = 2.1) were independent predictors of adequate cellularity. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the model were 65.0% and 77.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We determined four clinical and cytopathological factors which independently predict adequate cellularity in urinary CBs. Based on these results, several clinical situations have been proposed, in which the highest probability of adequate cellularity in urinary CBs can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonín Brisuda
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Háček
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Čechová
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Škapa
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Babjuk
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Liao X, Liu X, Yang C, Wang X, Yu T, Han C, Huang K, Zhu G, Su H, Qin W, Huang R, Yu L, Deng J, Zeng X, Ye X, Peng T. Distinct Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of Minichromosome Maintenance Gene Expression in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2018; 9:2357-2373. [PMID: 30026832 PMCID: PMC6036720 DOI: 10.7150/jca.25221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to identify diagnostic and prognostic values of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) gene expression in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The biological function of the MCM genes were investigated by bioinformatics analysis. The diagnostic and prognostic values of the MCM genes were investigated by using the data of HCC patients from the GSE14520 and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Results: Bioinformatics analysis of the MCM genes substantiated that MCM2-7 genes were significantly enriched in DNA replication and cell cycle, and co-expressed with each other. These genes also co-expressed in HCC tumor tissue in both the GSE14520 and TCGA cohort. We also observed that the expression of the MCM2-7 genes was increased in tumor tissue, and diagnostic receiver operating characteristic analysis of MCM2-7 indicated that these genes could serve as sensitive diagnostic markers in HCC. Survival analysis in the GSE14520 cohort suggested that expression of MCM2, MCM4, MCM5, and MCM6 were significantly associated with hepatitis B virus-related HCC overall survival (OS). However, none of the MCM genes were associated with recurrence-free survival in the GSE14520 cohort. The validation cohort of TCGA suggested that the expression of MCM2, MCM6, and MCM7 were significantly correlated with HCC OS. Conclusion: Our study indicated that MCM2-7 genes may be potential diagnostic biomarkers in patients with HCC. Among them, MCM2 and MCM6 may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524001, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiangkun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Ketuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Jianlong Deng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Yulin, 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xinping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
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10
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Liu Z, Li J, Chen J, Shan Q, Dai H, Xie H, Zhou L, Xu X, Zheng S. MCM family in HCC: MCM6 indicates adverse tumor features and poor outcomes and promotes S/G2 cell cycle progression. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:200. [PMID: 29463213 PMCID: PMC5819696 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Minichromosome Maintenance family (MCMs), as replication licensing factors, is involved in the pathogenesis of tumors. Here, we investigated the expression of MCMs and their values in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods MCMs were analyzed in 105 samples including normal livers (n = 15), cirrhotic livers (n = 40), HCC (n = 50) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (Cohort 1). Significantly up-regulated MCMs were verified in 102 HCC and matched peritumoral livers using PCR (Cohort 2), and the correlations with clinical features and outcomes were determined. In addition, the focused MCMs were analyzed in parallel immunohistochemistry of 345 samples on spectrum of hepatocarcinogenesis (Cohort 3) and queried for the potential specific role in cell cycle. Results MCM2–7, MCM8 and MCM10 was significantly up-regulated in HCC in Cohort 1. In Cohort 2, overexpression of MCM2–7, MCM8 and MCM10 was verified and significantly correlated with each other. Elevated MCM2, MCM6 and MCM7 were associated with adverse tumor features and poorer outcomes. In Cohort 3, MCM6 exhibited superior HCC diagnostic performance compared with MCM2 and MCM7 (AUC: 0.896 vs. 0.675 and 0.771, P < 0.01). Additionally, MCM6 other than MCM2 and MCM7 independently predicted poorer survival in 175 HCC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of MCM6 caused a delay in S/G2-phase progression as evidenced by down-regulation of CDK2, CDK4, CyclinA, CyclinB1, CyclinD1, and CyclinE in HCC cells. Conclusions We analyze MCMs mRNA and protein levels in tissue samples during hepatocarcinogenesis. MCM6 is identified as a driver of S/G2 cell cycle progression and a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4056-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaonan Shan
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haojiang Dai
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative innovation center for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Beijing, China. .,Collaborative innovation center for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Passerini V, Storchová Z. Too much to handle - how gaining chromosomes destabilizes the genome. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2867-2874. [PMID: 27636196 PMCID: PMC5105935 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1231285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most eukaryotic organisms are diploid, with 2 chromosome sets in their nuclei. Whole chromosomal aneuploidy, a deviation from multiples of the haploid chromosome number, arises from chromosome segregation errors and often has detrimental consequences for cells. In humans, numerical aneuploidy severely impairs embryonic development and the rare survivors develop disorders characterized by multiple pathologies. Moreover, as many as 75 % of malignant tumors display aneuploidy. Although the exact contribution of aneuploidy to tumorigenesis remains unclear, previous studies have suggested that aneuploidy may affect the maintenance of genome integrity. We found that human cells with extra chromosomes showed phenotypes suggestive of replication defects, a phenomenon which we went on to characterize as being due to the aneuploidy-driven downregulation of replication factors, in particular of the replicative helicase MCM2-7. Thus, missegregation of even a single chromosome can further promote genomic instability and thereby contribute to tumor development. In this review we will examine the possible causes of downregulation of replicative factors and discuss the consequences of genomic instability in aneuploid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Passerini
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Zuzana Storchová
- Group Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
- Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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12
