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Song D, Hu F, Huang C, Lan J, She X, Zhao C, Wu H, Liu A, Wu Q, Chen Y, Luo X, Feng Y, Yang X, Xu C, Hu J, Wang G. Tiam1 methylation by NSD2 promotes Rac1 signaling activation and colon cancer metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305684120. [PMID: 38113258 PMCID: PMC10756287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305684120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a major cause of cancer therapy failure and mortality. However, targeting metastatic seeding and colonization remains a significant challenge. In this study, we identified NSD2, a histone methyltransferase responsible for dimethylating histone 3 at lysine 36, as being overexpressed in metastatic tumors. Our findings suggest that NSD2 overexpression enhances tumor metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis revealed that NSD2 promotes tumor metastasis by activating Rac1 signaling. Mechanistically, NSD2 combines with and activates Tiam1 (T lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1) and promotes Rac1 signaling by methylating Tiam1 at K724. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that Tiam1 K724 methylation could be a predictive factor for cancer prognosis and a potential target for metastasis inhibition. Furthermore, we have developed inhibitory peptide which was proved to inhibit tumor metastasis through blocking the interaction between NSD2 and Tiam1. Our results demonstrate that NSD2-methylated Tiam1 promotes Rac1 signaling and cancer metastasis. These results provide insights into the inhibition of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Fuqing Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Changsheng Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Jingqin Lan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Xiaowei She
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Proteinomics Facility at Technology Center for Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Integrative Cancer Center and Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610000, China
| | - Anyi Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Yaqi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Xuelai Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Yongdong Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Integrative Cancer Center and Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital and Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu610000, China
| | - Junbo Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Institute, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430030, China
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Wang T, Min L, Gao Y, Zhao M, Feng S, Wang H, Wang Y, Zheng Y. SUMOylation of TUFT1 is essential for gastric cancer progression through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:533-545. [PMID: 36380570 PMCID: PMC9899612 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuftelin (TUFT1) is highly expressed in various tumor types and promotes tumor growth and metastasis by activating AKT and other core signaling pathways. However, the effects of post-translational modifications of TUFT1 on its oncogenic function remain unexplored. In this study, we found that TUFT1 was SUMOylated at K79. SUMOylation deficiency significantly impaired the ability of TUFT1 to promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer (GC) cells by blocking AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activation. SUMOylation of TUFT1 is mediated by the E3 SUMO ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 27 (TRIM27), and these two proteins regulate the malignant behavior of GC cells and AKT activation in the same pathway. TUFT1 binds to TRIM27 through its N-terminus, and decreased binding affinity of TUFT1 to TRIM27 significantly impairs its oncogenic effect. In addition, data collected from GC clinical samples indicated that the combined detection of TUFT1 and TRIM27 expression reflected tumor malignancy and patient survival with higher precision. In addition, we proved that SUMOylated TUFT1 is not only an upstream signal for AKT activation but also directly activates mTOR by forming a complex with Rab GTPase activating protein 1, which further inhibits Rab GTPases and promotes the perinuclear accumulation of mTORC1. Altogether, these data indicate that SUMOylated TUFT1 is the active form that affects GC progression through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and might be a promising therapeutic target or biomarker for GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianning Wang
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina,Research Center of Translational MedicineJinan Central Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Lingyuan Min
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yan Gao
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina,Research Center of Translational MedicineJinan Central Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Shaojie Feng
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina,Research Center of Translational MedicineJinan Central Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Huiyun Wang
