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Jena S, Gonzalez G, Vítek D, Kvasnicová M, Štěpánková Š, Strnad M, Voller J, Chanda K. Novel neuroprotective 5,6-dihydropyrido[2',1':2,3]imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline derivatives acting through cholinesterase inhibition and CB2 signaling modulation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116592. [PMID: 39013357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A novel group of 5,6-dihydropyrido [2',1':2,3]imidazo [4,5-c]quinolines was prepared via a microwave assisted one-pot telescopic approach. The synthetic sequence involves the formation of an amine precursor of imidazo [1,2-a]pyridine via condensation and reduction under microwave irradiation. Subsequently, the Pictet-Spengler cyclisation reaction occurs with ketones (cyclic or acyclic) to obtain substituted 5,6-dihydropyrido [2',1':2,3]imidazo [4,5-c]quinolines in excellent yields. The compounds were tested as neuroprotective agents. Observed protection of neuron-like cells, SH-SY5Y differentiated with ATRA, in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease models inspired further mechanistic studies of protective activity against damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a compound causing Parkinson's disease. The novel compounds exhibit similar or higher potency than ebselen, an established drug with antioxidant activity, in the cells against MPP + -induced total cellular superoxide production and cell death. However, they exhibit a significantly higher capacity to reduce mitochondrial superoxide and preserve mitochondrial membrane potential. We also observed marked differences between a selected derivative and ebselen in terms of normalizing MPP + -induced phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2. The cytoprotective activity was abrogated when signaling through cannabinoid receptor CB2 was blocked. The compounds also inhibit both acetylcholine and butyrylcholine esterases. Overall the data show that novel 5,6-dihydropyrido [2',1':2,3]imidazo [4,5-c]quinoline have a broad cytoprotective activity which is mediated by several mechanisms including mitoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushovan Jena
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, University Hospital in Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 6, 77520, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Vítek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kvasnicová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Voller
- Department of Experimental Biology, Palacky University Olomouc, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 5, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Kaushik Chanda
- Department of Chemistry, Rabindranath Tagore University, Hojai, Assam, 782435, India.
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Al Deleemy M, Huynh B, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Immunohistochemistry for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue: comparison with reported literature. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:247-262. [PMID: 36422707 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The majority of research regarding the expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) in the brain has been conducted using histochemistry to identify enzymatic activity in frozen fixed tissue. However, retrospective human neurochemistry studies are generally restricted to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues that are not suitable for histochemical procedures. The availability of commercially available antibody formulations provides the means to study such tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In this study, we optimised IHC conditions for evaluating the expression of AChE and BuChE in the brainstem, focusing on the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, in human and piglet FFPE tissues, using commercially available antibodies. Our results were compared to published reports of histochemically determined AChE and BuChE expression. We varied antibody concentrations and antigen retrieval methods, and evaluated different detection systems, with the overall aim to optimise immunohistochemical staining. The primary findings, consistent across both species, are: (1) AChE and BuChE expression dominated in the neuronal somata, specifically in the neuronal cytoplasm; and (2) no change in the protocol resulted in axonal/neuropil expression of AChE. These results indicate that IHC is a suitable tool to detect AChE and BuChE in FFPE tissue using commercial antibodies, albeit the staining patterns obtained differed from those using histochemistry in frozen tissue. The underlying cause(s) for these differences are discussed in detail and may be associated with the principal components of the staining method, the antibody protein target and/or limitations to the detection of epitopes by tissue fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarra Al Deleemy
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin Huynh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen A Waters
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Protection of insect neurons by erythropoietin/CRLF3-mediated regulation of pro-apoptotic acetylcholinesterase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18565. [PMID: 36329181 PMCID: PMC9633726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3) is a conserved but largely uncharacterized orphan cytokine receptor of eumetazoan animals. CRLF3-mediated neuroprotection in insects can be stimulated with human erythropoietin. To identify mechanisms of CRLF3-mediated neuroprotection we studied the expression and proapoptotic function of acetylcholinesterase in insect neurons. We exposed primary brain neurons from Tribolium castaneum to apoptogenic stimuli and dsRNA to interfere with acetylcholinesterase gene expression and compared survival and acetylcholinesterase expression in the presence or absence of the CRLF3 ligand erythropoietin. Hypoxia increased apoptotic cell death and expression of both acetylcholinesterase-coding genes ace-1 and ace-2. Both ace genes give rise to single transcripts in normal and apoptogenic conditions. Pharmacological inhibition of acetylcholinesterases and RNAi-mediated knockdown of either ace-1 or ace-2 expression prevented hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Activation of CRLF3 with protective concentrations of erythropoietin prevented the increased expression of acetylcholinesterase with larger impact on ace-1 than on ace-2. In contrast, high concentrations of erythropoietin that cause neuronal death induced ace-1 expression and hence promoted apoptosis. Our study confirms the general proapoptotic function of AChE, assigns a role of both ace-1 and ace-2 in the regulation of apoptotic death and identifies the erythropoietin/CRLF3-mediated prevention of enhanced acetylcholinesterase expression under apoptogenic conditions as neuroprotective mechanism.
