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Su H, Weng S, Luo L, Sun Q, Lin T, Ma H, He Y, Wu J, Wang H, Zhang W, Xu Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis hijacks host macrophages-derived interleukin 16 to block phagolysosome maturation for enhancing intracellular growth. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2322663. [PMID: 38380651 PMCID: PMC10911244 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2322663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of promising cytokines and clarification of their immunological mechanisms in controlling the intracellular fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are necessary to identify effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. To escape immune clearance, Mtb can manipulate and inhibit the normal host process of phagosome maturation. Phagosome maturation arrest by Mtb involves multiple effectors and much remains unknown about this important aspect of Mtb pathogenesis. In this study, we found that interleukin 16 (IL-16) is elevated in the serum samples of Tuberculosis (TB) patients and can serve as a specific target for treatment TB. There was a significant difference in IL-16 levels among active TB, latent TB infection (LTBI), and non-TB patients. This study first revealed that macrophages are the major source of IL-16 production in response to Mtb infection, and elucidated that IL-16 can promote Mtb intracellular survival by inhibiting phagosome maturation and suppressing the expression of Rev-erbα which can inhibit IL-10 secretion. The experiments using zebrafish larvae infected with M. marinum and mice challenged with H37Rv demonstrated that reducing IL-16 levels resulted in less severe pathology and improved survival, respectively. In conclusion, this study provided direct evidence that Mtb hijacks the host macrophages-derived interleukin 16 to enhance intracellular growth. It is suggesting the immunosuppressive role of IL-16 during Mtb infection, supporting IL-16 as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Second Affiliated Hospital, GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liulin Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Sun
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease (Tuberculosis), Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taiyue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huixia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumo He
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Honghai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Friebel J, Schinnerling K, Weigt K, Heldt C, Fromm A, Bojarski C, Siegmund B, Epple HJ, Kikhney J, Moter A, Schneider T, Schulzke JD, Moos V, Schumann M. Uptake of Tropheryma whipplei by Intestinal Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076197. [PMID: 37047170 PMCID: PMC10094206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tropheryma whipplei (TW) can cause different pathologies, e.g., Whipple’s disease and transient gastroenteritis. The mechanism by which the bacteria pass the intestinal epithelial barrier, and the mechanism of TW-induced gastroenteritis are currently unknown. Methods: Using ex vivo disease models comprising human duodenal mucosa exposed to TW in Ussing chambers, various intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) cultures exposed to TW and a macrophage/IEC coculture model served to characterize endocytic uptake mechanisms and barrier function. Results: TW exposed ex vivo to human small intestinal mucosae is capable of autonomously entering IECs, thereby invading the mucosa. Using dominant-negative mutants, TW uptake was shown to be dynamin- and caveolin-dependent but independent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Complementary inhibitor experiments suggested a role for the activation of the Ras/Rac1 pathway and actin polymerization. TW-invaded IECs underwent apoptosis, thereby causing an epithelial barrier defect, and were subsequently subject to phagocytosis by macrophages. Conclusions: TW enters epithelia via an actin-, dynamin-, caveolin-, and Ras-Rac1-dependent endocytosis mechanism and consecutively causes IEC apoptosis primarily in IECs invaded by multiple TW bacteria. This results in a barrier leak. Moreover, we propose that TW-packed IECs can be subject to phagocytic uptake by macrophages, thereby opening a potential entry point of TW into intestinal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Friebel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Kathleen Weigt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Heldt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- German Konsiliarlabor for Tropheryma whipplei, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513536
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Boumaza A, Ben Azzouz E, Arrindell J, Lepidi H, Mezouar S, Desnues B. Whipple's disease and Tropheryma whipplei infections: from bench to bedside. THE LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:e280-e291. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Joshi A, Krishnan S, Kaushik V. Codon usage studies and epitope-based peptide vaccine prediction against Tropheryma whipplei. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:41. [PMID: 35254546 PMCID: PMC8899776 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The Tropheryma whipplei causes acute gastroenteritis to neuronal damages in Homo sapiens. Genomics and codon adaptation studies would be helpful advancements of disease evolution prediction, prevention, and treatment of disease. The codon usage data and codon usage measurement tools were deployed to detect the rare, very rare codons, and also synonymous codons usage. The higher effective number of codon usage values indicates the low codon usage bias in T. whipplei and also in the 23S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes. Results In T. whipplei, it was found to hold low codon biasness in genomic sets. The synonymous codons possess the base content in 3rd position that was calculated as A3S% (24.47 and 22.88), C3S% (20.99 and 22.88), T3S% (21.47 and 19.53), and G3S% (33.08 and 34.71) for 23s and 16s rRNA, respectively. Conclusion Amino acids like valine, aspartate, leucine, and phenylalanine hold high codon usage frequency and also found to be present in epitopes KPSYLSALSAHLNDK and FKSFNYNVAIGVRQP that were screened from proteins excinuclease ABC subunit UvrC and 3-oxoacyl-ACP reductase FabG, respectively. This method opens novel ways to determine epitope-based peptide vaccines against different pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Joshi
