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Milgrom SA, van Luijk P, Pino R, Ronckers CM, Kremer LC, Gidley PW, Grosshans DR, Laskar S, Okcu MF, Constine LS, Paulino AC. Salivary and Dental Complications in Childhood Cancer Survivors Treated With Radiation Therapy to the Head and Neck: A PENTEC Comprehensive Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 119:467-481. [PMID: 34074567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck (H&N) region is critical in the management of various pediatric malignancies; however, it may result in late toxicity. This comprehensive review from the Pediatric Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (PENTEC) initiative focused on salivary dysfunction and dental abnormalities in survivors who received RT to the H&N region as children. MATERIALS & METHODS This systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. RESULTS Of the 2,164 articles identified through a literature search, 40 were included in a qualitative synthesis and 3 were included in a quantitative synthesis. The dose-toxicity data regarding salivary function demonstrate that a mean parotid dose of 35 to 40 Gy is associated with a risk of acute and chronic grade ≥2 xerostomia of approximately 32% and 13% to 32%, respectively, in patients treated with chemo-radiation therapy. This risk increases with parotid dose; however, rates of xerostomia after lower dose exposure have not been reported. Dental developmental abnormalities are common after RT to the oral cavity. Risk factors include higher radiation dose to the developing teeth and younger age at RT. CONCLUSIONS This PENTEC task force considers adoption of salivary gland dose constraints from the adult experience to be a reasonable strategy until more data specific to children become available; thus, we recommend limiting the parotid mean dose to ≤26 Gy. The minimum toxic dose for dental developmental abnormalities is unknown, suggesting that the dose to the teeth should be kept as low as possible particularly in younger patients, with special effort to keep doses <20 Gy in patients <4 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Milgrom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter van Luijk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ramiro Pino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Cecile M Ronckers
- Princess Máxima Centrum for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School-Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Leontien C Kremer
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School-Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany; UMC Amsterdam, Location AMC, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul W Gidley
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David R Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Siddhartha Laskar
- Department of Radiation Oncgqtology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - M Fatih Okcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Louis S Constine
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Arnold C Paulino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Stolze J, Teepen JC, Raber-Durlacher JE, Loonen JJ, Kok JL, Tissing WJE, de Vries ACH, Neggers SJCMM, van Dulmen-den Broeder E, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, van der Pal HJH, Versluys AB, van der Heiden-van der Loo M, Louwerens M, Kremer LCM, Brand HS, Bresters D. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hyposalivation and Xerostomia in Childhood Cancer Survivors Following Different Treatment Modalities-A Dutch Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Late Effects 2 Clinical Study (DCCSS LATER 2). Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143379. [PMID: 35884440 PMCID: PMC9320024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited data are available on the risk factors of salivary gland dysfunction in long-term childhood cancer survivors (CCS). The objective of this cross-sectional study, part of the multidisciplinary multicenter Dutch CCS Study Late Effects 2 (DCCSS LATER 2), was to assess the prevalence of and risk factors for hyposalivation and xerostomia in CCS. Methods: From February 2016 until March 2020, 292 CCS were included. Data with regard to gender, age at study, diagnosis, age at diagnosis, and treatment characteristics were collected, as well as the unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWS). Xerostomia was assessed with the Xerostomia Inventory (XI) questionnaire. Multivariable Poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between potential risk factors and the occurrence of hyposalivation. Results: The minimum time between diagnosis and study enrollment was 15 years. The prevalence of hyposalivation was 32% and the prevalence of xerostomia was 9.4%. Hyposalivation and xerostomia were not significantly correlated. Risk factors for hyposalivation were female gender and a higher dose of radiotherapy (>12 Gy) to the salivary gland region. Conclusion: Considering the importance of saliva for oral health, screening for hyposalivation in CCS is suggested in order to provide optimal oral supportive care aimed to improve oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Stolze
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Oral Medicine, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)88 9725192
| | - Jop C. Teepen
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Judith E. Raber-Durlacher
- Department of Oral Medicine, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judith L. Kok
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Wim J. E. Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Beatrix Children’s Clinic, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrica C. H. de Vries
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marry M. van den Heuvel-Eibrink
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Helena J. H. van der Pal
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - A. Birgitta Versluys
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Margriet van der Heiden-van der Loo
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Marloes Louwerens
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Leontien C. M. Kremer
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
- Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk S. Brand
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dorine Bresters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.C.T.); (J.L.K.); (W.J.E.T.); (A.C.H.d.V.); (M.M.v.d.H.-E.); (H.J.H.v.d.P.); (A.B.V.); (M.v.d.H.-v.d.L.); (L.C.M.K.); (D.B.)