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Patterson KM, Vajdic TG, Martinez GJ, Feller AG, Reynolds JM. IL-17 and IL-17C Signaling Protects the Intestinal Epithelium against Diisopropyl Fluorophosphate Exposure in an Acute Model of Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e35. [PMID: 34796039 PMCID: PMC8568910 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Veterans' Illnesses (GWI) encompasses a broad range of unexplained symptomology specific to Veterans of the Persian Gulf War. Gastrointestinal (GI) distress is prominent in veterans with GWI and often presents as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Neurotoxins, including organophosphorus pesticides and sarin gas, are believed to have contributed to the development of GWI, at least in a subset of Veterans. However, the effects of such agents have not been extensively studied for their potential impact to GI disorders and immunological stability. Here we utilized an established murine model of GWI to investigate deleterious effects of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) exposure on the mucosal epithelium in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, acute DFP exposure negatively impacts the mucosal epithelium by reducing tight junction proteins and antimicrobial peptides as well as altering intestinal microbiome composition. Furthermore, DFP treatment reduced the expression of IL-17 in the colonic epithelium. Conversely, both IL-17 and IL-17C treatment could combat the negative effects of DFP and other cholinesterase inhibitors in murine intestinal organoid cells. Our findings demonstrate that acute exposure to DFP can result in rapid deterioration of mechanisms protecting the GI tract from disease. These results are relevant to suspected GWI exposures and could help explain the propensity for GI disorders in GWI Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Patterson
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Tyler G. Vajdic
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Gustavo J. Martinez
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Axel G. Feller
- Gastroenterology Section, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Joseph M. Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology, and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- Gastroenterology Section, Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Liu EYL, Mak S, Kong X, Xia Y, Kwan KKL, Xu ML, Tsim KWK. Tacrine Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum-Stressed Apoptosis via Disrupting the Proper Assembly of Oligomeric Acetylcholinesterase in Cultured Neuronal Cells. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:456-469. [PMID: 34531295 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), the most developed treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), will be used in clinic for, at least, the next decades. Their side effects are in highly variable from drug to drug with mechanisms remaining to be fully established. The withdrawal of tacrine (Cognex) in the market makes it as an interesting case study. Here, we found tacrine could disrupt the proper trafficking of proline-rich membrane anchor-linked tetrameric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The exposure of tacrine in cells expressing AChE, e.g., neurons, caused an accumulation of the misfolded AChE in the ER. This misfolded enzyme was not able to transport to the Golgi/plasma membrane, which subsequently induced ER stress and its downstream signaling cascade of unfolded protein response. Once the stress was overwhelming, the cooperation of ER with mitochondria increased the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Eventually, the tacrine-exposed cells lost homeostasis and underwent apoptosis. The ER stress and apoptosis, induced by tacrine, were proportional to the amount of AChE. Other AChEIs (rivastigmine, bis(3)-cognitin, daurisoline, and dauricine) could cause the same problem as tacrine by inducing ER stress in neuronal cells. The results provide guidance for the drug design and discovery of AChEIs for AD treatment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) are the most developed treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and will be used in clinic for at least the next decades. This study reports that tacrine and other AChEIs disrupt the proper trafficking of acetylcholinesterase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Eventually, the apoptosis of neurons and other cells are induced. The results provide guidance for drug design and discovery of AChEIs for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etta Y L Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
| | - Shinghung Mak
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
| | - Xiangpeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
| | - Yingjie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
| | - Kenneth K L Kwan
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
| | - Miranda L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
| | - Karl W K Tsim
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Guangdong Province, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China (E.Y.L.L.); Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Chinese Medicine Master Studio of Wang Shimin, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China (X.K.); Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Bioresources, SRI, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Shenzhen, China (S.M., X.K., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.); and Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China (E.Y.L.L., S.M., Y.X., K.K.L.K., M.L.X., K.W.K.T.)
