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Braxton JR, Southworth DR. Structural insights of the p97/VCP AAA+ ATPase: How adapter interactions coordinate diverse cellular functionality. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105182. [PMID: 37611827 PMCID: PMC10641518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
p97/valosin-containing protein is an essential eukaryotic AAA+ ATPase with diverse functions including protein homeostasis, membrane remodeling, and chromatin regulation. Dysregulation of p97 function causes severe neurodegenerative disease and is associated with cancer, making this protein a significant therapeutic target. p97 extracts polypeptide substrates from macromolecular assemblies by hydrolysis-driven translocation through its central pore. Growing evidence indicates that this activity is highly coordinated by "adapter" partner proteins, of which more than 30 have been identified and are commonly described to facilitate translocation through substrate recruitment or modification. In so doing, these adapters enable critical p97-dependent functions such as extraction of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and are likely the reason for the extreme functional diversity of p97 relative to other AAA+ translocases. Here, we review the known functions of adapter proteins and highlight recent structural and biochemical advances that have begun to reveal the diverse molecular bases for adapter-mediated regulation of p97 function. These studies suggest that the range of mechanisms by which p97 activity is controlled is vastly underexplored with significant advances possible for understanding p97 regulation by the most known adapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Braxton
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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2
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Rao B, Wang Q, Yao D, Xia Y, Li W, Xie Y, Li S, Cao M, Shen Y, Qin A, Zhao J, Cao Y. The cryo-EM structure of the human ERAD retrotranslocation complex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5656. [PMID: 37831771 PMCID: PMC10575581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) maintains protein homeostasis by retrieving misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen into the cytosol for degradation. The retrotranslocation of misfolded proteins across the ER membrane is an energy-consuming process, with the detailed transportation mechanism still needing clarification. We determined the cryo-EM structures of the hetero-decameric complex formed by the Derlin-1 tetramer and the p97 hexamer. It showed an intriguing asymmetric complex and a putative coordinated squeezing movement in Derlin-1 and p97 parts. With the conformational changes of p97 induced by its ATP hydrolysis activities, the Derlin-1 channel could be torn into a "U" shape with a large opening to the lipidic environment, thereby forming an entry for the substrates in the ER membrane. The EM analysis showed that p97 formed a functional protein complex with Derlin-1, revealing the coupling mechanism between the ERAD retrotranslocation and the ATP hydrolysis activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Rao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Wenguo Li
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Yuming Xie
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shaobai Li
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Mi Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - An Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Degeneration and Regeneration in Skeletal System, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai 200125, China
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3
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Ghelichkhani F, Gonzalez FA, Kapitonova MA, Schaefer-Ramadan S, Liu J, Cheng R, Rozovsky S. Selenoprotein S: A versatile disordered protein. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 731:109427. [PMID: 36241082 PMCID: PMC10026367 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein S (selenos) is a small, intrinsically disordered membrane protein that is associated with various cellular functions, such as inflammatory processes, cellular stress response, protein quality control, and signaling pathways. It is primarily known for its contribution to the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which governs the extraction of misfolded proteins or misassembled protein complexes from the ER to the cytosol for degradation by the proteasome. However, selenos's other cellular roles in signaling are equally vital, including the control of transcription factors and cytokine levels. Consequently, genetic polymorphisms of selenos are associated with increased risk for diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, while high expression levels correlate with poor prognosis in several cancers. Its inhibitory role in cytokine secretion is also exploited by viruses. Since selenos binds multiple protein complexes, however, its specific contributions to various cellular pathways and diseases have been difficult to establish. Thus, the precise cellular functions of selenos and their interconnectivity have only recently begun to emerge. This review aims to summarize recent insights into the structure, interactome, and cellular roles of selenos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Ghelichkhani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Fabio A Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Mariia A Kapitonova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Enlaza Therapeutics, 11099 N. Torrey Pines Rd, suite 290, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rujin Cheng
- NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., 333 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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4
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Mao H, Zhao Y, Lei L, Hu Y, Zhu H, Wang R, Ni D, Liu J, Xu L, Xia H, Zhang Z, Ma M, Pan Z, Zhou Q, Xie Y. Selenoprotein S regulates tumorigenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through AKT/ GSK3β/NF-κB signaling pathway. Gene 2022; 832:146559. [PMID: 35569765 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most lethal genitourinary tumors with rapid progression and metastasis. Selenoprotein S (SELS), which is broadly expressed in human tissues, has been reported to be involved in ER homeostasis and inflammation. However, the biological roles of SELS in ccRCC remain unclear. In this study, we found that SELS expression was significantly higher in ccRCC and correlated with multiple clinicopathological features. Overexpression of SELS could promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in 786-O cells, whereas silence of SELS elicited opposite effect. Further mechanistic studies revealed that SELS enhanced cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis through activating AKT/GSK3β/NF-κB signaling pathway. Besides, SELS could stabilize c-Myc by preventing ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation. Interestingly, we found that SELS could also inhibit migration of ccRCC cell likely through repressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Collectively, our findings suggested that SELS promoted tumor progression, and inhibited apoptosis and migration through AKT/GSK3β/NF-κB signaling pathway and EMT in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Mao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an 710002, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an 710002, China
| | - Li Lei
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanxia Hu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hangrui Zhu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Runzhi Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dongsheng Ni
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianing Liu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Xu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Xia
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zaikuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meng Ma
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zheng Pan
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yajun Xie
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Zhang F, Zhou X, Zou H, Liu L, Li X, Ruan Y, Xie Y, Shi M, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Guo B. SAA1 is transcriptionally activated by STAT3 and accelerates renal interstitial fibrosis by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Exp Cell Res 2021; 408:112856. [PMID: 34597680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is the common irreversible pathway by which chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses to the end stage. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is a common factor leading to inflammation-mediated RIF, but its downstream regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that serum amyloid A protein 1 (SAA1) was one of the target genes for transcriptional activation of STAT3 signaling. As an acute phase reaction protein, SAA1 plays an important role in many inflammatory reactions, and research has suggested that SAA1 is significantly elevated in the serum of patients with CKD. In this research, multiple experiments were performed to investigate the role of SAA1 in the process of RIF. SAA1 was abnormally highly expressed in kidney tissue from individuals who underwent unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and TGF-β-induced HK2 cells, and the abnormal expression was directly related to the transcriptional activation of STAT3. Additionally, SAA1 can directly target and bind valosin-containing protein (VCP)-interacting membrane selenoprotein (VIMP) to inhibit the function of the Derlin-1/VCP/VIMP complex, preventing the transportation and degradation of the misfolded protein, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress characterized by an increase in glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) levels and ultimately promoting the occurrence and development of RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Huimei Zou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; School of Nursing, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Lirong Liu
- Center for Clinical Laboratories, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Department of Clinical Hematology, School of Clinical Laboratory Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Department of Nephrology, Guiyang First People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Mingjun Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuxia Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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6
