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Lee JC, Ray RM, Scott TA. Prospects and challenges of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles. Mol Ther 2024:S1525-0016(24)00408-8. [PMID: 38910325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered a vital component of cell-to-cell communication and represent a new frontier in diagnostics and a means to identify pathways for therapeutic intervention. Recently, studies have revealed the importance of tissue-derived EVs (Ti-EVs), which are EVs present in the interstitial spaces between cells, as they better represent the underlying physiology of complex, multicellular tissue microenvironments in biology and disease. EVs are native, lipid bilayer membraned nano-sized particles produced by all cells that are packaged with varied functional biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They are implicated in short- and long-range cellular communication and may elicit functional responses in recipient cells. To date, studies have often utilized cultured cells or biological fluids as a source for EVs that do not capture local molecular signatures of the tissue microenvironment. Recent work utilizing Ti-EVs has elucidated novel biomarkers for disease and provided insights into disease mechanisms that may lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents. Still, there are considerable challenges facing current studies. This review explores the vast potential and unique challenges for Ti-EV research and provides considerations for future studies that seek to advance this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roslyn M Ray
- Gene Therapy Research, CSL Behring, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
| | - Tristan A Scott
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope, Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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2
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Cha S, Kim MY. The role of cellular prion protein in immune system. BMB Rep 2023; 56:645-650. [PMID: 37817440 PMCID: PMC10761747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the cellular prion protein (PrPC) since its discovery. These investigations have explained that its structure is predominantly composed of alpha helices and short beta sheet segments, and when its abnormal scrapie isoform (PrPSc) is infected, PrPSc transforms the PrPC, leading to prion diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. Given its ubiquitous distribution across a variety of cellular types, the PrPC manifests a diverse range of biological functions, including cell-cell adhesion, neuroprotection, signalings, and oxidative stress response. PrPC is also expressed in immune tissues, and its functions in these tissues include the activation of immune cells and the formation of secondary lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Moreover, high expression of PrPC in immune cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. In addition, it affects inflammation and the development and progression of cancer via various mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the studies on the role of PrPC from various immunological perspectives. [BMB Reports 2023; 56(12): 645-650].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Cha
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Life Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
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3
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Luchetti F, Balduini W, Carloni S, Nasoni M, Reiter R. Melatonin, tunneling nanotubes, mesenchymal cells, and tissue regeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:760-762. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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4
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Grimaldi I, Leser FS, Janeiro JM, da Rosa BG, Campanelli AC, Romão L, Lima FRS. The multiple functions of PrP C in physiological, cancer, and neurodegenerative contexts. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:1405-1425. [PMID: 36056255 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a highly conserved glycoprotein, present both anchored in the cell membrane and soluble in the extracellular medium. It has a diversity of ligands and is variably expressed in numerous tissues and cell subtypes, most notably in the central nervous system (CNS). Its importance has been brought to light over the years both under physiological conditions, such as embryogenesis and immune system homeostasis, and in pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. During development, PrPC plays an important role in CNS, participating in axonal growth and guidance and differentiation of glial cells, but also in other organs such as the heart, lung, and digestive system. In diseases, PrPC has been related to several types of tumors, modulating cancer stem cells, enhancing malignant properties, and inducing drug resistance. Also, in non-neoplastic diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, PrPC seems to alter the dynamics of neurotoxic aggregate formation and, consequently, the progression of the disease. In this review, we explore in detail the multiple functions of this protein, which proved to be relevant for understanding the dynamics of organism homeostasis, as well as a promising target in the treatment of both neoplastic and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Grimaldi
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Felipe Saceanu Leser
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Marcos Janeiro
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Gomes da Rosa
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Campanelli
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Romão
- Cell Morphogenesis Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Glial Cell Biology Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Abd Aziz NAW, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Abd Latiff A, Ismail NM. Neuroprotection by Trans-Resveratrol in Rats With Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Insights into the Role of Adenosine A1 Receptors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:596-613. [PMID: 35799401 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the neuroprotective effects of trans-resveratrol (RV), this study aimed to investigate the involvement of the adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) in RV-mediated neuroprotection in a rat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) model induced by intrastriatal injection of collagenase. Rats were divided into 5 groups: (1) control, (2) sham-operated, (3) ICH pretreated with vehicle, (4) ICH pretreated with RV, and (5) ICH pretreated with RV and the A1R antagonist DPCPX. At 48 hours after ICH, the rats were subjected to neurological testing. Brain tissues were assessed for neuronal density and morphological features using routine and immunohistochemical staining. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3, and RIPK3 proteins was examined using ELISA. A1R, MAPK P38, Hsp90, TrkB, and BDNF genes were examined using RT-qPCR. RV protected against neurological deficits and neuronal depletion, restored the expression of TNF-α, CASP3, RIPK3, A1R, and Hsp90, and increased BDNF/TrkB. DPCPX abolished the effects of RV on neurological outcomes, neuronal density, CASP3, RIPK3, A1R, Hsp90, and BDNF. These data indicate that the neuroprotection by RV involves A1R and inhibits CASP3-dependent apoptosis and RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in the perihematoma region; this is likely to be mediated by crosstalk between A1R and the BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Azliza Wani Abd Aziz
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Renu Agarwal
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Azian Abd Latiff
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- From the Centre for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA, NSB, NMI); Centre of Preclinical Science Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (NAWAA); School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (II, RA); Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia (II); and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (AAL)
