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Parihar A, Kumar A, Panda U, Khan R, Parihar DS, Khan R. Cryopreservation: A Comprehensive Overview, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200285. [PMID: 36755194 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the most prevalent method of long-term cell preservation. Effective cell cryopreservation depends on freezing, adequate storage, and correct thawing techniques. Recent advances in cryopreservation techniques minimize the cellular damage which occurs while processing samples. This article focuses on the fundamentals of cryopreservation techniques and how they can be implemented in a variety of clinical settings. The article presents a brief description of each of the standard cryopreservation procedures, such as slow freezing and vitrification. Alongside that, the membrane permeating and nonpermeating cryoprotectants are briefly discussed, along with current advancements in the field of cryopreservation and variables influencing the cryopreservation process. The diminution of cryoinjury incurred by the cell via the resuscitation process will also be highlighted. In the end application of cryopreservation techniques in many fields, with a special emphasis on stem cell preservation techniques and current advancements presented. Furthermore, the challenges while implementing cryopreservation and the futuristic scope of the fields are illustrated herein. The content of this review sheds light on various ways to enhance the output of the cell preservation process and minimize cryoinjury while improving cell revival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing (IIITD&M), Kancheepuram, 600127, India
| | - Udwesh Panda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design & Manufacturing (IIITD&M), Kancheepuram, 600127, India
| | - Rukhsar Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | | | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
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Araújo AB, Salton GD, Angeli MH, Furlan JM, Schmalfuss T, Röhsig LM. Effects of cell concentration, time of fresh storage, and cryopreservation on peripheral blood stem cells: PBSC fresh storage and cryopreservation. Transfus Apher Sci 2021; 61:103298. [PMID: 34696981 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2021.103298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peripheral blood stem cells are widely used in autologous or allogeneic transplantation. The quality of the product directly impacts clinical outcomes, and the cell quality and/or functionality may be influenced by the storage conditions as time, temperature, total nucleated cells (TNC) concentration and cryopreservation requirement. OBJECTIVE To verify the effects of time, cell concentration, and cryopreservation/thawing in the viability and functionality of stem cells for transplantation. METHODS We evaluated TNC, CD45+ viable cells, CD34+ viable cells, and cell viability and functionality of 11 samples. Measurements were performed immediately and 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h after sample collection at high and low TNC concentrations. The same parameters were also evaluated after cryopreservation and thawing of the samples. RESULT Duration of storage and TNC concentration exhibited a negative effect on cell quality (CD45+ viable cells, CD34+ viable cells and functionality). Moreover, the association of these parameters increased the negative effect on graft quality. Cryopreservation and thawing also negatively affected the collected sample regarding viable CD34+ cells (recovery 66.2 %), viable CD45+ cells (recovery 56.8 %), and 7-AAD viability. No significant losses in viable CD45+/CD34+ cells and functionality were observed in the first 24 h in both TNC conditions. CONCLUSION These results emphasize the importance to consider carefully the storage conditions until transplantation, measuring TNC/μL until 24 h after collection (diluting the product when TNC > 300 × 103/μL) and infusing fresh graft as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelise B Araújo
- Centro de Processamento Celular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Gabrielle D Salton
- Centro de Processamento Celular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Melissa H Angeli
- Centro de Processamento Celular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Juliana M Furlan
- Centro de Processamento Celular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Tissiana Schmalfuss
- Centro de Processamento Celular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Liane M Röhsig
- Centro de Processamento Celular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
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Erol OD, Pervin B, Seker ME, Aerts-Kaya F. Effects of storage media, supplements and cryopreservation methods on quality of stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:1197-1214. [PMID: 34630858 PMCID: PMC8474714 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a vast amount of different methods, protocols and cryoprotective agents (CPA), stem cells are often frozen using standard protocols that have been optimized for use with cell lines, rather than with stem cells. Relatively few comparative studies have been performed to assess the effects of cryopreservation methods on these stem cells. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been a key agent for the development of cryobiology and has been used universally for cryopreservation. However, the use of DMSO has been associated with in vitro and in vivo toxicity and has been shown to affect many cellular processes due to changes in DNA methylation and dysregulation of gene expression. Despite studies showing that DMSO may affect cell characteristics, DMSO remains the CPA of choice, both in a research setting and in the clinics. However, numerous alternatives to DMSO have been shown to hold promise for use as a CPA and include albumin, trehalose, sucrose, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and many more. Here, we will discuss the use, advantages and disadvantages of these CPAs for cryopreservation of different types of stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Dogus Erol