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Luo Y, She DL, Xiong H, Yang L, Fu SJ. Diagnostic Value of Liquid-Based Cytology in Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134940. [PMID: 26241896 PMCID: PMC4524610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the value of liquid-based cytology (LBC) in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. METHOD Diagnostic studies were searched for the diagnostic value of LBC in urothelial carcinoma in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM and CNKI. The latest retrieval date was September 2014. The data were extracted and the quality of the included studies was independently assessed by 2 reviewers. Stata 13 software was used to perform the statistical analysis. The research was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA statement. RESULT Nineteen studies, which included 8293 patients, were evaluated. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity of LBC were 0.58 (0.51-0.65) and 0.96 (0.93-0.98), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 31 (18-56) and the area under the curve (AUC) of summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) was 0.83 (0.80-0.86). The post-test probability was 80% when a positive diagnosis was made. Compared with high grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), the sensitivity of detecting low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) was significantly lower, risk ratio of sensitivity was 0.54 (0.43-0.66), P<0.001. However, no significant sensitivity improvement was observed with LBC when compared with traditional cytospin cytology, risk ratio was 1.03 (0.94-1.14), P = 0.524. CONCLUSION Despite LBC having a pooled 58% positive rate for urothelial carcinoma diagnosis in our meta-analysis, no significant improvement in sensitivity was observed based on the studies evaluated. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Luo
- Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dong-Li She
- Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hu Xiong
- Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li Yang
- Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Fu
- Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Urological Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Kwok HF, Zhang SD, McCrudden CM, Yuen HF, Ting KP, Wen Q, Khoo US, Chan KYK. Prognostic significance of minichromosome maintenance proteins in breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 5:52-71. [PMID: 25628920 PMCID: PMC4300722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins in cancer initiation and progression is slowly emerging. Functioning as a complex to ensure a single chromosomal replication per cell cycle, the six family members have been implicated in several neoplastic disease states, including breast cancer. Our study aim to investigate the prognostic significance of these proteins in breast cancer. We studied the expression of MCMs in various datasets and the associations of the expression with clinicopathological parameters. When considered alone, high level MCM4 overexpression was only weakly associated with shorter survival in the combined breast cancer patient cohort (n = 1441, Hazard Ratio = 1.31; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.11-1.55; p = 0.001). On the other hand, when we studied all six components of the MCM complex, we found that overexpression of all MCMs was strongly associated with shorter survival in the same cohort (n = 1441, Hazard Ratio = 1.75; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.31-2.34; p < 0.001), suggesting these MCM proteins may cooperate to promote breast cancer progression. Indeed, their expressions were significantly correlated with each other in these cohorts. In addition, we found that increasing number of overexpressed MCMs was associated with negative ER status as well as treatment response. Together, our findings are reproducible in seven independent breast cancer cohorts, with 1441 patients, and suggest that MCM profiling could potentially be used to predict response to treatment and prognosis in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de UniversidadeMacau, China
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of CambridgeUnited Kingdom CB2 0RE
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB) and School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University BelfastUnited Kingdom BT9 7BL
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB) and School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University BelfastUnited Kingdom BT9 7BL
| | - Cian M McCrudden
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB) and School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University BelfastUnited Kingdom BT9 7BL
| | - Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STARSingapore
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB) and School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University BelfastUnited Kingdom BT9 7BL
| | - Kam-Po Ting
- Department of Pathology and Obsterics & Gyneecology, University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Qing Wen
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB) and School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University BelfastUnited Kingdom BT9 7BL
| | - Ui-Soon Khoo
- Department of Pathology and Obsterics & Gyneecology, University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Yuen-Kwong Chan
- Department of Pathology and Obsterics & Gyneecology, University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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Evaluation of transforming growth factor-β1 suppress Pokemon/epithelial-mesenchymal transition expression in human bladder cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:1155-62. [PMID: 25722217 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays a dual role in apoptosis and in proapoptotic responses in the support of survival in a variety of cells. The aim of this study was to determine the function of TGF-β1 in bladder cancer cells and the relationship with POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic factor (Pokemon). TGF-β1 and its receptors mediate several tumorigenic cascades that regulate cell proliferation, migration, and survival of bladder cancer cells. Bladder cancer cells T24 were treated with different levels of TGF-β1. Levels of Pokemon, E-cadherin, Snail, MMP2, MMP9, Twist, VEGF, and β-catenin messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were examined by real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. The effects of TGF-β1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition of T24 cells were evaluated with wound-healing assay, proliferation of T24 was evaluated with reference to growth curves with MTT assay, and cell invasive ability was investigated by Transwell assay. Data show that Pokemon was inhibited by TGF-β1 treatment; the gene and protein of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression level showed decreased markedly after TGF-β1 treatment (P < 0.05). While the bladder cancer cell after TGF-β1 treatment showed a significantly reduced wound-closing efficiency at 6, 12, and 24 h, mechanistic analyses demonstrated that different levels of TGF-β1 promotes tumor cell growth, migration, and invasion in bladder cancer cells (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). In summary, our findings suggest that TGF-β1 may inhibit the expression of Pokemon, β-catenin, and E-cadherin. The high expression of TGF-β1 leads to an increase in the phenotype and apical-base polarity of epithelial cells. These changes of cells may result in the recurrence and progression of bladder cancer at last. Related mechanism is worthy of further investigation.
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15
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Böhm M, Schostak M, Hakenberg OW. Urinary immunocytology—Promise or nonseller? A review with an opinion. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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