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Kaushik
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Boumaza A, Mezouar S, Bardou M, Raoult D, Mège JL, Desnues B. Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors Exacerbate Whipple's Disease by Reprogramming Macrophage and Inducing Apoptosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667357. [PMID: 34093562 PMCID: PMC8173622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropheryma whipplei is the agent of Whipple’s disease, a rare systemic disease characterized by macrophage infiltration of the intestinal mucosa. The disease first manifests as arthralgia and/or arthropathy that usually precede the diagnosis by years, and which may push clinicians to prescribe Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFI) to treat unexplained arthralgia. However, such therapies have been associated with exacerbation of subclinical undiagnosed Whipple’s disease. The objective of this study was to delineate the biological basis of disease exacerbation. We found that etanercept, adalimumab or certolizumab treatment of monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy subjects significantly increased bacterial replication in vitro without affecting uptake. Interestingly, this effect was associated with macrophage repolarization and increased rate of apoptosis. Further analysis revealed that in patients for whom Whipple’s disease diagnosis was made while under TNFI therapy, apoptosis was increased in duodenal tissue specimens as compared with control Whipple’s disease patients who never received TNFI prior diagnosis. In addition, IFN-γ expression was increased in duodenal biopsy specimen and circulating levels of IFN-γ were higher in patients for whom Whipple’s disease diagnosis was made while under TNFI therapy. Taken together, our findings establish that TNFI aggravate/exacerbate latent or subclinical undiagnosed Whipple’s disease by promoting a strong inflammatory response and apoptosis and confirm that patients may be screened for T. whipplei prior to introduction of TNFI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Boumaza
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Bardou
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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6
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Ben Azzouz E, Boumaza A, Mezouar S, Bardou M, Carlini F, Picard C, Raoult D, Mège JL, Desnues B. Tropheryma whipplei Increases Expression of Human Leukocyte Antigen-G on Monocytes to Reduce Tumor Necrosis Factor and Promote Bacterial Replication. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:1553-1563. [PMID: 30076840 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infection with Tropheryma whipplei has a range of effects-some patients can be chronic carriers without developing any symptoms, whereas others can develop systemic Whipple disease, characterized by a lack a protective inflammatory immune response. Alterations in HLA-G function have been associated with several diseases. We investigated the role of HLA-G during T whipplei infection. METHODS Sera, total RNA, and genomic DNA were collected from peripheral blood from 22 patients with classic Whipple's disease, 19 patients with localized T whipplei infections, and 21 asymptomatic carriers. Levels of soluble HLA-G in sera were measured by enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay, and expressions of HLA-G and its isoforms were monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction. HLA-G alleles were identified and compared with a population of voluntary bone marrow donors. Additionally, monocytes from healthy subjects were stimulated with T whipplei, and HLA-G expression was monitored by real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Bacterial replication was assessed by polymerase chain reaction in the presence of HLA-G or inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (etanercept). RESULTS HLA-G mRNAs and levels of soluble HLA-G were significantly increased in sera from patients with chronic T whipplei infection compared with sera from asymptomatic carriers and control individuals. No specific HLA-G haplotypes were associated with disease or T whipplei infection. However, T whipplei infection of monocytes induced expression of HLA-G, which was associated with reduced secretion of TNF compared with noninfected monocytes. A neutralizing antibody against HLA-G increased TNF secretion by monocytes in response to T whipplei, and a TNF inhibitor promoted bacteria replication. CONCLUSIONS Levels of HLA-G are increased in sera from patients with T whipplei tissue infections, associated with reduced production of TNF by monocytes. This might promote bacteria colonization in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Ben Azzouz
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Asma Boumaza
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Bardou
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Christophe Picard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES UMR 7268, Marseille, France; Laboratoire d'immunogénétique, Établissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France.
