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Yang Y, Feng R, Wang YZ, Sun HW, Zou QM, Li HB. Toll-like receptors: Triggers of regulated cell death and promising targets for cancer therapy. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:1-9. [PMID: 32311408 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). It is well known that TLRs play an essential role in activating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are involved in mediating inflammatory responses and maintaining epithelial barrier homeostasis, and they are highly likely to activate various signalling pathways during cancer chemotherapy. For a long time, much research focused on the immune modulating function of TLRs in cancer genesis, pathology and therapeutic strategies. However, recent reports have suggested that except for the innate and adaptive immune responses that they initiate, TLRs can signal to induce regulated cell death (RCD), which also plays an important role in the antitumor process. TLR agonists also have been investigated as cancer therapeutic agents under clinical evaluation. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of RCD induced by TLR signals and the important role that they play in anticancer therapy combined with recent experimental and clinical trial data to discuss the possibility of TLRs as promising targets for cancer therapy. TLRs represent triggers of regulated cell death and targets for cancer therapy. The molecular mechanisms of TLR-induced RCD and relationship between TLR-signalling pathways and cancer remain to be investigated by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Rang Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hong-Wu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
| | - Hai-Bo Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products & Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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2
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Javaid N, Choi S. Toll-like Receptors from the Perspective of Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E297. [PMID: 32012718 PMCID: PMC7072551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. TLRs are highly interesting to researchers including immunologists because of the involvement in various diseases including cancers, allergies, autoimmunity, infections, and inflammation. After ligand engagement, TLRs trigger multiple signaling pathways involving nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) for the production of various cytokines that play an important role in diseases like cancer. TLR activation in immune as well as cancer cells may prevent the formation and growth of a tumor. Nonetheless, under certain conditions, either hyperactivation or hypoactivation of TLRs supports the survival and metastasis of a tumor. Therefore, the design of TLR-targeting agonists as well as antagonists is a promising immunotherapeutic approach to cancer. In this review, we mainly describe TLRs, their involvement in cancer, and their promising properties for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
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3
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Ayala‐Cuellar AP, Cho J, Choi K. Toll‐like receptors: A pathway alluding to cancer control. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21707-21715. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patricia Ayala‐Cuellar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Cho
- Department of Dental Regenerative Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine Chungbuk National University Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Bio‐Engineering, TheraCell Bio & Science Cheongju Chungbuk Republic of Korea
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Chantarasrivong C, Higuchi Y, Tsuda M, Yamane Y, Hashida M, Konishi M, Komura N, Ando H, Yamashita F. Sialyl LewisX mimic-decorated liposomes for anti-angiogenic everolimus delivery to E-selectin expressing endothelial cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:20518-20527. [PMID: 35515515 PMCID: PMC9065773 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01943j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed novel E-selectin-targeting liposomes, i.e., 3′-(1-carboxy)ethyl sialyl LewisX (3′-CE sLeX) mimic liposomes, for targeted delivery of everolimus (EVE) in anti-angiogenic therapy. We investigated the uptake and efficacy of these E-selectin targeting liposomes in inflammatory cytokine-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The uptake of EVE in 3′-CE sLeX mimic liposomes increased steadily and almost caught up with the uptake of plain EVE at 3 h, which was higher than that in PEGylated liposomes (PEG-liposomes). Inhibition of uptake by anti-E-selectin antibody suggested involvement of E-selectin-mediated endocytotic processes. Migration in cells treated with EVE/3′-CE sLeX mimic liposomes was suppressed by more than half when compared to the control. This treatment was also seen to significantly inhibit the formation of capillary tubes and networks. In addition, Thr389 phosphorylation of pS6 kinase, as a marker of mTOR activity, was remarkably suppressed to less than endogenous levels by EVE/3′-CE sLeX mimic liposomes. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that EVE/3′-CE sLeX mimic liposomes were intracellularly taken up by E-selectin and prompted anti-angiogenic effects of EVE involved in the mTOR signaling pathway. However, moderate retention of EVE in the liposomes might limit the targeting ability of 3′-CE sLeX mimic liposomes. Novel E-selectin-targeting liposomes deliver everolimus to E-selectin expressing endothelial cells and accelerate its anti-angiogenic effect.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Yuuki Yamane
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Institute for Advanced Study
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Miku Konishi
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN)
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
| | - Naoko Komura
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN)
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
| | - Hiromune Ando
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences (G-CHAIN)
- Gifu University
- Gifu 501-1193
- Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
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5
