1
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Yurttas AG, Okat Z, Elgun T, Cifci KU, Sevim AM, Gul A. Genetic deviation associated with photodynamic therapy in HeLa cell. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103346. [PMID: 36809810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method that is used in cancer treatment. The main therapeutic effect is the production of singlet oxygen (1O2). Phthalocyanines for PDT produce high singlet oxygen with absorbers of about 600-700 nm. AIM It is aimed to analyze cancer cell pathways by flow cytometry analysis and cancer-related genes with q-PCR device by applying phthalocyanine L1ZnPC, which we use as photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, in HELA cell line. In this study, we investigate the molecular basis of L1ZnPC's anti-cancer activity. MATERIAL METHOD The cytotoxic effects of L1ZnPC, a phthalocyanine obtained from our previous study, in HELA cells were evaluated and it was determined that it led to a high rate of death as a result. The result of photodynamic therapy was analyzed using q-PCR. From the data received at the conclusion of this investigation, gene expression values were calculated, and expression levels were assessed using the 2-∆∆Ct method to examine the relative changes in these values. Cell death pathways were interpreted with the FLOW cytometer device. One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparison Test with Post-hoc Test were used for the statistical analysis. CONCLUSION In our study, it was observed that HELA cancer cells underwent apoptosis at a rate of 80% with drug application plus photodynamic therapy by flow cytometry method. According to q-PCR results, CT values of eight out of eighty-four genes were found to be significant and their association with cancer was evaluated. L1ZnPC is a new phthalocyanine used in this study and our findings should be supported by further studies. For this reason, different analyses are needed to be performed with this drug in different cancer cell lines. In conclusion, according to our results, this drug looks promising but still needs to be analyzed through new studies. It is necessary to examine in detail which signaling pathways they use and their mechanism of action. For this, additional experiments are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Gok Yurttas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zehra Okat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugba Elgun
- Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kezban Ucar Cifci
- Division of Basic Sciences and Health, Hemp Research Institute, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Turkey
| | - Altug Mert Sevim
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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2
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Morello G, La Cognata V, Guarnaccia M, D'Agata V, Cavallaro S. Cracking the Code of Neuronal Cell Fate. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071057. [PMID: 37048129 PMCID: PMC10093029 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation is fundamental to most biological processes and reverse-engineering programs can be used to decipher the underlying programs. In this review, we describe how genomics is offering a systems biology-based perspective of the intricate and temporally coordinated transcriptional programs that control neuronal apoptosis and survival. In addition to providing a new standpoint in human pathology focused on the regulatory program, cracking the code of neuronal cell fate may offer innovative therapeutic approaches focused on downstream targets and regulatory networks. Similar to computers, where faults often arise from a software bug, neuronal fate may critically depend on its transcription program. Thus, cracking the code of neuronal life or death may help finding a patch for neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Morello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Guarnaccia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR-IRIB), 95126 Catania, Italy
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3
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Kaloni D, Diepstraten ST, Strasser A, Kelly GL. BCL-2 protein family: attractive targets for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2023; 28:20-38. [PMID: 36342579 PMCID: PMC9950219 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members or abnormal reduction of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, both resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, are frequently detected in diverse malignancies. The critical role of the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis makes them attractive targets for the development of agents for the treatment of cancer. This review describes the roles of the various pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family in normal development and organismal function and how defects in the control of apoptosis promote the development and therapy resistance of cancer. Finally, we discuss the development of inhibitors of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, termed BH3-mimetic drugs, as novel agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Kaloni
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sarah T Diepstraten
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Belluti S, Semeghini V, Basile V, Rigillo G, Salsi V, Genovese F, Dolfini D, Imbriano C. An autoregulatory loop controls the expression of the transcription factor NF-Y. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:509-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Shukla S, Saxena S, Singh BK, Kakkar P. BH3-only protein BIM: An emerging target in chemotherapy. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:728-738. [PMID: 29100606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BH3-only proteins constitute major proportion of pro-apoptotic members of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of apoptotic regulatory proteins and participate in embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and immunity. Absence of BH3-only proteins contributes to autoimmune disorders and tumorigenesis. Bim (Bcl-2 Interacting Mediator of cell death), most important member of BH3-only proteins, shares a BH3-only domain (9-16 aa) among 4 domains (BH1-BH4) of Bcl-2 family proteins and highly pro-apoptotic in nature. Bim initiates the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and patho-physiological conditions. Reduction in Bim expression was found to be associated with tumor promotion and autoimmunity, while overexpression inhibited tumor growth and drug resistance as cancer cells suppress Bim expression and stability. Apart from its role in normal homeostasis, Bim has emerged as a central player in regulation of tumorigenesis, therefore gaining attention as a plausible target for chemotherapy. Regulation of Bim expression and stability is complicated and regulated at multiple levels viz. transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational (preferably by phosphorylation and ubiquitination), epigenetic (by promoter acetylation or methylation) including miRNAs. Furthermore, control over Bim expression and stability may be exploited to enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy, overcome drug resistance and select anticancer drug regimen as various chemotherapeutic agents exploit Bim as an executioner of cell death. Owing to its potent anti-tumorigenic activity many BH3 mimetics e.g. ABT-737, ABT-263, obatoclax, AT-101and A-1210477 have been developed and entered in clinical trials. It is more likely that in near future strategies commanding Bim expression and stability ultimately lead to Bim based therapeutic regimen for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrunajay Shukla
- Herbal Research Laboratory, Food Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sugandh Saxena
- Herbal Research Laboratory, Food Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow campus, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, No 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Laboratory, Food Drug & Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Post Box No. 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IITR, Lucknow campus, India.