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Research Center of Translational MedicineJinan Central Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational MedicineCentral Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityJinanChina,Research Center of Translational MedicineJinan Central Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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Du J, Zhu L, Sha H, Zou Z, Shen J, Kong W, Zhao L, Gu Q, Yu L, Qiu Y, Liu B. Therapeutic effect and safety of individualized chemotherapy combined with sequential immunotherapy based on BRCA1 mRNA expression level in unresectable pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1015232. [PMID: 36387089 PMCID: PMC9663848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1015232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of individualized chemotherapy combined with sequential immunotherapy based on BRCA1 mRNA expression in unresectable pancreatic cancer. METHODS The expression of BRCA1 mRNA in tumor tissues of 25 patients with pancreatic cancer was detected in this retrospective study. Patients in the medium and high expression groups were treated with paclitaxel-based chemotherapy: albumin paclitaxel 125mg/m2, gemcitabine 1g/m2, day 1. Patients in the low expression group were treated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: oxaliplatin 85mg/m2, gemcitabine 1g/m2, day 1. Sequential GM-CSF and IL-2 immunotherapy were applied. Patient condition, treatment efficacy and safety were assessed every 4 cycles. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were enrolled in the study. All of them were observed for toxic side effects and 24 of them were evaluated for efficacy. The median overall survival and median progression-free survival were 11.9 months and 6.3 months. The disease control rate was 91.7%, of which 37.5% (9/24) patients achieved partial remission (PR), 54.2% (13/24) patients achieved stable disease (SD) and 8.3% (2/24) patients were assessed as progressive disease(PD). Of the 15 patients with medium or high expression in BRCA1 mRNA, 7 achieved PR and 8 achieved SD. Of the 9 patients with low BRCA1 mRNA expression, 2 achieved PR, 5 achieved SD and 2 had PD. The proportion of eosinophils in the blood of some patients with good therapeutic effects was significantly higher than that before treatment. Hematological and non-hematological toxicity during the treatment were mostly grade 1~2. The two most common grade 3 to 4 adverse events were fever and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that individualized selection of chemotherapy combined with sequential immunotherapy according to BRCA1 mRNA expression level in unresectable pancreatic cancer could control the disease and have controllable adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linxi Zhu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huizi Sha
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Kong
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Gu
- National Institute of Healthcare Data Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudong Qiu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Baorui Liu, ; Yudong Qiu,
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Baorui Liu, ; Yudong Qiu,
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The role of NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 histone methyltransferases in solid tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:285. [PMID: 35532818 PMCID: PMC9520630 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
NSD1, NSD2, and NSD3 constitute the nuclear receptor-binding SET Domain (NSD) family of histone 3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferases. These structurally similar enzymes mono- and di-methylate H3K36, which contribute to the maintenance of chromatin integrity and regulate the expression of genes that control cell division, apoptosis, DNA repair, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Aberrant expression or mutation of members of the NSD family is associated with developmental defects and the occurrence of some types of cancer. In this review, we discuss the effect of alterations in NSDs on cancer patient's prognosis and response to treatment. We summarize the current understanding of the biological functions of NSD proteins, focusing on their activities and the role in the formation and progression in solid tumors biology, as well as how it depends on tumor etiologies. This review also discusses ongoing efforts to develop NSD inhibitors as a promising new class of cancer therapeutic agents.
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Proteomic Signatures of Diffuse and Intestinal Subtypes of Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235930. [PMID: 34885041 PMCID: PMC8656738 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a leading cause of death from cancer globally. Gastric cancer is classified into intestinal, diffuse and indeterminate subtypes based on histology according to the Laurén classification. The intestinal and diffuse subtypes, although different in histology, demographics and outcomes, are still treated in the same fashion. This study was designed to discover proteomic signatures of diffuse and intestinal subtypes. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics using tandem mass tags (TMT)-based multiplexed analysis was used to identify proteins in tumor tissues from patients with diffuse or intestinal gastric cancer with adjacent normal tissue control. A total of 7448 or 4846 proteins were identified from intestinal or diffuse subtype, respectively. This quantitative mass spectrometric analysis defined a proteomic signature of differential expression across the two subtypes, which included gremlin1 (GREM1), bcl-2-associated athanogene 2 (BAG2), olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), thyroid hormone receptor interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) and melanoma-associated antigen 9 (MAGE-A9) proteins. Although GREM1, BAG2, OLFM4, TRIP6 and MAGE-A9 have all been previously implicated in tumor progression and metastasis, they have not been linked to intestinal or diffuse subtypes of gastric cancer. Using immunohistochemical labelling of a tissue microarray comprising of 124 cases of gastric cancer, we validated the proteomic signature obtained by mass spectrometry in the discovery cohort. Our findings should help investigate the pathogenesis of these gastric cancer subtypes and potentially lead to strategies for early diagnosis and treatment.
