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Rajam SM, Varghese PC, Shirude MB, Syed KM, Devarajan A, Natarajan K, Dutta D. Kinase activity of histone chaperone APLF maintains steady state of centrosomes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151439. [PMID: 38968704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Our recent studies revealed the role of mouse Aprataxin PNK-like Factor (APLF) in development. Nevertheless, the comprehensive characterization of mouse APLF remains entirely unexplored. Based on domain deletion studies, here we report that mouse APLF's Acidic Domain and Fork Head Associated (FHA) domain can chaperone histones and repair DNA like the respective human orthologs. Immunofluorescence studies in mouse embryonic stem cells showed APLF co-localized with γ-tubulin within and around the centrosomes and govern the number and integrity of centrosomes via PLK4 phosphorylation. Enzymatic analysis established mouse APLF as a kinase. Docking studies identified three putative ATP binding sites within the FHA domain. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that R37 residue within the FHA domain is indispensable for the kinase activity of APLF thereby regulating the centrosome number. These findings might assist us comprehend APLF in different pathological and developmental conditions and reveal non-canonical kinase activity of proteins harbouring FHA domains that might impact multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Manuraj Rajam
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State 576104, India
| | - Pallavi Chinnu Varghese
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Mayur Balkrishna Shirude
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State 576104, India
| | - Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Anjali Devarajan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Kathiresan Natarajan
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Transdisciplinary Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695014, India.
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Rajam SM, Varghese PC, Dutta D. Histone Chaperones as Cardinal Players in Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:767773. [PMID: 35445016 PMCID: PMC9014011 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.767773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamicity and flexibility of the chromatin landscape are critical for most of the DNA-dependent processes to occur. This higher-order packaging of the eukaryotic genome into the chromatin is mediated by histones and associated non-histone proteins that determine the states of chromatin. Histone chaperones- “the guardian of genome stability and epigenetic information” controls the chromatin accessibility by escorting the nucleosomal and non-nucleosomal histones as well as their variants. This distinct group of molecules is involved in all facets of histone metabolism. The selectivity and specificity of histone chaperones to the histones determine the maintenance of the chromatin in an open or closed state. This review highlights the functional implication of the network of histone chaperones in shaping the chromatin function in the development of an organism. Seminal studies have reported embryonic lethality at different stages of embryogenesis upon perturbation of some of the chaperones, suggesting their essentiality in development. We hereby epitomize facts and functions that emphasize the relevance of histone chaperones in orchestrating different embryonic developmental stages starting from gametogenesis to organogenesis in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthy Manuraj Rajam
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Pallavi Chinnu Varghese
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Varghese PC, Rajam SM, Nandy D, Jory A, Mukherjee A, Dutta D. Histone chaperone APLF level dictates the implantation of mouse embryos. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.246900. [PMID: 33277378 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent findings demonstrated that the histone chaperone and DNA repair factor aprataxin and PNK-like factor (APLF) could regulate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) during the reprogramming of murine fibroblasts and in breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, we investigated the function of APLF in EMT associated with mouse development. Here, we show that APLF is predominantly enhanced in trophectoderm (TE) and lineages derived from TE in pre- and post-implantation embryos. Downregulation of APLF induced the hatching of embryos in vitro, with a significant increase in Cdh1 and Cdx2 expression. Aplf short hairpin RNA-microinjected embryos failed to implant in vivo Rescue experiments neutralized the knockdown effects of APLF both in vitro and in vivo Reduced expression of Snai2 and Tead4, and the gain in Cdh1 and sFlt1 (also known as Flt1) level, marked the differentiation of APLF-knocked down trophoblast stem cells that might contribute towards the impaired implantation of embryos. Hence, our findings suggest a novel role for APLF during implantation and post-implantation development of mouse embryos. We anticipate that APLF might contribute to the establishment of maternal-fetal connection, as its fine balance is required to achieve implantation and thereby attain proper pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chinnu Varghese
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State 576104, India
| | - Sruthy Manuraj Rajam
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka State 576104, India
| | - Debparna Nandy
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Aurelie Jory
- Mouse Genome Engineering Facility, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Cancer Research Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Regenerative Biology Program, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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4