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6
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Uchida K, Tanaka Y, Ichikawa H, Watanabe M, Mitani S, Morita K, Fujii H, Ishikawa M, Yoshino G, Okinaga H, Nagae G, Aburatani H, Ikeda Y, Susa T, Tamamori-Adachi M, Fukusato T, Uozaki H, Okazaki T, Iizuka M. An Excess of CYP24A1, Lack of CaSR, and a Novel lncRNA Near the PTH Gene Characterize an Ectopic PTH-Producing Tumor. J Endocr Soc 2017; 1:691-711. [PMID: 29264523 PMCID: PMC5686629 DOI: 10.1210/js.2017-00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thus far, only 23 cases of the ectopic production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been reported. We have characterized the genome-wide transcription profile of an ectopic PTH-producing tumor originating from a retroperitoneal histiocytoma. We found that the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) was barely expressed in the tumor. Lack of CaSR, a crucial braking apparatus in the presence of both intraparathyroid and, probably, serendipitous PTH expression, might contribute strongly to the establishment and maintenance of the ectopic transcriptional activation of the PTH gene in nonparathyroid cells. Along with candidate drivers with a crucial frameshift mutation or copy number variation at specific chromosomal areas obtained from whole exome sequencing, we identified robust tumor-specific cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 (CYP24A1) overproduction, which was not observed in other non–PTH-expressing retroperitoneal histiocytoma and parathyroid adenoma samples. We then found a 2.5-kb noncoding RNA in the PTH 3′-downstream region that was exclusively present in the parathyroid adenoma and our tumor. Such a co-occurrence might act as another driver of ectopic PTH-producing tumorigenesis; both might release the control of PTH gene expression by shutting down the other branches of the safety system (e.g., CaSR and the vitamin D3–vitamin D receptor axis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Uchida
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan.,Department of General Practice, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Yuji Tanaka
- Department of General Practice, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ichikawa
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Mitani
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Koji Morita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo 154-8532, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishikawa
- Diabetes and Arteriosclerosis, Nippon Medical School, Musashikosugi Hospital, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
| | - Gen Yoshino
- Center for Diabetes, Shinsuma General Hospital, Hyogo 654-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroko Okinaga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Genome Science Laboratory Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science Laboratory Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ikeda
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Takao Susa
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Mimi Tamamori-Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Toshio Fukusato
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uozaki
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoki Okazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Iizuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
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7
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Voutsadakis IA. Proteasome expression and activity in cancer and cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:101042831769224. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasome is a multi-protein organelle that participates in cellular proteostasis by destroying damaged or short-lived proteins in an organized manner guided by the ubiquitination signal. By being in a central place in the cellular protein complement homeostasis, proteasome is involved in virtually all cell processes including decisions on cell survival or death, cell cycle, and differentiation. These processes are important also in cancer, and thus, the proteasome is an important regulator of carcinogenesis. Cancers include a variety of cells which, according to the cancer stem cell theory, descend from a small percentage of cancer stem cells, alternatively termed tumor-initiating cells. These cells constitute the subsets that have the ability to propagate the whole variety of cancer and repopulate tumors after cytostatic therapies. Proteasome plays a role in cellular processes in cancer stem cells, but it has been found to have a decreased function in them compared to the rest of cancer cells. This article will discuss the transcriptional regulation of proteasome sub-unit proteins in cancer and in particular cancer stem cells and the relationship of the proteasome with the pluripotency that is the defining characteristic of stem cells. Therapeutic opportunities that present from the understanding of the proteasome role will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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8
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Wu Y, Ma S, Xia Y, Lu Y, Xiao S, Cao Y, Zhuang S, Tan X, Fu Q, Xie L, Li Z, Yuan Z. Loss of GCN5 leads to increased neuronal apoptosis by upregulating E2F1- and Egr-1-dependent BH3-only protein Bim. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2570. [PMID: 28125090 PMCID: PMC5386373 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular acetylation homeostasis is a kinetic balance precisely controlled by histone acetyl-transferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities. The loss of the counterbalancing function of basal HAT activity alters the precious HAT:HDAC balance towards enhanced histone deacetylation, resulting in a loss of acetylation homeostasis, which is closely associated with neuronal apoptosis. However, the critical HAT member whose activity loss contributes to neuronal apoptosis remains to be identified. In this study, we found that inactivation of GCN5 by either pharmacological inhibitors, such as CPTH2 and MB-3, or by inactivation with siRNAs leads to a typical apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Mechanistically, the BH3-only protein Bim is transcriptionally upregulated by activated Egr-1 and E2F1 and mediates apoptosis following GCN5 inhibition. Furthermore, in the activity withdrawal- or glutamate-evoked neuronal apoptosis models, GCN5 loses its activity, in contrast to Bim induction. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of GCN5 suppresses Bim induction and apoptosis. Interestingly, the loss of GCN5 activity and the induction of Egr-1, E2F1 and Bim are involved in the early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in rats. HDAC inhibition not only significantly rescues Bim expression and apoptosis induced by either potassium deprivation or GCN5 inactivation but also ameliorates these events and EBI in SAH rats. Taken together, our results highlight a new mechanism by which the loss of GCN5 activity promotes neuronal apoptosis through the transcriptional upregulation of Bim, which is probably a critical event in triggering neuronal death when cellular acetylation homeostasis is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- Guangdong Province Key laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yangpeng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Shiyin Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Yali Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Sidian Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Xiangpeng Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of General Dentistry, 323 Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Longchang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Zhongmin Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neurosciences of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Guangdong Province Key laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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T-2 toxin induces the expression of porcine CYP3A22 via the upregulation of the transcription factor, NF-Y. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2191-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Benatti P, Belluti S, Miotto B, Neusiedler J, Dolfini D, Drac M, Basile V, Schwob E, Mantovani R, Blow JJ, Imbriano C. Direct non transcriptional role of NF-Y in DNA replication. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:673-85. [PMID: 26732297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NF-Y is a heterotrimeric transcription factor, which plays a pioneer role in the transcriptional control of promoters containing the CCAAT-box, among which genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and DNA damage response. The knock-down of the sequence-specific subunit NF-YA triggers defects in S-phase progression, which lead to apoptotic cell death. Here, we report that NF-Y has a critical function in DNA replication progression, independent from its transcriptional activity. NF-YA colocalizes with early DNA replication factories, its depletion affects the loading of replisome proteins to DNA, among which Cdc45, and delays the passage from early to middle-late S phase. Molecular combing experiments are consistent with a role for NF-Y in the control of fork progression. Finally, we unambiguously demonstrate a direct non-transcriptional role of NF-Y in the overall efficiency of DNA replication, specifically in the DNA elongation process, using a Xenopus cell-free system. Our findings broaden the activity of NF-Y on a DNA metabolism other than transcription, supporting the existence of specific TFs required for proper and efficient DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Benatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Belluti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, Italy; College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Miotto
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julia Neusiedler
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Diletta Dolfini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marjorie Drac
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR5535 & Université Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Valentina Basile
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Etienne Schwob
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR5535 & Université Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - J Julian Blow
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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11
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Yan YX, Zhao JX, Han S, Zhou NJ, Jia ZQ, Yao SJ, Cao CL, Wang YL, Xu YN, Zhao J, Yan YL, Cui HX. Tetramethylpyrazine induces SH-SY5Y cell differentiation toward the neuronal phenotype through activation of the PI3K/Akt/Sp1/TopoIIβ pathway. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:626-41. [PMID: 26518113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an active compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Chuanxiong. Previously, we have shown that TMP induces human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell differentiation toward the neuronal phenotype by targeting topoisomeraseIIβ (TopoIIβ), a protein implicated in neural development. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate whether the transcriptional factors specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and nuclear factor Y (NF-Y), in addition to the upstream signaling pathways ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt, are involved in modulating TopoIIβ expression in the neuronal differentiation process. We demonstrated that SH-SY5Y cells treated with TMP (80μM) terminally differentiated into neurons, characterized by increased neuronal markers, tubulin βIII and microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2), and increased neurite outgrowth, with no negative effect on cell survival. TMP also increased the expression of TopoIIβ, which was accompanied by increased expression of Sp1 in the differentiated neuron-like cells, whereas NF-Y protein levels remained unchanged following the differentiation progression. We also found that the phosphorylation level of Akt, but not ERK1/2, was significantly increased as a result of TMP stimulation. Furthermore, as established by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway increased Sp1 binding to the promoter of the TopoIIβ gene. Blockage of PI3K/Akt was shown to lead to subsequent inhibition of TopoIIβ expression and neuronal differentiation. Collectively, the results indicate that the PI3K/Akt/Sp1/TopoIIβ signaling pathway is necessary for TMP-induced neuronal differentiation. Our findings offer mechanistic insights into understanding the upstream regulation of TopoIIβ in neuronal differentiation, and suggest potential applications of TMP both in neuroscience research and clinical practice to treat relevant diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jun-Xia Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Shuo Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Na-Jing Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Jia