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Lopes A, Santos AF, Alvarenga MJ, Mello E Silva A. Whipple's disease: a rare case of malabsorption. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222955. [PMID: 29507019 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Whipple's disease is a chronic, rare, multisystemic, infectious entity, described for the first time in 1907. Its aetiological agent is the Gram-negative rod, Tropheryma whipplei, which was isolated for the first time in 2001 from a cardiac valve of a patient with endocarditis. We present the case of a 71-year-old man, who came into the emergency room complaining of anorexia, weakness, abdominal pain and diarrhoea with haematochezia and presented disseminated palpable purpuric lesions, predominantly in the lower limbs. The upper endoscopy showed a duodenal vasculitis and the biopsy of that location revealed aspects suggestive of Whipple's disease. We started him on antibiotics according to the recent orientations with progressive clinical and analytical improvement, although he developed an immune reconstitution syndrome, which lasted for 2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lopes
- Department of Medicina Interna, Hospital Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Santos
- Department of Pneumologia, Hospital Egas Moniz, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal
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Clinical Manifestations, Treatment, and Diagnosis of Tropheryma whipplei Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:529-555. [PMID: 28298472 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00033-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Whipple's disease is a rare infectious disease that can be fatal if left untreated. The disease is caused by infection with Tropheryma whipplei, a bacterium that may be more common than was initially assumed. Most patients present with nonspecific symptoms, and as routine cultivation of the bacterium is not feasible, it is difficult to diagnose this infection. On the other hand, due to the generic symptoms, infection with this bacterium is actually quite often in the differential diagnosis. The gold standard for diagnosis used to be periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining of duodenal biopsy specimens, but PAS staining has a poor specificity and sensitivity. The development of molecular techniques has resulted in more convenient methods for detecting T. whipplei infections, and this has greatly improved the diagnosis of this often missed infection. In addition, the molecular detection of T. whipplei has resulted in an increase in knowledge about its pathogenicity, and this review gives an overview of the new insights in epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Tropheryma whipplei infections.
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9
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Gagnaire A, Gorvel L, Papadopoulos A, Von Bargen K, Mège JL, Gorvel JP. COX-2 Inhibition Reduces Brucella Bacterial Burden in Draining Lymph Nodes. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1987. [PMID: 28018318 PMCID: PMC5149544 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella is a Gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for a chronic disease known as brucellosis, the most widespread re-emerging zoonosis worldwide. Establishment of a Th1-mediated immune response characterized by the production of IL-12 and IFNγ is essential to control the disease. Leukotrienes derived from arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism are known to negatively regulate a protective Th1 immune response against bacterial infections. Here, using genomics approaches we demonstrate that Brucella abortus strongly stimulates the prostaglandin (PG) pathway in dendritic cells (DC). We also show an induction of AA production by infected cells. This correlates with the expression of Ptgs2, a gene encoding the downstream cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme in infected DC. By comparing different infection routes (oral, intradermal, intranasal and conjunctival), we identified the intradermal inoculation route as the more potent in inducing Ptgs2 expression but also in inducing a local inflammatory response in the draining cervical lymph nodes (CLN). NS-398, a specific inhibitor of COX-2 enzymatic activity decreased B. melitensis burden in the CLN after intradermal infection. This effect was accompanied by a decrease of Il10 and a concomitant increase of Ifng expression. Altogether, these results suggest that Brucella has evolved to take advantage of the PG pathway in the harsh environment of the CLN in order to persist and subvert immune responses. This work also proposes that novel strategies to control brucellosis may include the use of COX-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gagnaire
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO, USA
| | - Alexia Papadopoulos
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy Marseille, France
| | - Kristine Von Bargen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, IRD, URMITE Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy Marseille, France
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Marth T, Moos V, Müller C, Biagi F, Schneider T. Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple's disease. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:e13-22. [PMID: 26856775 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00537-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in medical microbiology, epidemiology, cellular biology, and the availability of an expanded set of diagnostic methods such as histopathology, immunohistochemistry, PCR, and bacterial culture have improved our understanding of the clinical range and natural course of Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple's disease. Interdisciplinary and transnational research activities have contributed to the clarification of the pathogenesis of the disorder and have enabled controlled trials of different treatment strategies. We summarise the current knowledge and new findings relating to T whipplei infection and Whipple's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Marth
- Division of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Maria Hilf, Daun, Germany.