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Lai Y, Zhao Z, Zeng T, Liang X, Chen D, Duan X, Zeng G, Wu W. Crosstalk between VEGFR and other receptor tyrosine kinases for TKI therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2018. [PMID: 29527128 PMCID: PMC5838927 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and is frequently accompanied by the genetic features of von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) loss. VHL loss increases the expression of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and their targets, including epidermal growth factor (EGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The primary treatment for metastatic RCC (mRCC) is molecular-targeted therapy, especially anti-angiogenic therapy. VEGF monoclonal antibodies and VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the main drugs used in anti-angiogenic therapy. However, crosstalk between VEGFR and other tyrosine kinase or downstream pathways produce resistance to TKI treatment, and the multi-target inhibitors, HIF inhibitors or combination strategies are promising strategies for mRCC. HIFs are upstream of the crosstalk between the growth factors, and these factors may regulate the expression of VEGR, EGF, PDGF and other growth factors. The frequent VHL loss in ccRCC increases HIF expression, and HIFs may be an ideal candidate to overcome the TKI resistance. The combination of HIF inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors is also anticipated. Various clinical trials of programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitors are planned. The present study reviews the effects of current and potential TKIs on mRCC, with a focus on VEGF/VEGFR and other targets for mRCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiongfa Liang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
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Evolving Significance and Future Relevance of Anti-Angiogenic Activity of mTOR Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9110152. [PMID: 29104248 PMCID: PMC5704170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated remarkable anti-tumor activity in experimental models, mainly by reducing cancer cell growth and tumor angiogenesis. Their use in cancer patients as monotherapy has, however, generated only limited benefits, increasing median overall survival by only a few months. Likewise, in other targeted therapies, cancer cells develop resistance mechanisms to overcome mTOR inhibition. Hence, novel therapeutic strategies have to be designed to increase the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in cancer. In this review, we discuss the present and future relevance of mTOR inhibitors in cancer therapy by focusing on their effects on tumor angiogenesis.
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Wu J, Su W, Powner MB, Liu J, Copland DA, Fruttiger M, Madeddu P, Dick AD, Liu L. Pleiotropic action of CpG-ODN on endothelium and macrophages attenuates angiogenesis through distinct pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31873. [PMID: 27558877 PMCID: PMC4997267 DOI: 10.1038/srep31873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an integral relationship between vascular cells and leukocytes in supporting healthy tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, activation of these two cellular components is key for tissue repair following injury. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a role in innate immunity defending the organism against infection, but their contribution to angiogenesis remains unclear. Here we used synthetic TLR9 agonists, cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), to investigate the role of TLR9 in vascular pathophysiology and identify potential therapeutic translation. We demonstrate that CpG-ODN stimulates inflammation yet inhibits angiogenesis. Regulation of angiogenesis by CpG-ODN is pervasive and tissue non-specific. Further, we noted that synthetic CpG-ODN requires backbone phosphorothioate but not TLR9 activation to render and maintain endothelial stalk cells quiescent. CpG-ODN pre-treated endothelial cells enhance macrophage migration but restrain pericyte mobilisation. CpG-ODN attenuation of angiogenesis, however, remains TLR9-dependent, as inhibition is lost in TLR9 deficient mice. Additionally, CpG-ODNs induce an M1 macrophage phenotype that restricts angiogenesis. The effects mediated by CpG-ODNs can therefore modulate both endothelial cells and macrophages through distinct pathways, providing potential therapeutic application in ocular vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Clinic Immunology, Sun Yat-sen University Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michael B. Powner
- UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jian Liu
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - David A. Copland
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Marcus Fruttiger
- UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paolo Madeddu
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew D. Dick
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
- UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Lei Liu
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
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Zhao K, Barkley TW. Von Hippel-Lindau: Current Evidence in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Nursing Implications. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2015; 19:E121-5. [PMID: 26583646 DOI: 10.1188/15.cjon.e121-e125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary disorder that predisposes individuals to benign and malignant tumors in the brain, eyes, kidneys, pancreas, genital tract, or other body parts. The VHL gene, which is located on the short arm of chromosome 3, prevents cells from dividing too rapidly. Mutations in the VHL gene result in uncontrollable cell growth and tumor formation. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to summarize the current research literature describing diagnosis, treatment, and nursing implications of VHL. METHODS Three electronic databases, relevant journals, and relevant websites were searched. FINDINGS The majority of patients affected with VHL have an affected parent, but a small percentage develop VHL from a new mutation that takes place in a single egg or sperm during conception or from a post-conception mutation. Genetic testing, either through sequence analysis, Southern blot analysis, or quantitative polymerase chain reaction, is considered standard in evaluating patients suspected of having VHL. A diagnosis of VHL can be made by identifying one VHL tumor for a patient who has a confirmed family history of VHL. The presence of at least two tumors is required to make a diagnosis of VHL in a patient without a positive family history. The nursing role includes providing resources on VHL genetic counseling, genetic testing, and palliative care.