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Sheng-Jie Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Cui-Li Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yan-Nan Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China
| | - Yun-Li Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Hui-Xian Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience, Hebei, PR China
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12
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Sionov RV, Vlahopoulos SA, Granot Z. Regulation of Bim in Health and Disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23058-134. [PMID: 26405162 PMCID: PMC4695108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its expression and activity at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels together with the induction of alternatively spliced isoforms with different pro-apoptotic potential, ensure timely activation of Bim. Under physiological conditions, Bim is essential for shaping immune responses where its absence promotes autoimmunity, while too early Bim induction eliminates cytotoxic T cells prematurely, resulting in chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Enhanced Bim induction in neurons causes neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, type I diabetes is promoted by genetically predisposed elevation of Bim in β-cells. On the contrary, cancer cells have developed mechanisms that suppress Bim expression necessary for tumor progression and metastasis. This review focuses on the intricate network regulating Bim activity and its involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Bazot Q, Deschamps T, Tafforeau L, Siouda M, Leblanc P, Harth-Hertle ML, Rabourdin-Combe C, Lotteau V, Kempkes B, Tommasino M, Gruffat H, Manet E. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 3A protein regulates CDKN2B transcription via interaction with MIZ-1. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9700-16. [PMID: 25092922 PMCID: PMC4150796 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3 family of protein is critical for the EBV-induced primary B-cell growth transformation process. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen we identified 22 novel cellular partners of the EBNA3s. Most importantly, among the newly identified partners, five are known to play direct and important roles in transcriptional regulation. Of these, the Myc-interacting zinc finger protein-1 (MIZ-1) is a transcription factor initially characterized as a binding partner of MYC. MIZ-1 activates the transcription of a number of target genes including the cell cycle inhibitor CDKN2B. Focusing on the EBNA3A/MIZ-1 interaction we demonstrate that binding occurs in EBV-infected cells expressing both proteins at endogenous physiological levels and that in the presence of EBNA3A, a significant fraction of MIZ-1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Moreover, we show that a trimeric complex composed of a MIZ-1 recognition DNA element, MIZ-1 and EBNA3A can be formed, and that interaction of MIZ-1 with nucleophosmin (NPM), one of its coactivator, is prevented by EBNA3A. Finally, we show that, in the presence of EBNA3A, expression of the MIZ-1 target gene, CDKN2B, is downregulated and repressive H3K27 marks are established on its promoter region suggesting that EBNA3A directly counteracts the growth inhibitory action of MIZ-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bazot
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Thibaut Deschamps
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Lionel Tafforeau
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Maha Siouda
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France CNRS UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie de la Cellule, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Marie L Harth-Hertle
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Chantal Rabourdin-Combe
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Vincent Lotteau
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Bettina Kempkes
- Department of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon 69372, France
| | - Henri Gruffat
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Evelyne Manet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Oncogenic Herpesviruses team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon 69364, France CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Cell Biology of Viral Infections team, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69364, France INSERM, U1111, Lyon 69364, France CNRS, UMR5308, Lyon 69364, France
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14
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A feed-forward loop involving Trib3, Akt and FoxO mediates death of NGF-deprived neurons. Cell Death Differ 2014; 20:1719-30. [PMID: 24212932 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms governing neuron death following NGF deprivation are incompletely understood. Here, we show that Trib3, a protein induced by NGF withdrawal, has a key role in such death via a loop involving the survival kinase Akt and FoxO transcription factors. Trib3 overexpression is sufficient to induce neuron death, and silencing of endogenous Trib3 strongly protects from death when NGF is withdrawn. Mechanism studies reveal that Trib3 interferes with phosphorylation/activity of Akt and contributes to Akt inactivation after NGF deprivation. FoxO1a, a direct Akt substrate, is dephosphorylated upon NGF withdrawal and consequently undergoes nuclear translocation and activates pro-apoptotic genes. We find that Trib3 is required for FoxO1a dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation after NGF deprivation. Conversely, Trib3 induction requires FoxO transcription factors, which show enhanced occupancy of the Trib3 promoter region following NGF withdrawal. Collectively, these findings support a mechanism in which NGF deprivation, Akt dephosphorylation/inactivation, FoxO dephosphorylation/activation and Trib3 induction are linked in a self-amplifying feed-forward loop that culminates in neuron death.