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Abstract
Apoptosis plays a major role in development, tissue renewal and the progression of degenerative diseases. Studies on various types of mammalian cells reported a pro-apoptotic function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), particularly in the formation of the apoptosome and the degradation of nuclear DNA. While three AChE splice variants are present in mammals, invertebrates typically express two ache genes that code for a synaptically located protein and a protein with non-synaptic functions respectively. In order to investigate a potential contribution of AChE to apoptosis in insects, we selected the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. We established primary neuronal cultures of locust brains and characterized apoptosis progression in vitro. Dying neurons displayed typical characteristics of apoptosis, including caspase-activation, nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation visualized by TUNEL staining. Addition of the AChE inhibitors neostigmine and territrem B reduced apoptotic cell death under normal culture conditions. Moreover, both inhibitors completely suppressed hypoxia-induced neuronal cell death. Exposure of live animals to severe hypoxia moderately increased the expression of ace-1 in locust brains in vivo. Our results indicate a previously unreported role of AChE in insect apoptosis that parallels the pro-apoptotic role in mammalian cells. This similarity adds to the list of apoptotic mechanisms shared by mammals and insects, supporting the hypothesized existence of an ancient, complex apoptosis regulatory network present in common ancestors of vertebrates and insects.
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Başalan Över S, Guven C, Taskin E, Çakmak A, Piner Benli P, Sevgiler Y. Effects of Different Ammonia Levels on Tribenuron Methyl Toxicity in Daphnia magna. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 81:46-57. [PMID: 33864096 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the toxicity of the herbicide tribenuron methyl (TBM) as an anthropogenic agent and ammonia as an abiotic factor on Daphnia magna at environmentally relevant concentrations. These stressors may coexist in surface waters in agricultural regions. To achieve this objective, D. magna were exposed to TBM at a nominal concentration of 0.81 μg/L in association with a low ammonia (LA) concentration of 0.65 mg/L and a high ammonia (HA) concentration of 1.61 mg/L in acute toxicity tests of 96-h duration and chronic toxicity tests of 21-day duration. The D. magna also were exposed to TBM, HA, and LA singly. The D. magna were analysed for various biomarkers of sublethal toxicity. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), cholinesterase (ChE) enzyme activities, and levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total protein were determined spectrophotometrically. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analysed by microscopy with fluorescence staining. Cytochrome c and 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were analysed by Western blotting. Morphometric properties were examined microscopically. This is the first study in which AMPK, an indicator of intracellular energy, was measured in D. magna. GST and ChE enzyme activities and TBARS and total protein levels did not change during acute exposures (i.e., 96 h) in all treatments. GPx activity increased in D. magna from the HA + TBM treatment compared with single-exposure groups. The level of cytochrome c protein was elevated in D. magna from the LA and LA + TBM treatments. AMPK protein levels increased in all treatments with daphnids, except in the LA group. MMP was depolarised in D. magna from all treatments, whereas the most notable change was observed in HA + TBM mixture group in chronic exposures. The results show that GST and ChE may not be sensitive biomarkers for evaluating the sublethal toxic effects to D. magna exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of ammonia and TBM. Acute and chronic exposure to ammonia and TBM probably caused an energetic crisis in D. magna. Therefore, AMPK and MMP are promising biomarkers for these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Başalan Över
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Celal Guven
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, 51240, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Arif Çakmak
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Petek Piner Benli
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Sevgiler
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Adıyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a serine hydrolase whose primary function is to degrade acetylcholine (ACh) and terminate neurotransmission. Apart from its role in synaptic transmission, AChE has several "non-classical" functions in non-neuronal cells. AChE is involved in cellular growth, apoptosis, drug resistance pathways, response to stress signals and inflammation. The observation that the functional activity of AChE is altered in human tumors (relative to adjacent matched normal tissue) has raised several intriguing questions about its role in the pathophysiology of human cancers. Published reports show that AChE is a vital regulator of oncogenic signaling pathways involving proliferation, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis of primary tumors. The objective of this book chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of the AChE-signaling pathway in the growth of progression of human cancers. The AChE isoforms, AChE-T, AChE-R and AChE-S are robustly expressed in human cancer cell lines as well in human tumors (isolated from patients). Traditionally, AChE-modulators have been used in the clinic for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging studies reveal that these drugs could be repurposed for the treatment of human cancers. The discovery of potent, selective AChE ligands will provide new knowledge about AChE-regulatory pathways in human cancers and foster the hope of novel therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Richbart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Justin C Merritt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nicholas A Nolan