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Tobeiha M, Jafari A, Fadaei S, Mirazimi SMA, Dashti F, Amiri A, Khan H, Asemi Z, Reiter RJ, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Evidence for the Benefits of Melatonin in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:888319. [PMID: 35795371 PMCID: PMC9251346 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.888319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine gland which produces melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone with critical physiological roles in the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin has been shown to possess anti-oxidant activity and neuroprotective properties. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin has significant functions in cardiovascular disease, and may have anti-aging properties. The ability of melatonin to decrease primary hypertension needs to be more extensively evaluated. Melatonin has shown significant benefits in reducing cardiac pathology, and preventing the death of cardiac muscle in response to ischemia-reperfusion in rodent species. Moreover, melatonin may also prevent the hypertrophy of the heart muscle under some circumstances, which in turn would lessen the development of heart failure. Several currently used conventional drugs show cardiotoxicity as an adverse effect. Recent rodent studies have shown that melatonin acts as an anti-oxidant and is effective in suppressing heart damage mediated by pharmacologic drugs. Therefore, melatonin has been shown to have cardioprotective activity in multiple animal and human studies. Herein, we summarize the most established benefits of melatonin in the cardiovascular system with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tobeiha
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Fadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health. Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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7
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Yakovlev AA. Neuroprotective Effects of Astrocyte Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Naoluo Xintong Decoction Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Angiogenesis through Activating the HIF-1α/VEGF Signaling Pathway in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9341466. [PMID: 35449809 PMCID: PMC9017488 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9341466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Naoluo Xintong decoction (NLXTD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula which has been used to improve neuronal functional recovery after cerebral ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanism underlying NLXTD's amelioration of ischemic stroke remains unclear. The present study was designed to explore the effect and mechanism of NLXTD on brain angiogenesis in a rat model with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury targeting the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Materials and Methods Cerebral I/R model was established by the classical middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (n = 80) were randomly divided into the sham-operation group, the model group, the HIF-1α inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) group, the 2ME2 with NLXTD group, and the NLXTD group. Neurological deficit test, TTC staining, H&E staining, TUNEL staining, immunohistochemistry (IH), immunofluorescence (IF), western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR were performed to evaluate the effect of NLXTD after MCAO. Results Administration of NLXTD significantly decreased neuron deficiency scores, reduced brain infarct volume, and lowered damaged and apoptotic cells after brain I/R injury in rats. Meanwhile, NLXTD had a protective effect on angiogenesis by increasing the MVD and the expressions of BrdU and CD34, which enhanced the number of endothelial cells in the ischemic penumbra brain. NLXTD treatment significantly raised the protein and mRNA levels of HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR2, and Notch1 compared with the model treatment. In contrast, a specific HIF-1α inhibitor, 2ME2, inhibited the improvement of neurological function and angiogenesis in NLXTD-induced rats with cerebral I/R injury, suggesting that NLXTD played a positive role in ischemic brain injury by activating the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway. Conclusions NLXTD exerts neuroprotection targeting angiogenesis by upregulating the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway on cerebral I/R injury rats.
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Extracellular alpha-synuclein: Sensors, receptors, and responses. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mohammadi B, Song F, Matamoros-Angles A, Shafiq M, Damme M, Puig B, Glatzel M, Altmeppen HC. Anchorless risk or released benefit? An updated view on the ADAM10-mediated shedding of the prion protein. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 392:215-234. [PMID: 35084572 PMCID: PMC10113312 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is a broadly expressed glycoprotein linked with a multitude of (suggested) biological and pathological implications. Some of these roles seem to be due to constitutively generated proteolytic fragments of the protein. Among them is a soluble PrP form, which is released from the surface of neurons and other cell types by action of the metalloprotease ADAM10 in a process termed 'shedding'. The latter aspect is the focus of this review, which aims to provide a comprehensive overview on (i) the relevance of proteolytic processing in regulating cellular PrP functions, (ii) currently described involvement of shed PrP in neurodegenerative diseases (including prion diseases and Alzheimer's disease), (iii) shed PrP's expected roles in intercellular communication in many more (patho)physiological conditions (such as stroke, cancer or immune responses), (iv) and the need for improved research tools in respective (future) studies. Deeper mechanistic insight into roles played by PrP shedding and its resulting fragment may pave the way for improved diagnostics and future therapeutic approaches in diseases of the brain and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
- Working Group for Interdisciplinary Neurobiology and Immunology (INI Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Feizhi Song
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreu Matamoros-Angles
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
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Cellular Prion Protein Is Essential for Myocardial Regeneration but Not the Recovery of Left Ventricular Function from Apical Ballooning. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010167. [PMID: 35052846 PMCID: PMC8773636 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that cellular prion protein (PrPC) played an essential role in myocardial regeneration and recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from apical takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) induced by transaortic constriction (TAC). In vitro study was categorized into G1 (H9C2), G2 (H9C2-overexpression-PrPC), G3 (H9C2-overexpression-PrPC + Stelazine/1 uM), and G4 (H9C2 + siRNA-PrPC), respectively. The results showed that the protein expressions of PrPC, cell-stress signaling (p-PI3K/p-Akt/p-m-TOR) and signal transduction pathway for cell proliferation/division (RAS/c-RAF/p-MEK/p-ERK1/2) were lowest in G1, highest in G2, significantly higher in G3 than in G4 (all p < 0.001). Adult-male B6 mice (n = 30) were equally categorized in group 1 (sham-control), group 2 (TAC) for 14 days, then relieved the knot and administered BrdU (50 ug/kg/intravenously/q.6.h for two times from day-14 after TAC) and group 3 (TAC + Stelazine/20 mg/kg/day since day 7 after TAC up to day 21 + BrdU administered as group 2), and animals were euthanized at day 28. The results showed that by day 28, the LVEF was significantly higher in group 1 than in groups 2/3 and significantly higher in group 3 than in group 2, whereas the LV chamber size exhibited an opposite pattern of LVEF (all p < 0.0001). The protein expressions of PrPC/p-PI3K/p-Akt/p-m-TOR/cyclin D/cyclin E and cellular-proliferation biomarkers (Ki67/PCNA/BrdU) exhibited an opposite pattern of LVEF (all p < 0.0001) among the three groups, whereas the protein expressions of RAS/c-RAF/p-MEK/p-ERK1/2 were significantly and progressively increased from groups 1 to 3 (all p < 0.0001). In conclusion, PrPC participated in regulating the intrinsic response of cell-stress signaling and myocardial regeneration but did not offer significant benefit on recovery of the heart function in the setting of TCM.