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Creekmore BC, Chang YW, Lee EB. The Cryo-EM Effect: Structural Biology of Neurodegenerative Disease Proteostasis Factors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:494-513. [PMID: 33860329 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins. This protein aggregation suggests that abnormal proteostasis contributes to aging-related neurodegeneration. A better fundamental understanding of proteins that regulate proteostasis may provide insight into the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease and may perhaps reveal novel therapeutic opportunities. The 26S proteasome is the key effector of the ubiquitin-proteasome system responsible for degrading polyubiquitinated proteins. However, additional factors, such as valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97/Cdc48) and C9orf72, play a role in regulation and trafficking of substrates through the normal proteostasis systems of a cell. Nonhuman AAA+ ATPases, such as the disaggregase Hsp104, also provide insights into the biochemical processes that regulate protein aggregation. X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures not bound to substrate have provided meaningful information about the 26S proteasome, VCP, and Hsp104. However, recent cryo-EM structures bound to substrate have provided new information about the function and mechanism of these proteostasis factors. Cryo-EM and cryo-electron tomography data combined with biochemical data have also increased the understanding of C9orf72 and its role in maintaining proteostasis. These structural insights provide a foundation for understanding proteostasis mechanisms with near-atomic resolution upon which insights can be gleaned regarding the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Creekmore
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Valosin-Containing Protein, a Calcium-Associated ATPase Protein, in Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondrial Function and Its Implications for Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113842. [PMID: 32481679 PMCID: PMC7312078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrion are the key organelles in mammal cells and play crucial roles in a variety of biological functions in both physiological and pathological conditions. Valosin-containing protein (VCP), a newly identified calcium-associated ATPase protein, has been found to be involved in both ER and mitochondrial function. Impairment of VCP, caused by structural mutations or alterations of expressions, contributes to the development of various diseases, through an integrating effect on ER, mitochondria and the ubiquitin–proteasome system, by interfering with protein degradation, subcellular translocation and calcium homeostasis. Thus, understanding the role and the molecular mechanisms of VCP in these organelles brings new insights to the pathogenesis of the associated diseases, and leads to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarized the progress of studies on VCP, in terms of its regulation of ER and mitochondrial function and its implications for the associated diseases, focusing on the cancers, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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8
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Sui X, Pan M, Li YM. Insights into the Design of p97-targeting Small Molecules from Structural Studies on p97 Functional Mechanism. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:298-316. [PMID: 31584361 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191004162411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
p97, also known as valosin-containing protein or CDC48, is a member of the AAA+ protein family that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. It binds to various cofactors in the body to perform its protein-unfolding function and participates in DNA repair, degradation of subcellular membrane proteins, and protein quality control pathways, among other processes. Its malfunction can lead to many diseases, such as inclusion body myopathy, associated with Paget's disease of bone and/or frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease, and others. In recent years, many small-molecule inhibitors have been deployed against p97, including bis (diethyldithiocarbamate)- copper and CB-5083, which entered the first phase of clinical tests but failed. One bottleneck in the design of p97 drugs is that its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This paper summarizes recent studies on the molecular mechanisms of p97, which may lead to insight into how the next generation of small molecules targeting p97 can be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sui
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Man Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
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9
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Abstract
p97 belongs to the functional diverse superfamily of AAA+ (ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities) ATPases and is characterized by an N-terminal regulatory domain and two stacked hexameric ATPase domains forming a central protein conducting channel. p97 is highly versatile and has key functions in maintaining protein homeostasis including protein quality control mechanisms like the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy to disassemble polyubiquitylated proteins from chromatin, membranes, macromolecular protein complexes and aggregates which are either degraded by the proteasome or recycled. p97 can use energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to catalyze substrate unfolding and threading through its central channel. The function of p97 in a large variety of different cellular contexts is reflected by its simultaneous association with different cofactors, which are involved in substrate recognition and processing, thus leading to the formation of transient multi-protein complexes. Dysregulation in protein homeostasis and proteotoxic stress are often involved in the development of cancer and neurological diseases and targeting the UPS including p97 in cancer is a well-established pharmacological strategy. In this chapter we will describe structural and functional aspects of the p97 interactome in regulating diverse cellular processes and will discuss the role of p97 in targeted cancer therapy.