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06100, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Burcu Pervin
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06100, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Seker
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06100, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Fatima Aerts-Kaya
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara 06100, Turkey
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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Shima T, Sakoda T, Henzan T, Kunisaki Y, Sugio T, Kamezaki K, Iwasaki H, Teshima T, Maeda T, Akashi K, Miyamoto T. Platelet decrease and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma return following peripheral blood stem cell apheresis. J Clin Apher 2021; 36:687-696. [PMID: 34133767 DOI: 10.1002/jca.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation is a key treatment option for hematological diseases and is widely performed in clinical practice. Platelet loss is one of the major complications of PBSC apheresis, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) return is considered in case of platelet decrease following apheresis; however, little is known about the frequency and severity of platelet loss and the efficacy of PRP return postapheresis. METHODS We assessed changes in platelet counts following PBSC-related apheresis in 270 allogeneic (allo)- and 105 autologous (auto)-PBSC settings. We also evaluated the efficacy of PRP transfusion on platelet recovery postapheresis. RESULTS In both allo- and auto-PBSC settings, the preapheresis platelet count (range, 84-385 and 33-558 × 109 /L, respectively) decreased postapheresis (range, 57-292 and 20-429 × 109 /L, respectively), whereas severe platelet decrease (<50 × 109 /L) was only observed in auto-PBSC patients (n = 9). We confirmed that platelet count before apheresis was a risk factor for severe platelet decrease (<50 × 109 /L) following auto-PBSC apheresis (odds ratio 0.749, P < .049). PRP return postapheresis facilitated platelet recovery in more than 80% of cases in both allo and auto settings. CONCLUSION Lower platelet count preapheresis is a useful predictor of severe platelet decrease following auto-PBSC apheresis and PRP return is an effective process to facilitate platelet recovery postapheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Shima
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Teppei Sakoda
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Henzan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Kunisaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugio
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kamezaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Iwasaki
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Teshima
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Hirata M, Masuda M, Noguchi M, Tomita T, Ishibashi-Ueda H. An Efficient Culture Method of CD3-Positive T Cells from Human Cryopreserved Buffy Coat Specimens. Biopreserv Biobank 2020; 19:178-183. [PMID: 33305983 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2020.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: In the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (NCVC) Biobank, buffy coats have been collected from patients and stored with cryoprotective agents as a possible source for viable blood cells, using cost-efficient methods for storage. However, whether viable cells for in vitro studies can be recovered from these biospecimens has not been verified. Objective: To investigate whether T cells can be collected and expanded as viable cells from cryopreserved human buffy coats. Design: After thawing of cryopreserved buffy coat specimens, CD3-positive cells were isolated from the cell suspension using a leukocyte separation filter coated with an anti-CD3 antibody, and the filter-attached cells were cultured in T cell culture medium. To analyze the characteristics of these cultured cells, histocytological analyses of Giemsa staining, immunocytochemical (ICC) staining for CD3, and flow cytometry for CD3 in live cells were conducted. Results: A few days after starting cell culture, cell clusters were observed, and they gradually grew in size. Using Giemsa staining, the expanded cells were found to be ∼15 μm in diameter, having round nuclei, a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, and cytoplasm stained light blue, which is characteristic of lymphocytes. From ICC staining, these cells were CD3 positive, a pan-T cell marker among lymphocytes. Furthermore, CD3 immunoreactivity in live cells was detected in a flow cytometry assay, though that for CD19 was not detected, which is a marker of pan-B cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that T cells can be expanded from buffy coats cryopreserved at -180°C as an adequate method of NCVC Biobank, highlighting these biospecimens as a possible useful source for future in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhi Hirata
- Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Michitaka Masuda
- Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Michio Noguchi
- Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Divisions of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism and National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tomita
- Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Divisions of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism and National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Divisions of Genomic Diagnosis and Health Care, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hatsue Ishibashi-Ueda