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Mouillet-Richard S, Ghazi A, Laurent-Puig P. The Cellular Prion Protein and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13195032. [PMID: 34638517 PMCID: PMC8508458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13195032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The cellular prion protein PrPC is best known for its involvement, under its pathogenic isoform, in a group of neurodegenerative diseases. Notwithstanding, an emerging role for PrPC in various cancer-associated processes has attracted increasing attention over recent years. PrPC is overexpressed in diverse types of solid cancers and has been incriminated in various aspects of cancer biology, most notably proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, as well as resistance to cytotoxic agents. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of PrPC with respect to the hallmarks of cancer, a reference framework encompassing the major characteristics of cancer cells. Abstract Beyond its causal involvement in a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, the cellular prion protein PrPC is now taking centre stage as an important contributor to cancer progression in various types of solid tumours. The prion cancer research field has progressively expanded in the last few years and has yielded consistent evidence for an involvement of PrPC in cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, therapeutic resistance and cancer stem cell properties. Most recent data have uncovered new facets of the biology of PrPC in cancer, ranging from its control on enzymes involved in immune tolerance to its radio-protective activity, by way of promoting angiogenesis. In the present review, we aim to summarise the body of literature dedicated to the study of PrPC in relation to cancer from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer, the reference framework defined by Hanahan and Weinberg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandre Ghazi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France; (A.G.); (P.L.-P.)
- Department of Biology, Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
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Yao H, Lv C, Luo F, He C. Plasma cellular prion protein concentrations correlate with severity and prognosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:114-119. [PMID: 34537219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is greatly expressed in injured brain tissues. We investigates correlation of plasma PrPc concentrations with severity, delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) plus prognosis following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). METHODS Plasma PrPc concentrations were measured in 110 aSAH patients and 110 healthy controls. The World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale (WFNS) score, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, Hunt-Hess score and modified Fisher score were utilized to assess hemorrhagic severity. Relations of plasma PrPc concentrations to DCI and 90-day poor outcome (Glasgow outcome scale score of 1-3) were analyzed using multivariate analysis. Prognostic predictive capabilities were determined under receiver operating characteristic curve. RESULTS Plasma PrPc concentrations were significantly higher in patients than in controls. Plasma PrPc concentrations were tightly correlated with WFNS score, GCS score, Hunt-Hess score and modified Fisher score. Plasma PrPc emerged as an independent predictor for 90-day poor outcome, but not for DCI. Plasma PrPc concentrations exhibited similar prognostic predictive abilities, as compared to WFNS score, GCS score, Hunt-Hess score and modified Fisher score. CONCLUSIONS Plasma PrPc concentrations are highly associated with severity and poor outcome after hemorrhagic stroke, indicating that plasma PrPc may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker for aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Yao
- Medical Laboratory, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Caiping Lv
- Medical Laboratory, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China
| | - Fangjun Luo
- Medical Laboratory, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China.
| | - Chao He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 9 Jianmin Road, Zhuji 311800, China
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Brenna S, Altmeppen HC, Mohammadi B, Rissiek B, Schlink F, Ludewig P, Krisp C, Schlüter H, Failla AV, Schneider C, Glatzel M, Puig B, Magnus T. Characterization of brain-derived extracellular vesicles reveals changes in cellular origin after stroke and enrichment of the prion protein with a potential role in cellular uptake. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1809065. [PMID: 32944194 PMCID: PMC7480459 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1809065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important means of intercellular communication and a potent tool for regenerative therapy. In ischaemic stroke, transient blockage of a brain artery leads to a lack of glucose and oxygen in the affected brain tissue, provoking neuronal death by necrosis in the core of the ischaemic region. The fate of neurons in the surrounding penumbra region depends on the stimuli, including EVs, received during the following hours. A detailed characterization of such stimuli is crucial not only for understanding stroke pathophysiology but also for new therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we characterize the EVs in mouse brain under physiological conditions and 24 h after induction of transient ischaemia in mice. We show that, in steady-state conditions, microglia are the main source of small EVs (sEVs), whereas after ischaemia the main sEV population originates from astrocytes. Brain sEVs presented high amounts of the prion protein (PrP), which were further increased after stroke. Moreover, EVs were enriched in a proteolytically truncated PrP fragment (PrP-C1). Because of similarities between PrP-C1 and certain viral surface proteins, we studied the cellular uptake of brain-derived sEVs from mice lacking (PrP-KO) or expressing PrP (WT). We show that PrP-KO-sEVs are taken up significantly faster and more efficiently than WT-EVs by primary neurons. Furthermore, microglia and astrocytes engulf PrP-KO-sEVs more readily than WT-sEVs. Our results provide novel information on the relative contribution of brain cell types to the sEV pool in murine brain and indicate that increased release of sEVs by astrocytes together with elevated levels of PrP in sEVs may play a role in intercellular communication at early stages after stroke. In addition, amounts of PrP (and probably PrP-C1) in brain sEVs seem to contribute to regulating their cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florence Schlink
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonio Virgilio Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carola Schneider
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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15
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Puig B, Yang D, Brenna S, Altmeppen HC, Magnus T. Show Me Your Friends and I Tell You Who You Are: The Many Facets of Prion Protein in Stroke. Cells 2020; 9:E1609. [PMID: 32630841 PMCID: PMC7407975 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke belongs to the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Although treatments for the acute phase of stroke are available, not all patients are eligible. There is a need to search for therapeutic options to promote neurological recovery after stroke. The cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been consistently linked to a neuroprotective role after ischemic damage: it is upregulated in the penumbra area following stroke in humans, and animal models of stroke have shown that lack of PrPC aggravates the ischemic damage and lessens the functional outcome. Mechanistically, these effects can be linked to numerous functions attributed to PrPC: (1) as a signaling partner of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, (2) as a regulator of glutamate receptors, and (3) promoting stem cell homing mechanisms, leading to angio- and neurogenesis. PrPC can be cleaved at different sites and the proteolytic fragments can account for the manifold functions. Moreover, PrPC is present on extracellular vesicles (EVs), released membrane particles originating from all types of cells that have drawn attention as potential therapeutic tools in stroke and many other diseases. Thus, identification of the many mechanisms underlying PrPC-induced neuroprotection will not only provide further understanding of the physiological functions of PrPC but also new ideas for possible treatment options after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Puig
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Denise Yang
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | - Santra Brenna
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
| | | | - Tim Magnus
- Neurology Department, Experimental Research in Stroke and Inflammation (ERSI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.Y.); (S.B.); (T.M.)