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Sun JD, Ahluwalia D, Liu Q, Li W, Wang Y, Meng F, Bhupathi D, Matteucci MD, Hart CP. Combination treatment with hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide (TH-302) and mTOR inhibitors results in enhanced antitumor efficacy in preclinical renal cell carcinoma models. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2139-2155. [PMID: 26328245 PMCID: PMC4548326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors often consist of hypoxic regions which are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy. Evofosfamide (also known as TH-302), a 2-nitroimidazole triggered hypoxia-activated prodrug, preferentially releases the DNA cross-linker bromo-isophosphoramide mustard in hypoxic cells. The intracellular kinase mTOR plays a key role in multiple pathways which are important in cancer progression. Here we investigated the enhanced efficacy profile and possible mechanisms of evofosfamide in combination with mTOR inhibitor (mTORi) everolimus or temsirolimus in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft models. The antitumor activities of the mTORi everolimus or temsirolimus alone, evofosfamide alone, or the combination were investigated in the 786-O and Caki-1 RCC cells in vitro and in vivo xenograft models. Two schedules were tested in which evofosfamide was started on the same day as the mTORi or 1 week after. Combination mechanisms were investigated by measuring a panel of pharmacodynamic biomarkers by immunohistochemistry. Antitumor efficacy in both RCC xenograft models was enhanced by the combination of evofosfamide and mTORi. Evofosfamide reduced the increased hypoxia induced by mTORi. Combination treatment induced increased DNA damage, decreased cell proliferation, and decreased survivin. Addition of mTORi did not change evofosfamide-mediated cytotoxicity in 786-O or Caki-1 cells in vitro which might suggest cell non-autonomous effects, specifically increased tumor hypoxia, are important for the in vivo combination activity. Taken together, evofosfamide potentiates the antitumor efficacy of mTOR inhibitors and inhibits the increased tumor hypoxia caused by mTOR inhibition. These studies provide a translational rationale for combining evofosfamide with mTOR inhibitors in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Sun
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dharmendra Ahluwalia
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wenwu Li
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Fanying Meng
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Deepthi Bhupathi
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark D Matteucci
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles P Hart
- Threshold Pharmaceuticals 170 Harbor Way, Suite 300, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Sun Z, Ji N, Bi M, Zhang Z, Liu X, Wang Z. Negative expression of PTEN identifies high risk for lymphatic-related metastasis in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:3024-32. [PMID: 25963289 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is mainly attributed to higher lymphatic-related metastatic ability. Whether the loss of expression of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is associated with lymphatic-related metastasis needs elucidation. In the present study, we assessed the mRNA and protein level of PTEN in ESCC by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The results showed PTEN mRNA level in tumors was significantly lower than that in corresponding non-tumor esophageal epitheliums (p<0.001), while 38 (51.4%) tumor samples were negative for expression of PTEN in ESCC tumors. Then the association between negative expression of PTEN and lymphatic-related metastasis (lymph node metastasis/3-year postoperative lymphatic metastatic recurrence) was evaluated. The proportion of PTEN-negative expression was significantly higher in positive lymph node metastasis (pN+) than that in negative lymph node metastasis (pN0) (p=0.021). The negative expression of PTEN was not an independent risk factor for the lymphatic recurrence rate in multivariate analysis (p=0.498), however, the lymphatic recurrence rate (60.5%) in PTEN-negative expression group was higher than that (36.1%) in PTEN-positive expression group (p=0.019). Furthermore, PTEN expression was stably silenced by lentiviral-vectored shRNA (Lenti-shRNA) in Eca109 (ESCC-derived cell line) to study functional effect of PTEN in vitro and in vivo. The laboratory study indicated increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and more rapid growth rate of xenograft tumors in vivo after stable silencing of PTEN expression. Moreover, we proved that FAK/pFAK were not the main factors mediating the mechanism of metastasis in ESCC. In conclusion, negative expression of PTEN could be a useful biomarker to predict high risk for lymphatic-related metastasis in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Na Ji
- Faculty of Health Science, Southampton University, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO171BJ, UK