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15
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Kristiansen M, Ham J. Programmed cell death during neuronal development: the sympathetic neuron model. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1025-35. [PMID: 24769728 PMCID: PMC4207485 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing sympathetic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion are one of the best studied models of neuronal apoptosis. These cells require nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival at the time that they innervate their final target tissues during late embryonic and early postnatal development. In the absence of NGF, developing sympathetic neurons die by apoptosis in a transcription-dependent manner. Molecular studies of sympathetic neuron apoptosis began in the 1980s. We now know that NGF withdrawal activates the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis in sympathetic neurons cultured in vitro, and the roles of caspases, Bcl-2 (B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2) family proteins and XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) have been extensively studied. Importantly, a considerable amount has also been learned about the intracellular signalling pathways and transcription factors that regulate programmed cell death in sympathetic neurons. In this article, we review the key papers published in the past few years, covering all aspects of apoptosis regulation in sympathetic neurons and focusing, in particular, on how signalling pathways and transcription factors regulate the cell death programme. We make some comparisons with other models of neuronal apoptosis and describe possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristiansen
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - J Ham
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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16
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Caspase-2 is essential for c-Jun transcriptional activation and Bim induction in neuron death. Biochem J 2013; 455:15-25. [PMID: 23815625 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptotic death generally requires de novo transcription, and activation of the transcription factor c-Jun has been shown to be necessary in multiple neuronal death paradigms. Caspase-2 has been implicated in death of neuronal and non-neuronal cells, but its relationship to transcriptional activation has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, using two different neuronal apoptotic paradigms, β-amyloid treatment and NGF (nerve growth factor) withdrawal, we examined the hierarchical role of caspase-2 activation in the transcriptional control of neuron death. Both paradigms induce rapid activation of caspase-2 as well as activation of the transcription factor c-Jun and subsequent induction of the pro-apoptotic BH3 (Bcl-homology domain 3)-only protein Bim (Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death). Caspase-2 activation is dependent on the adaptor protein RAIDD {RIP (receptor-interacting protein)-associated ICH-1 [ICE (interleukin-1β-converting enzyme)/CED-3 (cell-death determining 3) homologue 1] protein with a death domain}, and both caspase-2 and RAIDD are required for c-Jun activation and Bim induction. The present study thus shows that rapid caspase-2 activation is essential for c-Jun activation and Bim induction in neurons subjected to apoptotic stimuli. This places caspase-2 at an apical position in the apoptotic cascade and demonstrates for the first time that caspase-2 can regulate transcription.