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16
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Prion Protein in Stem Cells: A Lipid Raft Component Involved in the Cellular Differentiation Process. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114168. [PMID: 32545192 PMCID: PMC7312503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) is an enigmatic molecule with a pleiotropic effect on different cell types; it is localized stably in lipid raft microdomains and it is able to recruit downstream signal transduction pathways by its interaction with various biochemical partners. Since its discovery, this lipid raft component has been involved in several functions, although most of the publications focused on the pathological role of the protein. Recent studies report a key role of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in physiological processes, including cellular differentiation. Indeed, the PrPC, whose expression is modulated according to the cell differentiation degree, appears to be part of the multimolecular signaling pathways of the neuronal differentiation process. In this review, we aim to summarize the main findings that report the link between PrPC and stem cells.
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17
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Gavín R, Lidón L, Ferrer I, del Río JA. The Quest for Cellular Prion Protein Functions in the Aged and Neurodegenerating Brain. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030591. [PMID: 32131451 PMCID: PMC7140396 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular (also termed ‘natural’) prion protein has been extensively studied for many years for its pathogenic role in prionopathies after misfolding. However, neuroprotective properties of the protein have been demonstrated under various scenarios. In this line, the involvement of the cellular prion protein in neurodegenerative diseases other than prionopathies continues to be widely debated by the scientific community. In fact, studies on knock-out mice show a vast range of physiological functions for the protein that can be supported by its ability as a cell surface scaffold protein. In this review, we first summarize the most commonly described roles of cellular prion protein in neuroprotection, including antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities and modulation of glutamate receptors. Second, in light of recently described interaction between cellular prion protein and some amyloid misfolded proteins, we will also discuss the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in protection against neurodegeneration in pathologies such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4031185
| | - Laia Lidón
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Senior Consultant, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Science Park of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.L.); (J.A.d.R.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (Ciberned), 28031 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Lee JH, Yoon YM, Song K, Noh H, Lee SH. Melatonin suppresses senescence-derived mitochondrial dysfunction in mesenchymal stem cells via the HSPA1L-mitophagy pathway. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13111. [PMID: 31965731 PMCID: PMC7059143 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a popular cell source for stem cell‐based therapy. However, continuous ex vivo expansion to acquire large amounts of MSCs for clinical study induces replicative senescence, causing decreased therapeutic efficacy in MSCs. To address this issue, we investigated the effect of melatonin on replicative senescence in MSCs. In senescent MSCs (late passage), replicative senescence decreased mitophagy by inhibiting mitofission, resulting in the augmentation of mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment with melatonin rescued replicative senescence by enhancing mitophagy and mitochondrial function through upregulation of heat shock 70 kDa protein 1L (HSPA1L). More specifically, we found that melatonin‐induced HSPA1L binds to cellular prion protein (PrPC), resulting in the recruitment of PrPC into the mitochondria. The HSPA1L‐PrPC complex then binds to COX4IA, which is a mitochondrial complex IV protein, leading to an increase in mitochondrial membrane potential and anti‐oxidant enzyme activity. These protective effects were blocked by knockdown of HSPA1L. In a murine hindlimb ischemia model, melatonin‐treated senescent MSCs enhanced functional recovery by increasing blood flow perfusion, limb salvage, and neovascularization. This study, for the first time, suggests that melatonin protects MSCs against replicative senescence during ex vivo expansion for clinical application via mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul Korea
- Departments of Biochemistry Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine Cheonan Korea
| | - Yeo Min Yoon
- Medical Science Research Institute Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Keon‐Hyoung Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering College of Medical Science Soonchunhyang University Asan Korea
| | - Hyunjin Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine Soonchunhyang University Seoul Korea
- Hyonam Kidney Laboratory Soonchunhyang University Seoul Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital Seoul Korea
- Departments of Biochemistry Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine Cheonan Korea
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19
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The Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway in Cerebral Ischemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5457049. [PMID: 32089771 PMCID: PMC7016479 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5457049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy-lysosome pathway are two major routes for clearance of aberrant cellular components to maintain protein homeostasis and normal cellular functions. Accumulating evidence shows that these two pathways are impaired during cerebral ischemia, which contributes to ischemic-induced neuronal necrosis and apoptosis. This review aims to critically discuss current knowledge and controversies on these two pathways in response to cerebral ischemic stress. We also discuss molecular mechanisms underlying the impairments of these protein degradation pathways and how such impairments lead to neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. Further, we review the recent advance on the understanding of the involvement of these two pathways in the pathological process during many therapeutic approaches against cerebral ischemia. Despite recent advances, the exact role and molecular mechanisms of these two pathways following cerebral ischemia are complex and not completely understood, of which better understanding will provide avenues to develop novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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20
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From Tumor Metastasis towards Cerebral Ischemia-Extracellular Vesicles as a General Concept of Intercellular Communication Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235995. [PMID: 31795140 PMCID: PMC6928831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been tremendous carriers in both experimental and translational science. These vesicles—formerly regarded as artifacts of in vitro research—have a heterogeneous population of vesicles derived from virtually all eukaryotic cells. EVs consist of a bilayer lipid structure with a diameter of about 30 to 1000 nm and have a characteristic protein and non-coding RNA content that make up different forms of EVs such as exosomes, microvesicles, and others. Despite recent progress in the EV field, which is known to serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic tools under various pathological conditions, fundamental questions are yet to be answered. This short review focuses on recently reported data regarding EVs under pathological conditions with a particular emphasis on the role of EVs under such different conditions like tumor formation and cerebral ischemia. The review strives to point out general concepts of EV intercellular communication processes that might be vital to both diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the long run.