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Richter C, Marquardt S, Li F, Spitschak A, Murr N, Edelhäuser BAH, Iliakis G, Pützer BM, Logotheti S. Rewiring E2F1 with classical NHEJ via APLF suppression promotes bladder cancer invasiveness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:292. [PMID: 31287003 PMCID: PMC6615232 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Bladder cancer progression has been associated with dysfunctional repair of double-strand breaks (DSB), a deleterious type of DNA lesions that fuel genomic instability. Accurate DSB repair relies on two distinct pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and classical non-homologous end-joining (c-NHEJ). The transcription factor E2F1 supports HR-mediated DSB repair and protects genomic stability. However, invasive bladder cancers (BC) display, in contrast to non-invasive stages, genomic instability despite their high E2F1 levels. Hence, E2F1 is either inefficient in controlling DSB repair in this setting, or rewires the repair apparatus towards alternative, error-prone DSB processing pathways. Methods RT-PCR and immunoblotting, in combination with bioinformatics tools were applied to monitor c-NHEJ factors status in high-E2F1-expressing, invasive BC versus low-E2F1-expressing, non-invasive BC. In vivo binding of E2F1 on target gene promoters was demonstrated by ChIP assays and E2F1 CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown. MIR888-dependent inhibition of APLF by E2F1 was demonstrated using overexpression and knockdown experiments, in combination with luciferase assays. Methylation status of MIR888 promoter was monitored by methylation-specific PCR. The changes in invasion potential and the DSB repair efficiency were estimated by Boyden chamber assays and pulse field electrophoresis, correspondingly. Results Herein, we show that E2F1 directly transactivates the c-NHEJ core factors Artemis, DNA-PKcs, ligase IV, NHEJ1, Ku70/Ku80 and XRCC4, but indirectly inhibits APLF, a chromatin modifier regulating c-NHEJ. Inhibition is achieved by miR-888-5p, a testis-specific, X-linked miRNA which, in normal tissues, is often silenced via promoter methylation. Upon hypomethylation in invasive BC cells, MIR888 is transactivated by E2F1 and represses APLF. Consequently, E2F1/miR-888/APLF rewiring is established, generating conditions of APLF scarcity that compromise proper c-NHEJ function. Perturbation of the E2F1/miR-888/APLF axis restores c-NHEJ and ameliorates cell invasiveness. Depletion of miR-888 can establish a ‘high E2F1/APLF/DCLRE1C’ signature, which was found to be particularly favorable for BC patient survival. Conclusion Suppression of the ‘out-of-context’ activity of miR-888 improves DSB repair and impedes invasiveness by restoring APLF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1286-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Richter
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Marquardt
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Fanghua Li
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Alf Spitschak
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nico Murr
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Berdien A H Edelhäuser
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany. .,Department Life, Light and Matter of the Interdisciplinary Faculty at Rostock University, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Stella Logotheti
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Hurtado AM, Luengo-Gil G, Chen-Liang TH, Amaral F, Batta K, Palomo L, Lumbreras E, Przychodzen B, Caparros E, Amigo ML, Dıez-Campelo M, Zamora L, Salido Fierrez EJ, Maciejewski JP, Ortuño FJ, Vicente V, Del Canizo M, Sole F, Ferrer-Marin F, Wiseman DH, Jerez A. Transcriptomic rationale for synthetic lethality-targeting ERCC1 and CDKN1A in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:373-383. [PMID: 29797327 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the absence of mutations in the DNA repair machinery in myeloid malignancies, the advent of high-throughput sequencing and discovery of splicing and epigenetics defects in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) prompted us to revisit a pathogenic role for genes involved in DNA damage response. We screened for misregulated DNA repair genes by enhanced RNA-sequencing on bone marrow from a discovery cohort of 27 CMML patients and 9 controls. We validated 4 differentially expressed candidates in CMML CD34+ bone marrow selected cells and in an independent cohort of 74 CMML patients, mutationally contextualized by targeted sequencing, and assessed their transcriptional behavior in 70 myelodysplastic syndrome, 66 acute myeloid leukaemia and 25 chronic myeloid leukaemia cases. We found BAP1 and PARP1 down-regulation to be specific to CMML compared with other related disorders. Chromatin-regulator mutated cases showed decreased BAP1 dosage. We validated a significant over-expression of the double strand break-fidelity genes CDKN1A and ERCC1, independent of promoter methylation and associated with chemorefractoriness. In addition, patients bearing mutations in the splicing component SRSF2 displayed numerous aberrant splicing events in DNA repair genes, with a quantitative predominance in the single strand break pathway. Our results highlight potential targets in this disease, which currently has few therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Hurtado
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gines Luengo-Gil
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tzu H Chen-Liang
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fabio Amaral
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kiran Batta
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Palomo
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia- Research Institute, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Lumbreras
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Bartlomiej Przychodzen
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | - Eva Caparros
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marıa L Amigo
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Dıez-Campelo
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lurdes Zamora
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia- Research Institute, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
| | | | - Vicente Vicente
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marıa Del Canizo
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesc Sole
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia- Research Institute, ICO-Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Daniel H Wiseman
- Leukaemia Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andres Jerez