- West Virginia University Medical School, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Piyali Dasgupta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
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Li S, Zhao J, Huang R, Travers J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Yu W, MacKerell AD, Sakamuru S, Ooka M, Xue F, Sipes NS, Hsieh JH, Ryan K, Simeonov A, Santillo MF, Xia M. Profiling the Tox21 Chemical Collection for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:47008. [PMID: 33844597 PMCID: PMC8041433 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a biomarker of organophosphorous and carbamate exposure in environmental and occupational human health, has been commonly used to identify potential safety liabilities. So far, many environmental chemicals, including drug candidates, food additives, and industrial chemicals, have not been thoroughly evaluated for their inhibitory effects on AChE activity. AChE inhibitors can have therapeutic applications (e.g., tacrine and donepezil) or neurotoxic consequences (e.g., insecticides and nerve agents). OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to identify environmental chemicals that inhibit AChE activity using in vitro and in silico models. METHODS To identify AChE inhibitors rapidly and efficiently, we have screened the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) 10K compound library in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) platform by using the homogenous cell-based AChE inhibition assay and enzyme-based AChE inhibition assays (with or without microsomes). AChE inhibitors identified from the primary screening were further tested in monolayer or spheroid formed by SH-SY5Y and neural stem cell models. The inhibition and binding modes of these identified compounds were studied with time-dependent enzyme-based AChE inhibition assay and molecular docking, respectively. RESULTS A group of known AChE inhibitors, such as donepezil, ambenonium dichloride, and tacrine hydrochloride, as well as many previously unreported AChE inhibitors, such as chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol, were identified in this study. Many of these compounds, such as pyrazophos, phosalone, and triazophos, needed metabolic activation. This study identified both reversible (e.g., donepezil and tacrine) and irreversible inhibitors (e.g., chlorpyrifos and bromophos-ethyl). Molecular docking analyses were performed to explain the relative inhibitory potency of selected compounds. CONCLUSIONS Our tiered qHTS approach allowed us to generate a robust and reliable data set to evaluate large sets of environmental compounds for their AChE inhibitory activity. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6993.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jameson Travers
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Srilatha Sakamuru
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nisha S. Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael F. Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division for Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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10
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The multiple biological roles of the cholinesterases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 162:41-56. [PMID: 33307019 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is tacitly assumed that the biological role of acetylcholinesterase is termination of synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses. However, together with its structural homolog, butyrylcholinesterase, it is widely distributed both within and outside the nervous system, and, in many cases, the role of both enzymes remains obscure. The transient appearance of the cholinesterases in embryonic tissues is especially enigmatic. The two enzymes' extra-synaptic roles, which are known as 'non-classical' roles, are the topic of this review. Strong evidence has been presented that AChE and BChE play morphogenetic roles in a variety of eukaryotic systems, and they do so either by acting as adhesion proteins, or as trophic factors. As trophic factors, one mode of action is to directly regulate morphogenesis, such as neurite outgrowth, by poorly understood mechanisms. The other mode is by regulating levels of acetylcholine, which acts as the direct trophic factor. Alternate substrates have been sought for the cholinesterases. Quite recently, it was shown that levels of the aggression hormone, ghrelin, which also controls appetite, are regulated by butyrylcholinesterase. The rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase generates high local proton concentrations. The possible biophysical and biological consequences of this effect are discussed. The biological significance of the acetylcholinesterases secreted by parasitic nematodes is reviewed, and, finally, the involvement of acetylcholinesterase in apoptosis is considered.