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21
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Peng L, Yin J, Ge M, Wang S, Xie L, Li Y, Si JQ, Ma K. Isoflurane Post-conditioning Ameliorates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Angiogenesis Through Activating the Shh/Gli Signaling Pathway in Rats. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:321. [PMID: 31024240 PMCID: PMC6465767 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Angiogenesis facilitates the formation of microvascular networks and promotes recovery after stroke. The Shh/Gli signaling pathway is implicated in angiogenesis and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study aimed at investigating the influence of isoflurane (ISO) post-conditioning on brain lesions and angiogenesis after I/R injury. Methods: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), 1.5 h occlusion and 24 h reperfusion (MCAO/R). The ISO post-conditioning group (ISO group) received 1 h ISO post-conditioning when reperfusion was initiated. Neurobehavioral tests, TTC staining, HE staining, Nissl staining, TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IH) and Western blot were performed to assess the effect of ISO after I/R injury. Results: ISO post-conditioning resulted in lower infarct volumes and neurologic deficit scores, higher rate of neurons survival, and less damaged and apoptotic cells after cerebral I/R injury in rats. Meanwhile, ISO post-conditioning significantly increased the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD34 in the ischemic penumbra, relative to that in the Sham and I/R groups. However, cyclopamine, the specific inhibitor of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, decreased the expression levels of VEGF and CD34, and counteracted the protective effects of ISO post-conditioning against I/R injury in rats. Conclusions: ISO post-conditioning enhances angiogenesis in vivo partly via the Shh/Gli signaling pathway. Thus, Shh/Gli may represent new therapeutic targets for aiding recovery from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiangwen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Mingyue Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun-Qiang Si
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University and The Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, China
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22
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Korytina GF, Akhmadishina LZ, Aznabaeva YG, Kochetova OV, Zagidullin NS, Kzhyshkowska JG, Zagidullin SZ, Viktorova TV. Associations of the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway and antioxidant defense gene polymorphisms with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gene 2019; 692:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Salvesen Ø, Tatzelt J, Tranulis MA. The prion protein in neuroimmune crosstalk. Neurochem Int 2018; 130:104335. [PMID: 30448564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a medium-sized glycoprotein, attached to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. PrPC is encoded by a single-copy gene, PRNP, which is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and at lower levels in non-neuronal cells, including those of the immune system. Evidence from experimental knockout of PRNP in rodents, goats, and cattle and the occurrence of a nonsense mutation in goat that prevents synthesis of PrPC, have shown that the molecule is non-essential for life. Indeed, no easily recognizable phenotypes are associate with a lack of PrPC, except the potentially advantageous trait that animals without PrPC cannot develop prion disease. This is because, in prion diseases, PrPC converts to a pathogenic "scrapie" conformer, PrPSc, which aggregates and eventually induces neurodegeneration. In addition, endogenous neuronal PrPC serves as a toxic receptor to mediate prion-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, PrPC is an interesting target for treatment of prion diseases. Although loss of PrPC has no discernable effect, alteration of its normal physiological function can have very harmful consequences. It is therefore important to understand cellular processes involving PrPC, and research of this topic has advanced considerably in the past decade. Here, we summarize data that indicate the role of PrPC in modulating immune signaling, with emphasis on neuroimmune crosstalk both under basal conditions and during inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øyvind Salvesen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway.
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Department Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Michael A Tranulis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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The Prion Protein Regulates Synaptic Transmission by Controlling the Expression of Proteins Key to Synaptic Vesicle Recycling and Exocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3420-3436. [PMID: 30128651 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC), whose misfolded conformers are implicated in prion diseases, localizes to both the presynaptic membrane and postsynaptic density. To explore possible molecular contributions of PrPC to synaptic transmission, we utilized a mass spectrometry approach to quantify the release of glutamate from primary cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) expressing, or deprived of (PrP-KO), PrPC, following a depolarizing stimulus. Under the same conditions, we also tracked recycling of synaptic vesicles (SVs) in the two neuronal populations. We found that in PrP-KO CGN these processes decreased by 40 and 60%, respectively, compared to PrPC-expressing neurons. Unbiased quantitative mass spectrometry was then employed to compare the whole proteome of CGN with the two PrP genotypes. This approach allowed us to assess that, relative to the PrPC-expressing counterpart, the absence of PrPC modified the protein expression profile, including diminution of some components of SV recycling and fusion machinery. Subsequent quantitative RT-PCR closely reproduced proteomic data, indicating that PrPC is committed to ensuring optimal synaptic transmission by regulating genes involved in SV dynamics and neurotransmitter release. These novel molecular and cellular aspects of PrPC add insight into the underlying mechanisms for synaptic dysfunctions occurring in neurodegenerative disorders in which a compromised PrPC is likely to intervene.
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25
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Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an ubiquitous peptide involved, among others, in neurodevelopment, neuromodulation, neuroprotection, neurogenic inflammation and nociception. Presence of PACAP and its specific receptor, PAC1, in the trigeminocervical complex, changes of PACAP levels in migraine patients and the migraine-inducing effect of PACAP injection strongly support the involvement of PACAP/PAC1 receptor in migraine pathogenesis. While antagonizing PAC1 receptor is a promising therapeutic target in migraine, the diverse array of PACAP's functions, including protection in ischemic events, requires that the cost-benefit of such an intervention is well investigated by taking all the beneficial effects of PACAP into account. In the present review we summarize the protective effects of PACAP in ischemia, especially in neuronal ischemic injuries, and discuss possible points to consider when developing strategies in migraine therapy interfering with the PACAP/PAC1 receptor system.
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26
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Allison WT, DuVal MG, Nguyen-Phuoc K, Leighton PLA. Reduced Abundance and Subverted Functions of Proteins in Prion-Like Diseases: Gained Functions Fascinate but Lost Functions Affect Aetiology. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2223. [PMID: 29064456 PMCID: PMC5666902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions have served as pathfinders that reveal many aspects of proteostasis in neurons. The recent realization that several prominent neurodegenerative diseases spread via a prion-like mechanism illuminates new possibilities for diagnostics and therapeutics. Thus, key proteins in Alzheimer Disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including amyloid-β precursor protein, Tau and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), spread to adjacent cells in their misfolded aggregated forms and exhibit template-directed misfolding to induce further misfolding, disruptions to proteostasis and toxicity. Here we invert this comparison to ask what these prion-like diseases can teach us about the broad prion disease class, especially regarding the loss of these key proteins' function(s) as they misfold and aggregate. We also consider whether functional amyloids might reveal a role for subverted protein function in neurodegenerative disease. Our synthesis identifies SOD1 as an exemplar of protein functions being lost during prion-like protein misfolding, because SOD1 is inherently unstable and loses function in its misfolded disease-associated form. This has under-appreciated parallels amongst the canonical prion diseases, wherein the normally folded prion protein, PrPC, is reduced in abundance in fatal familial insomnia patients and during the preclinical phase in animal models, apparently via proteostatic mechanisms. Thus while template-directed misfolding and infectious properties represent gain-of-function that fascinates proteostasis researchers and defines (is required for) the prion(-like) diseases, loss and subversion of the functions attributed to hallmark proteins in neurodegenerative disease needs to be integrated into design towards effective therapeutics. We propose experiments to uniquely test these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ted Allison
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
| | - Michèle G DuVal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Kim Nguyen-Phuoc
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
| | - Patricia L A Leighton
- Centre for Prions & Protein Folding Disease, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
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27
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Hirsch TZ, Martin-Lannerée S, Mouillet-Richard S. Functions of the Prion Protein. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:1-34. [PMID: 28838656 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although initially disregarded compared to prion pathogenesis, the functions exerted by the cellular prion protein PrPC have gained much interest over the past two decades. Research aiming at unraveling PrPC functions started to intensify when it became appreciated that it would give clues as to how it is subverted in the context of prion infection and, more recently, in the context of Alzheimer's disease. It must now be admitted that PrPC is implicated in an incredible variety of biological processes, including neuronal homeostasis, stem cell fate, protection against stress, or cell adhesion. It appears that these diverse roles can all be fulfilled through the involvement of PrPC in cell signaling events. Our aim here is to provide an overview of our current understanding of PrPC functions from the animal to the molecular scale and to highlight some of the remaining gaps that should be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Z Hirsch
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France
| | - Séverine Martin-Lannerée
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Mouillet-Richard
- INSERM UMR 1124, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1124, Paris, France.