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17
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Wang XL, Wang K, Zhao S, Wu Y, Gao H, Zeng SM. Oocyte-secreted growth differentiation factor 9 inhibits BCL-2-interacting mediator of cell death-extra long expression in porcine cumulus cell. Biol Reprod 2013; 89:56. [PMID: 23843241 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.108365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Oocyte-secreted factors (OSFs) maintain the low incidence of cumulus cell apoptosis. In this report, we described that the presence of oocytes suppressed the expression of proapoptotic protein BCL-2-interacting mediator of cell death-extra long (BIMEL) in porcine cumulus cells. Atretic (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive) cumulus cells strongly expressed BIMEL protein. The healthy cumulus- oocyte complex exhibited a low BIMEL expression in cumulus cell while the removal of oocyte led to an about 2.5-fold (P < 0.5) increased expression in oocytectomized complex (OOX). Coculturing OOXs with denuded oocytes decreased BIMEL expression to the normal level. The similar expression pattern could also be achieved in OOXs treated with exogenous recombinant mouse growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), a well-characterized OSF. This inhibitory action of GDF9 was prevented by the addition of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002. Luciferase assay further demonstrated that BIM gene expression was forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a)-dependent because mutation of FOXO3a-binding site on the BIM promoter inhibited luciferase activities. Moreover, the activity of BIM promoter encompassing the FOXO3a-binding site could be regulated by GDF9. Additionally, we found that GDF9 elevated the levels of phosphorylated AKT and FOXO3a, and this process was independent of the SMAD signal pathway. Taken together, we concluded that OSFs, particularly GDF9, maintained the low level of BIMEL expression in cumulus cell through activation of the PI3K/FOXO3a pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Long Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Embryonic Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Upregulated expression of NF-YC contributes to neuronal apoptosis via proapoptotic protein bim in rats' brain hippocampus following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). J Mol Neurosci 2013; 52:552-65. [PMID: 24014123 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia represents a severe brain injury that could lead to significant neuronal damage and death. In this study, we performed a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult rats and observed that a subunit of nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y) transcriptional factor, NF-YC, was accumulated in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Immunochemistrical and immunofluorescent analysis revealed that NF-YC was primarily expressed in the nucleus of neurons. Meanwhile, we found that the changes of bim, one of the target genes of NF-Y, were consistent with the expression of NF-YC and Bim was mainly located in the NF-YC positive cells. Moreover, there was a concomitant upregulation of active caspase-3 and TUNEL positive cells. Taken together, these results suggested that the upregulation of NF-YC might play an important role in the pathophysiology via proapoptotic protein Bim after MCAO and further research is needed to have a better understanding of its function and mechanism.
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19
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Pintus F, Floris G, Rufini A. Nutrient availability links mitochondria, apoptosis, and obesity. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 4:734-41. [PMID: 23211444 PMCID: PMC3560440 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the dominant source of the cellular energy requirements through oxidative phosphorylation, but they are also central players in apoptosis. Nutrient availability may have been the main evolutionary driving force behind these opposite mitochondrial functions: production of energy to sustain life and release of apoptotic proteins to trigger cell death. Here, we explore the link between nutrients, mitochondria and apoptosis with known and potential implications for age-related decline and metabolic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pintus
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit/University of Leicester, LE1 1QH, Leicester UK
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20
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Fleming JD, Pavesi G, Benatti P, Imbriano C, Mantovani R, Struhl K. NF-Y coassociates with FOS at promoters, enhancers, repetitive elements, and inactive chromatin regions, and is stereo-positioned with growth-controlling transcription factors. Genome Res 2013; 23:1195-209. [PMID: 23595228 PMCID: PMC3730095 DOI: 10.1101/gr.148080.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NF-Y, a trimeric transcription factor (TF) composed of two histone-like subunits (NF-YB and NF-YC) and a sequence-specific subunit (NF-YA), binds to the CCAAT motif, a common promoter element. Genome-wide mapping reveals 5000–15,000 NF-Y binding sites depending on the cell type, with the NF-YA and NF-YB subunits binding asymmetrically with respect to the CCAAT motif. Despite being characterized as a proximal promoter TF, only 25% of NF-Y sites map to promoters. A comparable number of NF-Y sites are located at enhancers, many of which are tissue specific, and nearly half of the NF-Y sites are in select subclasses of HERV LTR repeats. Unlike most TFs, NF-Y can access its target DNA motif in inactive (nonmodified) or polycomb-repressed chromatin domains. Unexpectedly, NF-Y extensively colocalizes with FOS in all genomic contexts, and this often occurs in the absence of JUN and the AP-1 motif. NF-Y also coassociates with a select cluster of growth-controlling and oncogenic TFs, consistent with the abundance of CCAAT motifs in the promoters of genes overexpressed in cancer. Interestingly, NF-Y and several growth-controlling TFs bind in a stereo-specific manner, suggesting a mechanism for cooperative action at promoters and enhancers. Our results indicate that NF-Y is not merely a commonly used proximal promoter TF, but rather performs a more diverse set of biological functions, many of which are likely to involve coassociation with FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Fleming