- Haematology Department, Hospital Morales Meseguer, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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6
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Chen KL, Li L, Yang FX, Li CM, Wang YR, Wang GL. SIRT7 depletion inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and increases drug sensitivity by activating p38MAPK in breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6767-6778. [PMID: 29231244 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIRT7 is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins that are known to be associated with tumor development. However, the functional roles and molecular mechanisms underlying the function of SIRT7 in breast cancer cell survival and tumor development remain unclear. Recent studies demonstrated that SIRT7 is upregulated in breast cancer cells and tissues. In the present study, we systematically explored the roles of SIRT7 in the growth of breast cancer cells and tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that SIRT7 plays a major role in facilitating cell survival by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. SIRT7 depletion significantly inhibited cell invasion and wound healing by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, SIRT7 depletion can increase the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin (DOX). Xenograft model studies showed that stable silencing of SIRT7 inhibited tumor growth and enhanced tumor sensitivity to DOX. Further research revealed that p38MAPK is involved in SIRT7-mediated regulation of breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. Taken together, our results showed that SIRT7 plays a critical role in breast cancer cell survival, migration, and tumor growth, and increased the efficiency of DOX treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, SIRT7 is a promising therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Xiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Min Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Ru Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gen-Lin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Raschellà G, Melino G, Malewicz M. New factors in mammalian DNA repair-the chromatin connection. Oncogene 2017; 36:4673-4681. [PMID: 28394347 PMCID: PMC5562846 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to DNA damage mammalian cells activate a complex network of stress response pathways collectively termed DNA damage response (DDR). DDR involves a temporary arrest of the cell cycle to allow for the repair of the damage. DDR also attenuates gene expression by silencing global transcription and translation. Main function of DDR is, however, to prevent the fixation of debilitating changes to DNA by activation of various DNA repair pathways. Proper execution of DDR requires careful coordination between these interdependent cellular responses. Deregulation of some aspects of DDR orchestration is potentially pathological and could lead to various undesired outcomes such as DNA translocations, cellular transformation or acute cell death. It is thus critical to understand the regulation of DDR in cells especially in the light of a strong linkage between the DDR impairment and the occurrence of common human diseases such as cancer. In this review we focus on recent advances in understanding of mammalian DNA repair regulation and a on the function of PAXX/c9orf142 and ZNF281 proteins that recently had been discovered to play a role in that process. We focus on regulation of double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair via the non-homologous end joining pathway, as unrepaired DSBs are the primary cause of pathological cellular states after DNA damage. Interestingly these new factors operate at the level of chromatin, which reinforces a notion of a central role of chromatin structure in the regulation of cellular DDR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Raschellà
- ENEA Research Center Casaccia, Laboratory of Biosafety and Risk Assessment, Rome, Italy
| | - G Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine &Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, UK
| | - M Malewicz
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, Leicester, UK
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Syed KM, Joseph S, Mukherjee A, Majumder A, Teixeira JM, Dutta D, Pillai MR. Histone chaperone APLF regulates induction of pluripotency in murine fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4576-4591. [PMID: 27875275 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of pluripotency in differentiated cells through the exogenous expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cellular Myc involves reprogramming at the epigenetic level. Histones and their metabolism governed by histone chaperones constitute an important regulator of epigenetic control. We hypothesized that histone chaperones facilitate or inhibit the course of reprogramming. For the first time, we report here that the downregulation of histone chaperone Aprataxin PNK-like factor (APLF) promotes reprogramming by augmenting the expression of E-cadherin (Cdh1), which is implicated in the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Downregulation of APLF in MEFs expedites the loss of the repressive MacroH2A.1 (encoded by H2afy) histone variant from the Cdh1 promoter and enhances the incorporation of active histone H3me2K4 marks at the promoters of the pluripotency genes Nanog and Klf4, thereby accelerating the process of cellular reprogramming and increasing the efficiency of iPSC generation. We demonstrate a new histone chaperone (APLF)-MET-histone modification cohort that functions in the induction of pluripotency in fibroblasts. This regulatory axis might provide new mechanistic insights into perspectives of epigenetic regulation involved in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Sunu Joseph
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, MSU, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Aditi Majumder
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Jose M Teixeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, MSU, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Madhavan Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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