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11
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Liu EY, Xia Y, Kong X, Guo MS, Yu AX, Zheng BZ, Mak S, Xu ML, Tsim KW. Interacting with α 7 nAChR is a new mechanism for AChE to enhance the inflammatory response in macrophages. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1926-1942. [PMID: 33163344 PMCID: PMC7606108 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) regulates inflammation via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme hydrolyzing ACh, is expressed in immune cells suggesting non-classical function in inflammatory responses. Here, the expression of PRiMA-linked G4 AChE was identified on the surface of macrophages. In lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory processes, AChE was upregulated by the binding of NF-κB onto the ACHE promotor. Conversely, the overexpression of G4 AChE inhibited ACh-suppressed cytokine release and cell migration, which was in contrast to that of applied AChE inhibitors. AChEmt, a DNA construct without enzymatic activity, was adopted to identify the protein role of AChE in immune system. Overexpression of G4 AChEmt induced cell migration and inhibited ACh-suppressed cell migration. The co-localization of α7 nAChR and AChE was found in macrophages, suggesting the potential interaction of α7 nAChR and AChE. Besides, immunoprecipitation showed a close association of α7 nAChR and AChE protein in cell membrane. Hence, the novel function of AChE in macrophage by interacting with α7 nAChR was determined. Together with hydrolysis of ACh, AChE plays a direct role in the regulation of inflammatory response. As such, AChE could serve as a novel target to treat age-related diseases by anti-inflammatory responses.
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Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AChE
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- BChE, butyrylcholinesterase
- CAP pathway, cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
- CDC42, cell division cycle
- ChAT, choline acetyltransferase
- Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
- DPZ, donepezil
- GAL, galantamine hydrobromide
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MLA, methyllycaconitine citrate salt
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- Macrophage
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PHA, PHA-543613
- PRiMA, proline-rich membrane anchor
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α
- nAChR, nicotinic AChR
- α7 nAChR
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12
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Pandey SN, Kwatra M, Dwivedi DK, Choubey P, Lahkar M, Jangra A. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone alleviated the high-fat diet and alcohol-induced memory impairment: behavioral, biochemical and molecular evidence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1827-1840. [PMID: 32206827 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcoholism and obesity impart a deleterious impact on human health and affects the quality of life. Chronic consumption of alcohol and western diet has been reported to cause memory deficits. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a TrkB agonist, comprises antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in treating various neurological disorders. OBJECTIVES The current study was aimed to determine the protective effect and molecular mechanism of 7,8-DHF against alcohol and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced memory deficits in rats. METHODS The adult male Wistar rats were given alcohol (3-15%) and HFD ad libitum for 12 weeks in different experimental groups. 7,8-DHF (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected daily for the last 4 weeks (9th-12th week). RESULTS The alcohol and HFD administration caused cognitive impairment as evaluated through the Morris water maze (MWM) test in alcohol, HFD, and alcohol + HFD-fed animals. The last 4-week treatment of 7,8-DHF (5 mg/kg; i.p.) attenuated alcohol and HFD-induced memory loss. 7,8-DHF treatment also restored the glutathione (GSH) level along with attenuation of nitrite, malondialdehyde content (markers of oxidative and nitrosative stress), and reduction of the acetylcholinesterase activity in the hippocampus of alcohol and HFD-fed animals. Furthermore, the administration of 7,8-DHF caused downregulation of NF-κB, iNOS, and caspase-3 and upregulation of Nrf2, HO-1, and BDNF mRNA level in rat hippocampus. CONCLUSION 7,8-DHF administration conferred beneficial effects against alcohol and HFD-induced memory deficit via its unique antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic potential, along with the activation of TrkB/BDNF signaling pathway in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Narayan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mohit Kwatra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Priyansha Choubey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ashok Jangra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam, India. .,Department of Pharmacology, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Fronza MG, Baldinotti R, Fetter J, Sacramento M, Sousa FSS, Seixas FK, Collares T, Alves D, Praticò D, Savegnago L. QTC-4-MeOBnE Rescues Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits in Mice by Targeting Oxidative Stress, Neuronal Plasticity, and Apoptosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1259-1269. [PMID: 32227985 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline and memory impairment induced by disruption of cholinergic neurons and oxidative brain damage are among the earliest pathological hallmark signatures of Alzheimer's disease. Scopolamine is a postsynaptic muscarinic receptor blocker which causes impairment of cholinergic transmission resulting in cognitive deficits. Herein we investigated