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Wu N, Huang Y, Zou Z, Gimenez-Capitan A, Yu L, Hu W, Zhu L, Sun X, Sanchez JJ, Guan W, Liu B, Rosell R, Wei J. High BIM mRNA levels are associated with longer survival in advanced gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:1826-1834. [PMID: 28454330 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin and docetaxel, are commonly used in the treatment of gastric cancer (GC). Apoptosis-relevant genes may be associated with drug resistance. In the present study, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) and AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) were investigated in 131 advanced GC samples, and the expression levels of these genes were correlated with patients' overall survival (OS). All 131 patients received first-line FOLFOX combination chemotherapy with folinic acid and 5-FU, in which 56 patients were further treated with second-line docetaxel-based chemotherapy. A correlation between the mRNA expression levels of BIM and AEG-1 was observed (rs=0.30; P=0.002). There was no association between the mRNA expression levels of any of the individual genes analyzed and OS in patients only receiving first-line FOLFOX chemotherapy. In a subgroup of patients receiving docetaxel-based second-line chemotherapy, those with high or intermediate levels of BIM exhibited a median OS of 18.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 12.8-23.6], compared with 9.6 months (95% CI, 8.9-10.3) in patients with low BIM levels (P=0.008). However, there was no correlation between the mRNA expression levels of AEG-1 or AXL and OS. The risk of mortality was higher in patients with low BIM mRNA levels than in those with high or intermediate BIM mRNA levels (hazard ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.21-5.62; P=0.010). Therefore, BIM may be considered as a biomarker to identify whether patients could benefit from docetaxel-based second-line chemotherapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandie Wu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ana Gimenez-Capitan
- Pangaea Biotech, Department of Oncology, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona 08001, Spain
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Lijing Zhu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Xia Sun
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jose Javier Sanchez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid 28001, Spain
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Pangaea Biotech, Department of Oncology, USP Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona 08001, Spain.,Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona 08916, Spain
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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Shen J, Wei J, Guan W, Wang H, Ding Y, Qian X, Yu L, Zou Z, Xie L, Costa C, Bivona T, Rosell R, Liu B. Plasma mRNA expression levels of BRCA1 and TS as potential predictive biomarkers for chemotherapy in gastric cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:355. [PMID: 25496700 PMCID: PMC4302091 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Personalized chemotherapy based on predictive biomarkers can maximize efficacy. However, tumor tissue obtained at the time of initial diagnosis will not reflect genetic alterations observed at the time of disease progression. We have examined whether plasma mRNA levels can be a surrogate for tumor levels in predicting chemosensitivity. Methods In 150 gastric cancer patients, mRNA levels of BRCA1 and TS were assessed in plasma and paired tumor tissue. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare mRNA expression levels between tumor samples exhibiting in vitro sensitivity or resistance to docetaxel and pemetrexed. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results There were significant correlations between plasma and tumor mRNA levels of BRCA1 (rho = 0.696, P < 0.001) and TS (rho = 0.620, P < 0.001). BRCA1 levels in plasma (docetaxel-sensitive: 1.25; docetaxel-resistant: 0.50, P < 0.001) and tumor (docetaxel-sensitive: 8.81; docetaxel-resistant: 4.88, P < 0.001) were positively associated with docetaxel sensitivity. TS levels in plasma (pemetrexed-sensitive: 0.90; pemetrexed-resistant: 1.82, P < 0.001) and tumor (pemetrexed-sensitive: 6.56; pemetrexed-resistant: 16.69, P < 0.001) were negatively associated with pemetrexed sensitivity. Conclusions Plasma mRNA expression levels mirror those in the tumor and may have a promising role as potential predictive biomarkers for chemotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0355-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yitao Ding
- Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Li Xie
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Carlota Costa
- Pangaea Biotech, Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Trever Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Pangaea Biotech, Dexeus University Institute, Barcelona, Spain. .,Catalan Institute of Oncology, Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Germans Trias i, Pujol, Ctra Canyet s/n, Badalona, 08916, Spain.
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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