| | - Verena Moos
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Division of Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- University Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federico Biagi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Division of Infectious Diseases, Berlin, Germany
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Marth T. Systematic review: Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whipplei infection) and its unmasking by tumour necrosis factor inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41:709-24. [PMID: 25693648 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The classical form of Whipple's disease (WD), clinically characterised by arthropathy, diarrhoea and weight loss, is rare. Recently, other more frequent forms of Tropheryma whipplei infection have been recognised. The clinical spectrum includes an acute, self-limiting disease in children, localised forms affecting cardiac valves or the central nervous system without intestinal symptoms, and asymptomatic carriage of T. whipplei which is found in around 4% of Europeans. Genomic analysis has shown that T. whipplei represents a host-dependent or opportunistic bacterium. It has been reported that the clinical course of T. whipplei infection may be influenced by medical immunosuppression. AIM To identify associations between immunomodulatory treatment and the clinical course of T. whipplei infection. METHODS A PubMed literature search was performed and 19 studies reporting on immunosuppression, particularly therapy with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFI) prior to the diagnosis in 41 patients with Whipple?s disease, were evaluated. RESULTS As arthritis may precede the diagnosis of WD by many years, a relevant percentage (up to 50% in some reports) of patients are treated with immunomodulatory drugs or with TNFI. Many publications report on a complicated Whipple?s disease course or T. whipplei endocarditis following medical immunosuppression, particularly after TNFI. Standard diagnostic tests such as periodic acid-Schiff stain used to diagnose Whipple?s disease often fail in patients who are pre-treated by TNFI. CONCLUSIONS In cases of doubt, Whipple?s disease should be excluded before therapy with TNFI. The fact that immunosuppressive therapy contributes to the progression of T. whipplei infection expands our pathogenetic view of this clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Marth
- Division of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus Maria Hilf, Daun, Germany
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Schinnerling K, Geelhaar-Karsch A, Allers K, Friebel J, Conrad K, Loddenkemper C, Kühl AA, Erben U, Ignatius R, Moos V, Schneider T. Role of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Whipple's disease. Infect Immun 2015; 83:482-91. [PMID: 25385798 PMCID: PMC4294246 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02463-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of Tropheryma whipplei-stuffed macrophages in the duodenum, impaired T. whipplei-specific Th1 responses, and weak secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) are hallmarks of classical Whipple's disease (CWD). This study addresses dendritic cell (DC) functionality during CWD. We documented composition, distribution, and functionality of DC ex vivo or after in vitro maturation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and by immunohistochemistry in situ. A decrease in peripheral DC of untreated CWD patients compared to healthy donors was due to reduced CD11c(high) myeloid DC (M-DC). Decreased maturation markers CD83, CD86, and CCR7, as well as low IL-12 production in response to stimulation, disclosed an immature M-DC phenotype. In vitro-generated monocyte-derived DC from CWD patients showed normal maturation and T cell-stimulatory capacity under proinflammatory conditions but produced less IL-12 and failed to activate T. whipplei-specific Th1 cells. In duodenal and lymphoid tissues, T. whipplei was found within immature DC-SIGN(+) DC. DC and proliferating lymphocytes were reduced in lymph nodes of CWD patients compared to levels in controls. Our results indicate that dysfunctional IL-12 production by DC provides suboptimal conditions for priming of T. whipplei-specific T cells during CWD and that immature DC carrying T. whipplei contribute to the dissemination of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Allers
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Friebel
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Conrad
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja A Kühl
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Erben
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institut für Tropenmedizin und Internationale Gesundheit, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CBF, Berlin, Germany
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Kroner A, Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, Passos Dos Santos R, Gaestel M, David S. TNF and increased intracellular iron alter macrophage polarization to a detrimental M1 phenotype in the injured spinal cord. Neuron 2014; 83:1098-116. [PMID: 25132469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and microglia can be polarized along a continuum toward a detrimental (M1) or a beneficial (M2) state in the injured CNS. Although phagocytosis of myelin in vitro promotes M2 polarization, macrophage/microglia in the injured spinal cord retain a predominantly M1 state that is detrimental to recovery. We have identified two factors that underlie this skewing toward M1 polarization in the injured CNS. We show that TNF prevents phagocytosis-mediated conversion from M1 to M2 cells in vitro and in vivo in spinal cord injury (SCI). Additionally, iron that accumulates in macrophages in SCI increases TNF expression and the appearance of a macrophage population with a proinflammatory mixed M1/M2 phenotype. In addition, transplantation experiments show that increased loading of M2 macrophages with iron induces a rapid switch from M2 to M1 phenotype. The combined effect of this favors predominant and prolonged M1 macrophage polarization that is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kroner
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Andrew D Greenhalgh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Rosmarini Passos Dos Santos
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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14