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Garipov A, Li H, Bitler BG, Thapa RJ, Balachandran S, Zhang R. NF-YA underlies EZH2 upregulation and is essential for proliferation of human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:360-9. [PMID: 23360797 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for the most gynecologic malignancy-associated deaths in the United States. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), which silences gene expression through generating trimethylation on lysine 27 residue of histone H3 (H3K27Me3), is often overexpressed in EOCs and has been suggested as a therapeutic target. However, the mechanism underlying EZH2 overexpression in EOCs is unknown. Here, we show that EZH2 is upregulated at the transcription level, and two CCAAT boxes in the proximal regions of the human EZH2 gene promoter are critical for its transcription in EOC cells. Indeed, NF-YA, the regulatory subunit of the CCAAT-binding transcription factor NF-Y, is expressed at higher levels in human EOCs than in primary human ovarian surface epithelial (HOSE) cells. In addition, there is a positive correlation between expression of NF-YA and EZH2 in EOCs. Notably, high NF-YA expression predicts shorter overall survival in patients with EOCs. The association of NF-YA with the promoter of the human EZH2 gene is enhanced in human EOC cells compared with primary HOSE cells. Significantly, knockdown of NF-YA downregulates EZH2, decreases H3K27Me3 levels, and suppresses the growth of human EOC cells both in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Notably, NF-YA knockdown induces apoptosis of EOC cells and ectopic EZH2 expression partially rescues apoptosis induced by NF-YA knockdown. Together, these data reveal that NF-Y is a key regulator of EZH2 expression and is required for EOC cell proliferation, thus representing a novel target for developing EOC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azat Garipov
- The Wistar Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Arampatzi P, Gialitakis M, Makatounakis T, Papamatheakis J. Gene-specific factors determine mitotic expression and bookmarking via alternate regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:2202-15. [PMID: 23303784 PMCID: PMC4230186 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing during mitosis is caused by inactivation of critical transcriptional regulators and/or chromatin condensation. Inheritance of gene expression patterns through cell division involves various bookmarking mechanisms. In this report, we have examined the mitotic and post-mitotic expression of the DRA major histocompatibility class II (MHCII) gene in different cell types. During mitosis the constitutively MHCII-expressing B lymphoblastoid cells showed sustained occupancy of the proximal promoter by the cognate enhanceosome and general transcription factors. In contrast, although mitotic epithelial cells were depleted of these proteins irrespectively of their MHCII transcriptional activity, a distal enhancer selectively recruited the PP2A phosphatase via NFY and maintained chromatin accessibility. Based on our data, we propose a novel chromatin anti-condensation role for this element in mitotic bookmarking and timing of post-mitotic transcriptional reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Arampatzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Greece
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23
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Liu W, Gong Y, Li H, Jiang G, Zhan S, Liu H, Wu Y. Arsenic trioxide-induced growth arrest of breast cancer MCF-7 cells involving FOXO3a and IκB kinase β expression and localization. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2012; 27:504-12. [PMID: 22988968 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, arsenic has been clinically investigated as a therapeutic agent for a variety of solid malignancies, including breast cancer. However, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms through which arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) induces cell growth arrest and apoptosis in solid tumors have not been clearly understood. The aim of our study was to gain an insight into the effect of As(2)O(3) on the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line and investigate cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and the molecular mechanism after As(2)O(3) treatment in MCF-7 cells. Expression of FOXO3a, nuclear-FOXO3a, caspase-3, and IκB kinase β (IKKβ) mRNA levels in MCF-7 cells was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The protein expression was examined by the Western blot analysis and immunocytochemical staining. The distribution of apoptotic cells was assessed by flow cytometry, and the morphology of the apoptotic cells was investigated by Hoechest33258 staining. Our results showed that As(2)O(3) significantly induced the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells tested in this study in a dose-dependent manner. As(2)O(3) induced the decrease of IKKβ expression and the increase of total as well as nuclear FOXO3a expression, which triggered the phosphorylation of cytoplasmic FOXO3a at the Thr32 residue decrease. RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry revealed that the expression of IKKβ in MCF-7 cells was upregulated when As(2)O(3) was combined with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), whereas the expression of FOXO3a was downregulated in comparison with the As(2)O(3)-alone group. These findings indicated a specific molecular mechanism by which MCF-7 cell lines were susceptible to the As(2)O(3) therapy through FOXO3a expression and localization. This FOXO3a accumulation may be well correlated with the As(2)O(3)-induced reduction of active IKKβ, which may provide new insights into As(2)O(3)-related signaling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlou Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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24
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The NF-Y/p53 liaison: well beyond repression. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:131-9. [PMID: 22138487 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NF-Y is a sequence-specific transcription factor - TF - targeting the common CCAAT promoter element. p53 is a master TF controlling the response to stress signals endangering genome integrity, often mutated in human cancers. The NF-Y/p53 - and p63, p73 - interaction results in transcriptional repression of a subset of genes within the vast NF-Y regulome under DNA-damage conditions. Recent data shows that NF-Y is also involved in pro-apoptotic activities, either directly, by mediating p53 transcriptional activation, or indirectly, by being targeted by a non coding RNA, PANDA. The picture is subverted in cells carrying Gain-of-function mutant p53, through interactions with TopBP1, a protein also involved in DNA repair and replication. In summary, the connection between p53 and NF-Y is crucial in determining cell survival or death.