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van Leeuwen SJM, Potting CMJ, Huysmans MCDNJM, Blijlevens NMA. Salivary Changes before and after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:1055-1061. [PMID: 30710684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe oral problems, including oral mucositis (OM) and xerostomia, often occur after conditioning therapy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Saliva plays a major role in protecting the oral mucosa and teeth. Alterations in salivary flow rate or salivary components resulting in decreased salivary defence mechanisms may affect oral/mucosal health and may influence the severity of OM. A systematic review was conducted to assess the current scientific knowledge on changes in salivary function and composition before and after HSCT. All English or Dutch articles examining salivary flow rate or salivary components before and after HSCT were included after title/abstract selection by 2 independent reviewers (weighted κ = .91). After quality assessment and exclusion of all research groups with both children age <14 years and adults, 33 articles were included for data analysis. Overall, the salivary flow rate was decreased at several days and months after HSCT. Although several salivary components were studied, most components were examined in only 1 or 2 studies with different patient populations or at different time points after HSCT. At 7 days after HSCT, albumin and proinflammatory cytokines were increased, whereas secretory IgA and components of the salivary antioxidant system were decreased. Secretory IgA levels were still reduced at 1 month after HSCT but returned to pre-HSCT values at 6 months after HSCT. Lactoferrin, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, and β2-microglobulin levels were increased at 6 months after HSCT. Our findings show that changes in saliva reflect an inflammatory response occurring immediately after HSCT, followed by evidence of increased salivary antimicrobial defense mechanisms by 6 months after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carin M J Potting
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicole M A Blijlevens
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Effinger KE, Migliorati CA, Hudson MM, McMullen KP, Kaste SC, Ruble K, Guilcher GMT, Shah AJ, Castellino SM. Oral and dental late effects in survivors of childhood cancer: a Children's Oncology Group report. Support Care Cancer 2014; 22:2009-19. [PMID: 24781353 PMCID: PMC4118932 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-014-2260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multi-modality therapy has resulted in improved survival for childhood malignancies. The Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancers provide practitioners with exposure- and risk-based recommendations for the surveillance and management of asymptomatic survivors who are at least 2 years from completion of therapy. This review outlines the pathophysiology and risks for oral and dental late effects in pediatric cancer survivors and the rationale for oral and dental screening recommended by the Children's Oncology Group. METHODS An English literature search for oral and dental complications of childhood cancer treatment was undertaken via MEDLINE and encompassed January 1975 to January 2013. Proposed guideline content based on the literature review was approved by a multi-disciplinary panel of survivorship experts and scored according to a modified version of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network "Categories of Consensus" system. RESULTS The Children's Oncology Group oral-dental panel selected 85 relevant citations. Childhood cancer therapy may impact tooth development, salivary function, craniofacial development, and temporomandibular joint function placing some childhood cancer survivors at an increased risk for poor oral and dental health. Additionally, head and neck radiation and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation increase the risk of subsequent malignant neoplasms in the oral cavity. Survivors require routine dental care to evaluate for potential side effects and initiate early treatment. CONCLUSIONS Certain childhood cancer survivors are at an increased risk for poor oral and dental health. Early identification of oral and dental morbidity and early interventions can optimize health and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Effinger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Stanford University, 1000 Welch Rd, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA,
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