| | - Mingming Bi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Inhibition of Hedgehog signalling by NVP-LDE225 (Erismodegib) interferes with growth and invasion of human renal cell carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1168-79. [PMID: 25093491 PMCID: PMC4453852 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple lines of evidence support that the Hedgehog (Hh) signalling has a role in the maintenance and progression of different human cancers. Therefore, inhibition of the Hh pathway represents a valid anticancer therapeutic approach for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. NVP-LDE225 is a Smoothened (Smo) antagonist that induces dose-related inhibition of Hh and Smo-dependent tumour growth. Methods: We assayed the effects of NVP-LDE225 alone or in combination with everolimus or sunitinib on the growth and invasion of human RCC models both in vitro and in vivo. To this aim, we used a panel of human RCC models, comprising cells with acquired resistance to sunitinib – a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved as a first-line treatment for RCC. Results: NVP-LDE225 cooperated with either everolimus or sunitinib to inhibit proliferation, migration, and invasion of RCC cells even in sunitinib-resistant (SuR) cells. Some major transducers involved in tumour cell motility, including paxillin, were also efficiently inhibited by the combination therapy, as demonstrated by western blot and confocal microscopy assays. Moreover, these combined treatments inhibited tumour growth and increased animal survival in nude mice xenografted with SuR RCC cells. Finally, lung micrometastasis formation was reduced when mice were treated with NVP-LDE225 plus everolimus or sunitinib, as evidenced by artificial metastatic assays. Conclusions: Hedgehog inhibition by NVP-LDE225 plus sunitinib or everolimus bolsters antitumour activity by interfering with tumour growth and metastatic spread, even in SuR cells. Thus, this new evidence puts forward a new promising therapeutic approach for RCC patients.
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12
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Angiogenic and signalling proteins correlate with sensitivity to sequential treatment in renal cell cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:686-93. [PMID: 23839492 PMCID: PMC3738133 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to study key signalling proteins involved in angiogenesis and proliferation on the response to inhibitors of tyrosine kinases and mammalian target of rapamycin in first- and in second-line treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). METHODS In a panel of human RCC tumours, in vitro and in nude mice, we evaluated the effect of sunitinib, sorafenib and everolimus, alone and in sequence, on tumour growth and expression of signalling proteins involved in proliferation and resistance to treatment. RESULTS We demonstrated that, as single agents, sunitinib, sorafenib and everolimus share similar activity in inhibiting cell proliferation, signal transduction and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in different RCC models, both in vitro and in tumour xenografts. Pre-treatment with sunitinib reduced the response to subsequent sunitinib and sorafenib but not to everolimus. Inability by sunitinib to persistently inhibit HIF-1, VEGF and pMAPK anticipated treatment resistance in xenografted tumours. After first-line sunitinib, second-line treatment with everolimus was more effective than either sorafenib or rechallenge with sunitinib in interfering with signalling proteins, VEGF and interleukin-8, translating into a significant advantage in tumour growth inhibition and mice survival. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that a panel of angiogenic and signalling proteins can correlate with the onset of resistance to sunitinib and the activity of everolimus in second line.
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13
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Rosa R, Damiano V, Formisano L, Nappi L, Marciano R, Veneziani BM, De Placido S, Bianco R. Combination of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist with everolimus interferes with the growth and angiogenic activity of renal cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25123. [PMID: 24083076 PMCID: PMC3782521 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR inhibitor everolimus is currently approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and several Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists, including immunomodulatory oligonucleotides (IMOs), have been tested for their therapeutic potential against advanced RCC. However, no clinical trials investigating the combination of mTOR inhibitors with TLR9 agonists in RCC patients have been performed to date. Our results may pave the way to translate this combinatorial approach to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rosa
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Molecolare e Clinica; Università di Napoli "Federico II"; Naples, Italy
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