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28
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Linsenmeier L, Altmeppen HC, Wetzel S, Mohammadi B, Saftig P, Glatzel M. Diverse functions of the prion protein - Does proteolytic processing hold the key? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2128-2137. [PMID: 28693923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic processing of the cellular and disease-associated form of the prion protein leads to generation of bioactive soluble prion protein fragments and modifies the structure and function of its cell-bound form. The nature of proteases responsible for shedding, α-, β-, and γ-cleavage of the prion protein are only partially identified and their regulation is largely unknown. Here, we provide an overview of the increasingly multifaceted picture of prion protein proteolysis and shed light on physiological and pathological roles associated with these cleavages. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Linsenmeier
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hermann C Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wetzel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Behnam Mohammadi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
The misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) causes fatal neurodegenerative diseases. Yet PrPC is highly conserved in mammals, suggesting that it exerts beneficial functions preventing its evolutionary elimination. Ablation of PrPC in mice results in well-defined structural and functional alterations in the peripheral nervous system. Many additional phenotypes were ascribed to the lack of PrPC, but some of these were found to arise from genetic artifacts of the underlying mouse models. Here, we revisit the proposed physiological roles of PrPC in the central and peripheral nervous systems and highlight the need for their critical reassessment using new, rigorously controlled animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Angela Wulf
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Assunta Senatore
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland.
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30
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Yin Y, Li X, He XT, Wu RX, Sun HH, Chen FM. Leveraging Stem Cell Homing for Therapeutic Regeneration. J Dent Res 2017; 96:601-609. [PMID: 28414563 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517706070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident stem cell pools in many tissues/organs are responsible not only for tissue maintenance during physiologic turnover but also for the process of wound repair following injury. With inspiration from stem cell trafficking within the body under physiologic and pathologic conditions, recent advances have been made toward inducing stem cell mobilization and directing patients' own cells to sites of interest for treating a broad spectrum of diseases. An evolving body of work corroborates that delivering guidance cues can mobilize stem cells from the bone marrow and drive these cells toward a specific region. In addition, the transplantation of cell-friendly biomaterials incorporating certain biomolecules has led to the regeneration of lost/damaged tissue without the need for delivering cellular materials manipulated ex vivo. Recently, cell homing has resulted in remarkable biological discoveries in the laboratory as well as great curative successes in preclinical scenarios. Here, we review the biological evidence underlying in vivo cell mobilization and homing with the aim of leveraging endogenous reparative cells for therapeutic applications. Considering both the promise and the obstacles of this approach, we discuss how matrix components of the in vivo milieu can be modified to promote the native regenerative process and inspire future tissue-engineering design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - X T He
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - R X Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - H H Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - F M Chen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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31
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Lee JH, Han YS, Lee SH. Potentiation of biological effects of mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic conditions by melatonin via upregulation of cellular prion protein expression. J Pineal Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28095625 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for stem cell-based therapy in ischemic diseases. However, ischemic injury induces pathophysiological conditions, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, which diminish therapeutic efficacy of MSC-based therapy by reducing survival and functionality of transplanted MSCs. To overcome this problem, we explored the effects of melatonin on the proliferation, resistance to oxidative stress, and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. Treatment with melatonin enhanced MSC proliferation and self-renewal via upregulation of cellular prion protein (PrPC ) expression. Melatonin diminished the extent of MSC apoptosis in oxidative stress conditions by regulating the levels of apoptosis-associated proteins, such as BCL-2, BAX, PARP-1, and caspase-3, in a PrPC -dependent manner. In addition, melatonin regulated the immunomodulatory effects of MSCs via the PrPC -IDO axis. In a murine hind-limb ischemia model, melatonin-stimulated MSCs improved the blood flow perfusion, limb salvage, and vessel regeneration by lowering the extent of apoptosis of affected local cells and transplanted MSCs as well as by reducing infiltration of macrophages. These melatonin-mediated therapeutic effects were inhibited by silencing of PrPC expression. Our findings for the first time indicate that melatonin promotes MSC functionality and enhances MSC-mediated neovascularization in ischemic tissues through the upregulation of PrPC expression. In conclusion, melatonin-treated MSCs could provide a therapeutic strategy for vessel regeneration in ischemic disease, and the targeting of PrPC levels may prove instrumental for MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Departments of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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32
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Meguid NA, Ghozlan SAS, Mohamed MF, Ibrahim MK, Dawood RM, Din NGBE, Abdelhafez TH, Hemimi M, Awady MKE. Expression of Reactive Oxygen Species-Related Transcripts in Egyptian Children With Autism. Biomark Insights 2017; 12:1177271917691035. [PMID: 28469396 PMCID: PMC5391985 DOI: 10.1177/1177271917691035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of the pathophysiological role of oxidative stress in autism is understudied. Herein, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array to analyze transcriptional pattern of 84 oxidative stress genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell pools isolated from 32 autistic patients (16 mild/moderate and 16 severe) and 16 healthy subjects (each sample is a pool from 4 autistic patients or 4 controls). The PCR array data were further validated by quantitative real-time PCR in 80 autistic children (55 mild/moderate and 25 severe) and 60 healthy subjects. Our data revealed downregulation in GCLM, SOD2, NCF2, PRNP, and PTGS2 transcripts (1.5, 3.8, 1.2, 1.7, and 2.2, respectively;P < .05 for all) in autistic group compared with controls. In addition, TXN and FTH1 exhibited 1.4- and 1.7-fold downregulation, respectively, in severe autistic patients when compared with mild/moderate group (P = .005 and .0008, respectively). This study helps in a better understanding of the underlying biology and related genetic factors of autism, and most importantly, it presents suggested candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis purposes as well as targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa A Meguid