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25
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Kristiansen M, Menghi F, Hughes R, Hubank M, Ham J. Global analysis of gene expression in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons identifies molecular pathways associated with cell death. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:551. [PMID: 22067274 PMCID: PMC3256215 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing sympathetic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival and die by apoptosis after NGF withdrawal. This process requires de novo gene expression but only a small number of genes induced by NGF deprivation have been identified so far, either by a candidate gene approach or in mRNA differential display experiments. This is partly because it is difficult to obtain large numbers of sympathetic neurons for in vitro studies. Here, we describe for the first time, how advances in gene microarray technology have allowed us to investigate the expression of all known genes in sympathetic neurons cultured in the presence and absence of NGF. RESULTS We have used Affymetrix Exon arrays to study the pattern of expression of all known genes in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. We identified 415 up- and 813 down-regulated genes, including most of the genes previously known to be regulated in this system. NGF withdrawal activates the mixed lineage kinase (MLK)-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-c-Jun pathway which is required for NGF deprivation-induced death. By including a mixed lineage kinase (MLK) inhibitor, CEP-11004, in our experimental design we identified which of the genes induced after NGF withdrawal are potential targets of the MLK-JNK-c-Jun pathway. A detailed Gene Ontology and functional enrichment analysis also identified genetic pathways that are highly enriched and overrepresented amongst the genes expressed after NGF withdrawal. Five genes not previously studied in sympathetic neurons - trib3, ddit3, txnip, ndrg1 and mxi1 - were validated by real time-PCR. The proteins encoded by these genes also increased in level after NGF withdrawal and this increase was prevented by CEP-11004, suggesting that these genes are potential targets of the MLK-JNK-c-Jun pathway. CONCLUSIONS The sympathetic neuron model is one of the best studied models of neuronal apoptosis. Overall, our microarray data gives a comprehensive overview of, and provides new information about, signalling pathways and transcription factors that are regulated by NGF withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kristiansen
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Hughes R, Gilley J, Kristiansen M, Ham J. The MEK-ERK pathway negatively regulates bim expression through the 3' UTR in sympathetic neurons. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:69. [PMID: 21762482 PMCID: PMC3146425 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis plays a critical role during neuronal development and disease. Developing sympathetic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival during the late embryonic and early postnatal period and die by apoptosis in its absence. The proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim increases in level after NGF withdrawal and is required for NGF withdrawal-induced death. The regulation of Bim expression in neurons is complex and this study describes a new mechanism by which an NGF-activated signalling pathway regulates bim gene expression in sympathetic neurons. Results We report that U0126, an inhibitor of the prosurvival MEK-ERK pathway, increases bim mRNA levels in sympathetic neurons in the presence of NGF. We find that this effect is independent of PI3-K-Akt and JNK-c-Jun signalling and is not mediated by the promoter, first exon or first intron of the bim gene. By performing 3' RACE and microinjection experiments with a new bim-LUC+3'UTR reporter construct, we show that U0126 increases bim expression via the bim 3' UTR. We demonstrate that this effect does not involve a change in bim mRNA stability and by using PD184352, a specific MEK1/2-ERK1/2 inhibitor, we show that this mechanism involves the MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibition of MEK/ERK signalling independently reduces cell survival in NGF-treated sympathetic neurons. Conclusions These results suggest that in sympathetic neurons, MEK-ERK signalling negatively regulates bim expression via the 3' UTR and that this regulation is likely to be at the level of transcription. This data provides further insight into the different mechanisms by which survival signalling pathways regulate bim expression in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Hughes
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N1EH, UK
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