the effect of QTC-4-MeOBnE (1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide) on memory impairments in mice chronically treated with scopolamine and the molecular mechanisms involved. Administration of scopolamine (1 mg/kg) for 15 days resulted in significant impairments in working and short-term memory in mice, as assessed by the novel object recognition and the Y-maze paradigms. However, both deficits were prevented if mice receiving the scopolamine were also treated with QTC-4-MeOBnE. This effect was associated with an increase in antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), a reduction in lipid peroxidation, and an increase in Nrf2 expression. Moreover, brains from QTC-4-MeOBnE treated mice had a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity and glycogen synthase kinase-3β levels but an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and Bcl-2 expression levels. Taken together our findings demonstrate that the beneficial effect of QTC-4-MeOBnE in a mouse model of scopolamine-induced memory impairment is mediated via the involvement of different molecular pathways including oxidative stress, neuroplasticity, neuronal vulnerability, and apoptosis. Our study provides further evidence on the promising therapeutic potential of QTC-4-MeOBnE as a multifactorial disease modifying drug in AD and related dementing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Fronza
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group - GPN, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Baldinotti
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group - GPN, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Jenifer Fetter
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group - GPN, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Manoela Sacramento
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis - LASOL, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Science Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Severo Sabedra Sousa
- Oncology Research Group - GPO, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K. Seixas
- Oncology Research Group - GPO, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Tiago Collares
- Oncology Research Group - GPO, CDTec, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves
- Laboratory of Clean Organic Synthesis - LASOL, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Science Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer’s Center at Temple − ACT, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Lucielli Savegnago
- Neurobiotechnology Research Group - GPN, Federal University of Pelotas - UFPel, Technological Development Center, Pelotas, RS 96160-000, Brazil
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Horio T, Ozawa A, Kamiie J, Sakaue M. Immunohistochemical analysis for acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase in mouse cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:827-835. [PMID: 32321871 PMCID: PMC7324811 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of glial cells, especially astrocytes and microglia, is important to
prevent the exacerbation of a brain injury because over-reactive glial cells promote
neuronal death. Acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter synthesized and hydrolyzed by
choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), respectively, in the
central nervous system, has the potential to regulate glial cells’ states, i.e.,
non-reactive and reactive states. However, the expression levels of these ACh-related
enzymes in areas containing reactive glial cells are unclear. Herein we
immunohistochemically investigated the distributions of AChE and ChAT with reactive glial
cells in the cryo-injured brain of mice as a traumatic brain injury model.
Immunohistochemistry revealed AChE- and ChAT-immunopositive signals in injured areas at 7
days post-injury. The signals were observed in and around glial fibrillary acidic protein
(GFAP)- or CD68-immunopositive cells, and the numbers of cells doubly positive for
GFAP/AChE, GFAP/ChAT, CD68/AChE, and CD68/ChAT were significantly increased in injured
areas compared to sham-operated areas. Enzyme histochemistry for AChE showed intensely
positive signals in injured areas. These results suggest that reactive astrocytes and
microglia express and secrete AChE and ChAT in brain-injury areas. These glial cells may
adjust the ACh concentration around themselves through the regulation of the expression of
ACh-related enzymes in order to control their reactive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyo Horio
- Laboratory of Anatomy II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Aisa Ozawa
- Laboratory of Anatomy II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Motoharu Sakaue
- Laboratory of Anatomy II, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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15
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Nigam AK, Verma N, Srivastava A, Kumari U, Mittal S, Mittal AK. Characterisation of cholinesterases in mucous secretions and their localisation in epidermis of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1355-1366. [PMID: 31177354 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterases are multifunctional enzymes and have been associated with diverse physiological functions in addition to their classical role at synapses. In the present study, cholinesterase (ChE) isozymes have been characterised in mucous secretions and their activity has been localised in the epidermis of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala. Zymography using specific substrates and inhibitors revealed the presence of two ChE isozymes-ChE-1 and ChE-2. The isozyme ChE-1 was characterised as an atypical butyrylcholinesterase and ChE-2 as a typical acetylcholinesterase in skin mucous secretions of both the fish species. Enzyme histochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of ChE activity in the epidermis of the fish species investigated. In both the fish species, strong ChE activity was observed in the outer-layer epithelial cells, taste buds and neuromasts. The middle and basal layer epithelial cells showed moderate to weak ChE activity. Club cells and mucous goblet cells showed the absence of ChE activity. Characterisation with specific inhibitors indicates that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was the major cholinesterase type expressed in the epidermis of the two fish species investigated. Immunohistochemical localisation of apoptotic and cell proliferation markers, in addition, revealed high expression of active caspase 3 in the outer-layer epithelial cells, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the middle and basal layer epithelial cells. High ChE activity in caspase 3-positive cells in the outer layer of the epidermis and low in PCNA-positive cells in middle and basal layers could point towards the possible involvement of ChEs in cell death and their final extrusion from skin surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar Nigam
- Department of Zoology, Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Neeraj Verma
- Department of Zoology, Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ayan Srivastava
- Department of Zoology, Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Usha Kumari
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Swati Mittal
- Department of Zoology, Skin Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Mittal
- Former Head of Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, 9, Mani Nagar, Kandawa, Near Chitaipur Crossing, Varanasi, 221106, India
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16
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Mis K, Grubic Z, Lorenzon P, Sciancalepore M, Mars T, Pirkmajer S. In Vitro Innervation as an Experimental Model to Study the Expression and Functions of Acetylcholinesterase and Agrin in Human Skeletal Muscle. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091418. [PMID: 28846617 PMCID: PMC6151842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and agrin, a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan, reside in the basal lamina of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and play key roles in cholinergic transmission and synaptogenesis. Unlike most NMJ components, AChE and agrin are expressed in skeletal muscle and α-motor neurons. AChE and agrin are also expressed in various other types of cells, where they have important alternative functions that are not related to their classical roles in NMJ. In this review, we first focus on co-cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord explants with human skeletal muscle cells as an experimental model to study functional innervation in vitro. We describe how this heterologous rat-human model, which enables experimentation on highly developed contracting human myotubes, offers unique opportunities for AChE and agrin research. We then highlight innovative approaches that were used to address salient questions regarding expression and alternative functions of AChE and agrin in developing human skeletal muscle. Results obtained in co-cultures are compared with those obtained in other models in the context of general advances in the field of AChE and agrin neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Mis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Zoran Grubic
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Paola Lorenzon
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Marina Sciancalepore
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Tomaz Mars
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via A. Fleming 22, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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17
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Study of acetylcholinesterase activity and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells and mice exposed to ethanol. Toxicology 2017; 384:33-39. [PMID: 28427893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is one of the most commonly abused psychotropic substances with deleterious effects on the central nervous system. Ethanol exposure during development results in the loss of neurons in brain regions and when exposed to ethanol cultured cells undergo apoptosis. To date no information is available on whether abnormally high AChE activity is characteristic of apoptosis in animals exposed to ethanol. The aims of the present study were to determine whether induction of AChE activity is associated with ethanol-induced apoptosis and to explore the mechanism of enhanced AChE activity induced by ethanol. For this purpose, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. AChE activity was quantified by spectrophotometry and apoptosis by flow cytometer in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to ethanol. The results showed that cells treated with 500mM ethanol for 24h had a 9-fold increase in apoptotic cells and a 6-fold increase in AChE activity compared with controls. Mice exposed acutely to 200μl of 20% ethanol daily on days 1-4 had elevated AChE activity in plasma on days 3-7. On day 4, plasma AChE activity was 2.4-fold higher than pretreatment activity. More apoptotic cells were found in the brains of treated mice compared to controls. Cells in brain sections that were positive in the TUNEL assay stained for AChE activity. In conclusion, AChE activity and apoptosis were induced in SH-SY5Y cells and mice treated with ethanol, which may indicate that increased AChE may related to apoptosis induced by ethanol. Unusually high AChE activity may be an effect marker of exposure to ethanol. The relationship between AChE and apoptosis might represent a novel mechanism of ethanol-associated neuronal injury.