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Said A S Ghozlan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Magda F Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Branch), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa K Ibrahim
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Reham M Dawood
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha G Bader El Din
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tawfeek H Abdelhafez
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Hemimi
- Department of Research on Children with Special Needs, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mostafa K El Awady
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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33
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Abstract
Traditional primary and secondary cell cultures have been used for the investigation of prion biology and disease for many years. While both types of cultures produce highly valid and immensely valuable results, they also have their limitations; traditional cell lines are often derived from cancers, therefore subject to numerous DNA changes, and primary cultures are labor-intensive and expensive to produce requiring sacrifice of many animals. Neural stem cell (NSC) cultures are a relatively new technology to be used for the study of prion biology and disease. While NSCs are subject to their own limitations-they are generally cultured ex vivo in environments that artificially force their growth-they also have their own unique advantages. NSCs retain the ability for self-renewal and can therefore be propagated in culture similarly to secondary cultures without genetic manipulation. In addition, NSCs are multipotent; they can be induced to differentiate into mature cells of central nervous system (CNS) linage. The combination of self-renewal and multipotency allows NSCs to be used as a primary cell line over multiple generations saving time, costs, and animal harvests, thus providing a valuable addition to the existing cell culture repertoire used for investigation of prion biology and disease. Furthermore, NSC cultures can be generated from mice of any genotype, either by embryonic harvest or harvest from adult brain, allowing gene expression to be studied without further genetic manipulation. This chapter describes a standard method of culturing adult NSCs and assays for monitoring NSC growth, migration, and differentiation and revisits basic reactive oxygen species detection in the context of NSC cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn L Haigh
- Department of Medicine, Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
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34
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Prion Protein Family Contributes to Tumorigenesis via Multiple Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1018:207-224. [PMID: 29052140 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of evidence suggests that proteins from prion protein (PrP) family contribute to tumorigenesis in many types of cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), breast cancer, glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, etc. It is well documented that PrP is a biomarker for PDAC, breast cancer, and gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The major reasons for cancer cell-caused patient death are metastasis and multiple drug resistance, both of which connect to physiological functions of PrP expressing in cancer cells. PrP enhances tumorigenesis by multiple pathways. For example, PrP existed as pro-PrP in most of the PDAC cell lines, thus increasing cancer cell motility by binding to cytoskeletal protein filamin A (FLNa). Using PDAC cell lines BxPC-3 and AsPC-1 as model system, we identified that dysfunction of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor synthesis machinery resulted in the biogenesis of pro-PrP. In addition, in cancer cells without FLNa expression, pro-PrP can modify cytoskeleton structure by affecting cofilin/F-actin axis, thus influencing cancer cell movement. Besides pro-PrP, we showed that GPI-anchored unglycosylated PrP can elevate cell mobility by interacting with VEGFR2, thus stimulating cell migration under serum-free condition. Besides affecting cancer cell motility, overexpressed PrP or doppel (Dpl) in cancer cells has been shown to increase cell proliferation, multiple drug resistance, and angiogenesis, thus, proteins from PrP gene family by affecting important processes via multiple pathways for cancer cell growth exacerbating tumorigenesis.
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35
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Yoon YM, Lee JH, Yun SP, Han YS, Yun CW, Lee HJ, Noh H, Lee SJ, Han HJ, Lee SH. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid reduces ER stress by regulating of Akt-dependent cellular prion protein. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39838. [PMID: 28004805 PMCID: PMC5177936 DOI: 10.1038/srep39838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine, ischemia-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces low MSC engraftment and limits their therapeutic efficacy. To overcome this, we investigated the protective effect of tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a bile acid, on ER stress in MSCs in vitro and in vivo. In ER stress conditions, TUDCA treatment of MSCs reduced the activation of ER stress-associated proteins, including GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, ATF4, IRE1α, JNK, p38, and CHOP. In particular, TUDCA inhibited the dissociation between GRP78 and PERK, resulting in reduced ER stress-mediated cell death. Next, to explore the ER stress protective mechanism induced by TUDCA treatment, TUDCA-mediated cellular prion protein (PrPC) activation was assessed. TUDCA treatment increased PrPC expression, which was regulated by Akt phosphorylation. Manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) expression also increased significantly in response to signaling through the TUDCA-Akt axis. In a murine hindlimb ischemia model, TUDCA-treated MSC transplantation augmented the blood perfusion ratio, vessel formation, and transplanted cell survival more than untreated MSC transplantation did. Augmented functional recovery following MSC transplantation was blocked by PrPC downregulation. This study is the first to demonstrate that TUDCA protects MSCs against ER stress via Akt-dependent PrPC and Akt-MnSOD pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo Min Yoon
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Won Yun
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 PLUS Creative Veterinary Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Departments of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 330-930, Republic of Korea
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36
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Ramljak S, Herlyn H, Zerr I. Cellular Prion Protein (PrP c) and Hypoxia: True to Each Other in Good Times and in Bad, in Sickness, and in Health. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:292. [PMID: 28066187 PMCID: PMC5165248 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) and hypoxia appear to be tightly intertwined. Beneficial effects of PrPc on neuronal survival under hypoxic conditions such as focal cerebral ischemia are strongly supported. Conversely, increasing evidence indicates detrimental effects of increased PrPc expression on cancer progression, another condition accompanied by low oxygen tensions. A switch between anaerobic and aerobic metabolism characterizes both conditions. A cellular process that might unite both is glycolysis. Putative role of PrPc in stimulation of glycolysis in times of need is indeed thought provoking. A significance of astrocytic PrPc expression for neuronal survival under hypoxic conditions and possible association of PrPc with the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle is considered. We posit PrPc-induced lactate production via transactivation of lactate dehydrogenase A by hypoxia inducible factor 1α as an important factor for survival of both neurons and tumor cells in hypoxic microenvironment. Concomitantly, we discuss a cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in executing PrPc-induced activation of glycolysis. Finally, we would like to emphasize that we see a great potential in joining expertise from both fields, neuroscience and cancer research in revealing the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-related pathologies. PrPc may prove focal point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Herlyn
- Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Göttingen, Germany
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37
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Han YS, Lee JH, Yoon YM, Yun CW, Noh H, Lee SH. Hypoxia-induced expression of cellular prion protein improves the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2395. [PMID: 27711081 PMCID: PMC5133977 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are ‘adult' multipotent cells that promote regeneration of injured tissues in vivo. However, differences in oxygenation levels between normoxic culture conditions (21% oxygen) and both the MSC niche (2–8% oxygen) and ischemic injury-induced oxidative stress conditions in vivo have resulted in low efficacy of MSC therapies in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. To address this issue, we examined the effectiveness of hypoxia preconditioning (2% oxygen) for enhancing the bioactivity and tissue-regenerative potential of adipose-derived MSCs. Hypoxia preconditioning enhanced the proliferative potential of MSCs by promoting the expression of normal cellular prion protein (PrPC). In particular, hypoxia preconditioning-mediated MSC proliferation was regulated by PrPC-dependent JAK2 and STAT3 activation. In addition, hypoxia preconditioning-induced PrPC regulated superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, and inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via inactivation of cleaved caspase-3. In a murine hindlimb ischemia model, hypoxia preconditioning enhanced the survival and proliferation of transplanted MSCs, ultimately resulting in improved functional recovery of the ischemic tissue, including the ratio of blood flow perfusion, limb salvage, and neovascularization. These results suggest that Hypo-MSC offer a therapeutic strategy for accelerated neovasculogenesis in ischemic diseases, and that PrPC comprises a potential target for MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seok Han
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Baltimore, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yeo Min Yoon
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Won Yun
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Hyonam Kidney Laboratory, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Departments of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 330-930, Republic of Korea
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38
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Peggion C, Bertoli A, Sorgato MC. Almost a century of prion protein(s): From pathology to physiology, and back to pathology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1148-1155. [PMID: 27581199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.07.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prions are one of the few pathogens whose name is renowned at all population levels, after the dramatic years pervaded by the fear of eating prion-infected food. If now this, somehow irrational, scare of bovine meat inexorably transmitting devastating brain disorders is largely subdued, several prion-related issues are still unsolved, precluding the design of therapeutic approaches that could slow, if not halt, prion diseases. One unsolved issue is, for example, the role of the prion protein (PrPC), whole conformational misfolding originates the prion but whose physiologic reason d'etre in neurons, and in cells at large, remains enigmatic. Preceded by a historical outline, the present review will discuss the functional pleiotropicity ascribed to PrPC, and whether this aspect could fall, at least in part, into a more concise framework. It will also be devoted to radically different perspectives for PrPC, which have been recently brought to the attention of the scientific world with unexpected force. Finally, it will discuss the possible reasons allowing an evolutionary conserved and benign protein, as PrPC is, to turn into a high affinity receptor for pathologic misfolded oligomers, and to transmit their toxic message into neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Peggion
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Bertoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Catia Sorgato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy; C.N.R. Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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39
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Uzdensky A, Demyanenko S, Fedorenko G, Lapteva T, Fedorenko A. Protein Profile and Morphological Alterations in Penumbra after Focal Photothrombotic Infarction in the Rat Cerebral Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4172-4188. [PMID: 27324898 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
After ischemic stroke, cell damage propagates from infarct core to surrounding tissues (penumbra). To reveal proteins involved in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in penumbra, we studied protein expression changes in 2-mm ring around the core of photothrombotic infarct induced in the rat brain cortex by local laser irradiation after administration of Bengal Rose. The ultrastructural study showed edema and degeneration of neurons, glia, and capillaries. Morphological changes gradually decreased across the penumbra. Using the antibody microarrays, we studied changes in expression of >200 neuronal proteins in penumbra 4 or 24 h after focal photothrombotic infarct. Diverse cellular subsystems were involved in the penumbra tissue response: signal transduction pathways such as protein kinase Bα/GSK-3, protein kinase C and its β1 and β2 isoforms, Wnt/β-catenin (axin1, GSK-3, FRAT1), Notch/NUMB, DYRK1A, TDP43; mitochondria quality control (Pink1, parkin, HtrA2); ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (ubiquilin-1, UCHL1); axon outgrowth and guidance (NAV-3, CRMP2, PKCβ2); vesicular trafficking (syntaxin-8, TMP21, Munc-18-3, synip, ALS2, VILIP1, syntaxin, synaptophysin, synaptotagmin); biosynthesis of neuromediators (tryptophan hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase B, glutamate decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, DOPA decarboxylase, dopamine transporter); intercellular interactions (N-cadherin, PMP22); cytoskeleton (neurofilament 68, neurofilament-M, doublecortin); and other proteins (LRP1, prion protein, β-amyloid). These proteins are involved in neurodegeneration or neuroprotection. Such changes were most expressed 4 h after photothrombotic impact. Immunohistochemical and Western blot studies of expression of monoamine oxidase B, UCHL1, DYRK1A, and Munc-18-3 confirmed the proteomic data. These data provide the integral view on the penumbra response to photothrombotic infarct. Some of these proteins can be potential targets for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Uzdensky
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky pr., Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Demyanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky pr., Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
| | - Grigory Fedorenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky pr., Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia.,Institute of Arid Zones, Southern Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chekhov prosp., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia
| | - Tayana Lapteva
- Regional Consulting and Diagnostic Center, 127 Pushkinskaya st., Rostov-on-Don, 344010, Russia
| | - Alexej Fedorenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 194/1 Stachky pr., Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russia
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