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Gorvel L, Textoris J, Banchereau R, Ben Amara A, Tantibhedhyangkul W, von Bargen K, Ka MB, Capo C, Ghigo E, Gorvel JP, Mege JL. Intracellular bacteria interfere with dendritic cell functions: role of the type I interferon pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99420. [PMID: 24915541 PMCID: PMC4051653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate host defenses against microorganisms. In infectious diseases due to intracellular bacteria, the inefficiency of the immune system to eradicate microorganisms has been attributed to the hijacking of DC functions. In this study, we selected intracellular bacterial pathogens with distinct lifestyles and explored the responses of monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Using lipopolysaccharide as a control, we found that Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus that survives in the cytosol of target cells, induced moDC maturation, as assessed by decreased endocytosis activity, the ability to induce lymphocyte proliferation and the membrane expression of phenotypic markers. In contrast, Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever, and Brucella abortus, the agent of brucellosis, both of which reside in vacuolar compartments, only partly induced the maturation of moDCs, as demonstrated by a phenotypic analysis. To analyze the mechanisms used by C. burnetii and B. abortus to alter moDC activation, we performed microarray and found that C. burnetii and B. abortus induced a specific signature consisting of TLR4, TLR3, STAT1 and interferon response genes. These genes were down-modulated in response to C. burnetii and B. abortus but up-modulated in moDCs activated by lipopolysaccharide and O. tsutsugamushi. This transcriptional alteration was associated with the defective interferon-β production. This study demonstrates that intracellular bacteria specifically affect moDC responses and emphasizes how C. burnetii and B. abortus interfere with moDC activation and the antimicrobial immune response. We believe that comparing infection by several bacterial species may be useful for defining new pathways and biomarkers and for developing new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gorvel
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Textoris
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amira Ben Amara
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Wiwit Tantibhedhyangkul
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kristin von Bargen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, INSERM, U1104, CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Mignane B. Ka
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Capo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, INSERM, U1104, CNRS, UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7278, IRD198, INSERM U1095, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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15
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Lagier JC, Raoult D. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with bacterial infections. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:341-50. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.887677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France ;
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16
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hPNAS-4 inhibits proliferation through S phase arrest and apoptosis: underlying action mechanism in ovarian cancer cells. Apoptosis 2013; 18:467-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0797-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Du W, Hong J, Wang YC, Zhang YJ, Wang P, Su WY, Lin YW, Lu R, Zou WP, Xiong H, Fang JY. Inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signalling induces colorectal cancer cell apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1878-88. [PMID: 22050790 PMCID: PMC3822699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in the JAK2/STAT3 pathway are involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC), including apoptosis. However, the exact mechanism by which dysregulated JAK2/STAT3 signalling contributes to the apoptosis has not been clarified. To investigate the role of both JAK2 and STAT3 in the mechanism underlying CRC apoptosis, we inhibited JAK2 with AG490 and depleted STAT3 with a small interfering RNA. Our data showed that inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signalling induced CRC cellular apoptosis via modulating the Bcl-2 gene family, promoting the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) and the increase of reactive oxygen species. In addition, our results demonstrated that the translocation of cytochrome c (Cyt c), caspase activation and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were present in apoptotic CRC cells after down-regulation of JAK2/STAT3 signalling. Moreover, inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 signalling suppressed CRC xenograft tumour growth. We found that JAK2/STAT3 target genes were decreased; meanwhile caspase cascade was activated in xenograft tumours. Our findings illustrated the biological significance of JAK2/STAT3 signalling in CRC apoptosis, and provided novel evidence that inhibition of JAK2/STAT3 induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Therefore, JAK2/STAT3 signalling may be a potential target for therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Du
- GI Division, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institution of Digestive Disease, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Since the initial description of apoptosis, a number of different forms of cell death have been described. In this review we will focus on classic caspase-dependent apoptosis and its variations that contribute to diseases. Over fifty years of research have clarified molecular mechanisms involved in apoptotic signaling as well and shown that alterations of these pathways lead to human diseases. Indeed both reduced and increased apoptosis can result in pathology. More recently these findings have led to the development of therapeutic approaches based on regulation of apoptosis, some of which are in clinical trials or have entered medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Favaloro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universita' "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Bucur O, Stancu AL, Khosravi-Far R, Almasan A. Analysis of apoptosis methods recently used in Cancer Research and Cell Death & Disease publications. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e263. [PMID: 22297295 PMCID: PMC3288344 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The strong interest in cell death, and the shift in emphasis from basic mechanisms to translational aspects fostered the launch last year of the new sister journal of Cell Death and Differentiation, named Cell Death and Disease, to reflect its stronger focus towards clinical applications. Here, we review that first year of activity, which reflects an enthusiastic response by the scientific community. On the basis of this, we now launch two novel initiatives, the start of a new section dedicated to cancer metabolism and the opening of a new editorial office in Shanghai.
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Gudiño M, Gudiño Á. Fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad de Whipple. Medwave 2011. [DOI: 10.5867/medwave.2011.08.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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22
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New insights into Whipple’s disease and Tropheryma whipplei infections. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:1102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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