- Biobank, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Hornberger K, Yu G, McKenna D, Hubel A. Cryopreservation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Emerging Assays, Cryoprotectant Agents, and Technology to Improve Outcomes. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:188-196. [PMID: 31244587 DOI: 10.1159/000496068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapy is widely used to treat a growing number of hematological and non-hematological diseases. Cryopreservation of HSCs allows for cells to be transported from the site of processing to the site of clinical use, creates a larger window of time in which cells can be administered to patients, and allows sufficient time for quality control and regulatory testing. Currently, HSCs and other cell therapies conform to the same cryopreservation techniques as cells used for research purposes: cells are cryopreserved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at a slow cooling rate. As a result, HSC therapy can result in numerous adverse symptoms in patients due to the infusion of DMSO. Efforts are being made to improve the cryopreservation of HSCs for clinical use. This review discusses advances in the cryopreservation of HSCs from 2007 to the present. The preclinical development of new cryoprotectants and new technology to eliminate cryoprotectants after thawing are discussed in detail. Additional cryopreservation considerations are included, such as cooling rate, storage temperature, and cell concentration. Preclinical cell assessment and quality control are discussed, as well as clinical studies from the past decade that focus on new cryopreservation protocols to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Hornberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guanglin Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Allison Hubel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Key Issues Related to Cryopreservation and Storage of Stem Cells and Cancer Stem Cells: Protecting Biological Integrity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 951:1-12. [PMID: 27837550 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45457-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation and biobanking of stem cells are becoming increasingly important as stem cell technology and application attract the interest of industry, academic research, healthcare and patient organisations. Stem cell are already being used in the treatment of some diseases and it is anticipated that stem cell therapy will play a central role in future medicine. Similarly, the discovery of both hematopoietic and solid tumor stem cells and their clinical relevance have profoundly altered paradigms for cancer research as the cancer stem cells are considered promising new targets against cancer. Consequently, long-term cryopreservation and banking of normal and malignant stem cells is crucial and will inevitably become a routine procedure that requires highly regulated and safe methods of specimen storage. There is, however, an increasing amount of evidence showing contradictory results on the impact of cryopreservation and thawing of stem cells, including extensive physical and biological stresses, apoptosis and necrosis, mitochondrial injuries, changes to basal respiration and ATP production, cellular structural damage, telomere shortening and cellular senescence, and DNA damage and oxidative stress. Notably, cell surface proteins that play a major role in stem cell fate and are used as the biomarkers of stem cells are more vulnerable to cold stress than other proteins. There are also data supporting the alteration in some biological features and genetic integrity at the molecular level of the post-thawed stem cells. This article reviews the current and future challenges of cryopreservation of stem cells and stresses the need for further rigorous research on the methodologies for freezing and utilizing cancer stem cells following long-term storage.
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Kaplan A, Sackett K, Sumstad D, Kadidlo D, McKenna DH. Impact of starting material (fresh versus cryopreserved marrow) on mesenchymal stem cell culture. Transfusion 2017; 57:2216-2219. [PMID: 28653392 DOI: 10.1111/trf.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) continue to be investigated in multiple clinical trials as potential therapy for different disorders. There is ongoing controversy surrounding the clinical use of cryopreserved versus fresh MSCs. However, little is known about how cryopreservation affects marrow as starting material. The growth kinetics of MSC cultures derived from fresh versus cryopreserved marrow were compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Data were reviewed on the growth kinetics of MSCs derived from fresh versus cryopreserved marrow of nine donors. Marrow harvested from each donor was separated into four aliquots (one fresh and three cryopreserved for culture). Data on the date of mononuclear cell cryopreservation/thaw, MSC counts at Passages 1 and 2, MSC doubling, MSC fold expansion, viability (of mononuclear cells and final MSCs), and on flow cytometry markers of mononuclear cells and final MSCs were analyzed for the fresh and cryopreserved marrow groups. RESULTS In total, 21 MSC lots (seven fresh and 14 cryopreserved) were obtained. The average age of cryopreserved mononuclear cell product was 295 days (range, 18-1241 days). There were no significant differences between MSC numbers at Passage 1 (p = 0.1), final MSC numbers (p = 0.5), MSC doubling (p = 0.7), or MSC fold expansion (p = 0.7). A significant difference was observed in viability by flow cytometry for both mononuclear cells (p = 0.002) and final MSCs (p = 0.009), with higher viability in the fresh marrow group. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that MSCs derived from cryopreserved marrow have the same growth characteristics as fresh marrow-derived MSCs. Further studies are needed to explore potential differences in clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.,Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katie Sackett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, , Transfusion Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Darin Sumstad
- Clinical Cell Therapy Laboratory, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Dianne Kadidlo
- Clinical Cell Therapy Laboratory, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - David H McKenna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, , Transfusion Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Clinical Cell Therapy Laboratory, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
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