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18
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Li S, Huang R, Solomon S, Liu Y, Zhao B, Santillo MF, Xia M. Identification of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors using homogenous cell-based assays in quantitative high-throughput screening platforms. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28294544 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme responsible for metabolism of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter associated with muscle movement, cognition, and other neurobiological processes. Inhibition of AChE activity can serve as a therapeutic mechanism, but also cause adverse health effects and neurotoxicity. In order to efficiently identify AChE inhibitors from large compound libraries, homogenous cell-based assays in high-throughput screening platforms are needed. In this study, a fluorescent method using Amplex Red (10-acetyl-3,7-dihydroxyphenoxazine) and the Ellman absorbance method were both developed in a homogenous format using a human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y). An enzyme-based assay using Amplex Red was also optimized and used to confirm the potential inhibitors. These three assays were used to screen 1368 compounds, which included a library of pharmacologically active compounds (LOPAC) and 88 additional compounds from the Tox21 program, at multiple concentrations in a quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) format. All three assays exhibited exceptional performance characteristics including assay signal quality, precision, and reproducibility. A group of inhibitors were identified from this study, including known (e.g. physostigmine and neostigmine bromide) and potential novel AChE inhibitors (e.g. chelerythrine chloride and cilostazol). These results demonstrate that this platform is a promising means to profile large numbers of chemicals that inhibit AChE activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhang Li
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yitong Liu
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael F Santillo
- Division of Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Fields RD, Dutta DJ, Belgrad J, Robnett M. Cholinergic signaling in myelination. Glia 2017; 65:687-698. [PMID: 28101995 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a long history of research on acetylcholine (ACh) function in myelinating glia, but a resurgence of interest recently as a result of the therapeutic potential of manipulating ACh signaling to promote remyelination, and the broader interest in neurotransmitter signaling in activity-dependent myelination. Myelinating glia express all the major types of muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors at different stages of development, and acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase are highly expressed in white matter. This review traces the history of research on ACh signaling in Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and in the myelin sheath, and summarizes current knowledge on the intracellular signaling and functional consequences of ACh signaling in myelinating glia. Implications of ACh in diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and white matter toxicity caused by pesticides are considered, together with an outline of major questions for future research. GLIA 2017;65:687-698.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Douglas Fields
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dipankar J Dutta
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jillian Belgrad
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maya Robnett
- Nervous System Development and Plasticity Section, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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20
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Devi S, Ansari SA, Tenguria S, Kumar N, Ahmed N. Multipronged regulatory functions of a novel endonuclease (TieA) from Helicobacter pylori. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9393-9412. [PMID: 27550181 PMCID: PMC5100599 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori portrays a classical paradigm of persistent bacterial infections. A well balanced homeostasis of bacterial effector functions and host responses is purported to be the key in achieving long term colonization in specific hosts. H. pylori nucleases have been shown to assist in natural transformation, but their role in virulence and colonization remains elusive. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the involvement of these nucleases in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. Here, we report the multifaceted role of a TNFR-1 interacting endonuclease A (TieA) from H. pylori. tieA expression is differentially regulated in response to environmental stress and post adherence to gastric epithelial cells. Studies with isogenic knockouts of tieA revealed it to be a secretory protein which translocates into the host gastric epithelial cells independent of a type IV secretion system, gets phosphorylated by DNA-PK kinase and auto-phosphorylates as serine kinase. Furthermore, TieA binds to and cleaves DNA in a non-specific manner and promotes Fas mediated apoptosis in AGS cells. Additionally, TieA induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion via activation of transcription factor AP-1 and signaled through MAP kinase pathway. Collectively, TieA with its multipronged and moonlighting functions could facilitate H. pylori in maintaining a balance of bacterial adaptation, and elimination by the host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Devi
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Suhail A Ansari
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shivendra Tenguria
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Pathogen Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ, Muñoz-Delgado E, Montenegro MF, Cabezas-Herrera J, Nieto-Cerón S. Cholinergic system and cell proliferation. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:257-265. [PMID: 27083142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system, comprising acetylcholine, the proteins responsible for acetylcholine synthesis and release, acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterases, is expressed by most human cell types. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, but also a local signalling molecule which regulates basic cell functions, and cholinergic responses are involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis. So, activation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors has a proliferative and anti-apoptotic effect in many cells. The content of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterases is altered in many tumours, and cholinesterase content correlates with patient survival in some cancers. During apoptosis, acetylcholinesterase is induced and appears in the nuclei. Acetylcholinesterase participates in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis through hydrolysis of acetylcholine and by other catalytic and non catalytic mechanisms, in a variant-specific manner. This review gathers information on the role of cholinergic system and specially acetylcholinesterase in cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Campoy
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain.
| | - C J Vidal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - E Muñoz-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - M F Montenegro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Cabezas-Herrera
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarker Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, E-30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - S Nieto-Cerón
- Molecular Therapy and Biomarker Research Group, Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, E-30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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22
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Abstract
DNA hydrolysis is a biochemical process often associated with different forms of cell death, including apoptosis. In a recent paper published in Cell Discovery, Du et al. report that synaptic acetylcholinesterase (AChE-S) shows an unexpected enzymatic activity as DNase switched on after cytotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Osuna
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular-Unitat de Medicina & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor J Yuste
- Cell Death, Senescence and Survival group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular-Unitat de Medicina & Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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