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10
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Oikonomou C, Hendershot LM. Disposing of misfolded ER proteins: A troubled substrate's way out of the ER. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 500:110630. [PMID: 31669350 PMCID: PMC6911830 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secreted, plasma membrane, and resident proteins of the secretory pathway are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where they undergo post-translational modifications, oxidative folding, and subunit assembly in tightly monitored processes. An ER quality control (ERQC) system oversees protein maturation and ensures that only those reaching their native state will continue trafficking into the secretory pathway to reach their final destinations. Those that fail must be recognized and eliminated to maintain ER homeostasis. Two cellular mechanisms have been identified to rid the ER of terminally unfolded, misfolded, and aggregated proteins. ER-associated degradation (ERAD) was discovered nearly 30 years ago and entails the identification of improperly matured secretory pathway proteins and their retrotranslocation to the cytosol for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. ER-phagy has been more recently described and caters to larger, more complex proteins and protein aggregates that are not readily handled by ERAD. This pathway has unique upstream components and relies on the same downstream effectors of autophagy used in other cellular processes to deliver clients to lysosomes for degradation. In this review, we describe the main elements of ERQC, ERAD, and ER-phagy and focus on recent advances in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Oikonomou
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Linda M Hendershot
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38104, USA; The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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11
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Blythe EE, Gates SN, Deshaies RJ, Martin A. Multisystem Proteinopathy Mutations in VCP/p97 Increase NPLOC4·UFD1L Binding and Substrate Processing. Structure 2019; 27:1820-1829.e4. [PMID: 31623962 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 is an essential ATP-dependent protein unfoldase. Dominant mutations in p97 cause multisystem proteinopathy (MSP), a disease affecting the brain, muscle, and bone. Despite the identification of numerous pathways that are perturbed in MSP, the molecular-level defects of these p97 mutants are not completely understood. Here, we use biochemistry and cryoelectron microscopy to explore the effects of MSP mutations on the unfoldase activity of p97 in complex with its substrate adaptor NPLOC4⋅UFD1L (UN). We show that all seven analyzed MSP mutants unfold substrates faster. Mutant homo- and heterohexamers exhibit tighter UN binding and faster substrate processing. Our structural studies suggest that the increased UN affinity originates from a decoupling of p97's nucleotide state and the positioning of its N-terminal domains. Together, our data support a gain-of-function model for p97-UN-dependent processes in MSP and underscore the importance of N-terminal domain movements for adaptor recruitment and substrate processing by p97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Blythe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephanie N Gates
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raymond J Deshaies
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Amgen Research, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Andreas Martin
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Llinàs-Arias P, Rosselló-Tortella M, López-Serra P, Pérez-Salvia M, Setién F, Marin S, Muñoz JP, Junza A, Capellades J, Calleja-Cervantes ME, Ferreira HJ, de Moura MC, Srbic M, Martínez-Cardús A, de la Torre C, Villanueva A, Cascante M, Yanes O, Zorzano A, Moutinho C, Esteller M. Epigenetic loss of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation inhibitor SVIP induces cancer cell metabolic reprogramming. JCI Insight 2019; 5:125888. [PMID: 30843871 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cancer cells needs to adapt to the enhanced proteotoxic stress associated with the accumulation of unfolded, misfolded and transformation-associated proteins. One way by which tumors thrive in the context of ER stress is by promoting ER-Associated Degradation (ERAD), although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that the Small p97/VCP Interacting Protein (SVIP), an endogenous inhibitor of ERAD, undergoes DNA hypermethylation-associated silencing in tumorigenesis to achieve this goal. SVIP exhibits tumor suppressor features and its recovery is associated with increased ER stress and growth inhibition. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses show that cancer cells with epigenetic loss of SVIP are depleted in mitochondrial enzymes and oxidative respiration activity. This phenotype is reverted upon SVIP restoration. The dependence of SVIP hypermethylated cancer cells on aerobic glycolysis and glucose was also associated with sensitivity to an inhibitor of the glucose transporter GLUT1. This could be relevant to the management of tumors carrying SVIP epigenetic loss, because these occur in high-risk patients who manifest poor clinical outcomes. Overall, our study provides insights into how epigenetics helps deal with ER stress and how SVIP epigenetic loss in cancer may be amenable to therapies that target glucose transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Llinàs-Arias
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margalida Rosselló-Tortella
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula López-Serra
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Pérez-Salvia
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Setién
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan P Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Junza
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Capellades
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María E Calleja-Cervantes
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Humberto J Ferreira
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manuel Castro de Moura
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Srbic
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Martínez-Cardús
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carolina de la Torre
- Proteomics Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Liver and Digestive Diseases (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.,Metabolomics Platform, IISPV, Department of Electronic Engineering (DEEEA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catia Moutinho
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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