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Immunogenic senescence sensitizes lung cancer to LUNX-targeting therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1403-1417. [PMID: 34674012 PMCID: PMC9123058 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The higher immunogenicity of tumors usually predicts favorable therapeutic responses. Tumor antigens dominate the immunogenic character within tumors. We investigated if there was a targetable tumor antigen during immunogenic chemotherapy within lung cancer. Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic senescence was demonstrated using a multi-marker, three-step workflow, and RNA-sequencing data. The ability of anti-lung-specific X protein (LUNX) antibody to suppress the survival of senescent lung cancer cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo using real-time cytotoxicity analysis and xenograft mouse models, respectively. The induction of cellular senescence by immunogenic chemotherapy boosted cell-surface shuttling of LUNX and enhanced the immunogenic features of senescent tumor cells, which sensitized lung cancer cells to anti-LUNX antibody-mediated therapy and contributed to tumor suppression. The immunogenic senescence-mediated anti-tumor response was triggered by the direct action of antibody on tumor cells, strengthened by natural-killer cells through an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity response, and ultimately, led to tumor control. Our findings suggest that LUNX is a lung cancer targetable-immunogenic antigen. The proportion of lung cancers responding to LUNX-targeting therapy could be expanded substantially by immunogenic chemotherapy that induces senescence-associated translocation of LUNX to the plasma membrane.
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Li R, Berglund A, Zemp L, Dhillon J, Putney R, Kim Y, Jain RK, Grass GD, Conejo-Garcia J, Mulé JJ. The 12-CK Score: Global Measurement of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694079. [PMID: 34267760 PMCID: PMC8276102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that the adaptive anti-tumor activity may be orchestrated by secondary lymphoid organ-like aggregates residing in the tumor microenvironment. Known as tertiary lymphoid structures, these lymphoid aggregates serve as key outposts for lymphocyte recruitment, priming and activation. They have been linked to favorable outcomes in many tumor types, and more recently, have been shown to be effective predictors of response to immune checkpoint blockade. We have previously described a 12-chemokine (12-CK) transcriptional score which recapitulates an overwhelming enrichment for immune-related and inflammation-related genes in colorectal carcinoma. Subsequently, the 12-CK score was found to prognosticate favorable survival in multiple tumors types including melanoma, breast cancer, and bladder cancer. In the current study, we summarize the discovery and validation of the 12-CK score in various tumor types, its relationship to TLSs found within the tumor microenvironment, and explore its potential role as both a prognostic and predictive marker in the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Li
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Anders Berglund
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Logan Zemp
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jasreman Dhillon
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ryan Putney
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Rohit K Jain
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - G Daniel Grass
- Department of Radiation Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - José Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - James J Mulé
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
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Skeate JG, Otsmaa ME, Prins R, Fernandez DJ, Da Silva DM, Kast WM. TNFSF14: LIGHTing the Way for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:922. [PMID: 32499782 PMCID: PMC7243824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14 (LIGHT) has been in pre-clinical development for over a decade and shows promise as a modality of enhancing treatment approaches in the field of cancer immunotherapy. To date, LIGHT has been used to combat cancer in multiple tumor models where it can be combined with other immunotherapy modalities to clear established solid tumors as well as treat metastatic events. When LIGHT molecules are delivered to or expressed within tumors they cause significant changes in the tumor microenvironment that are primarily driven through vascular normalization and generation of tertiary lymphoid structures. These changes can synergize with methods that induce or support anti-tumor immune responses, such as checkpoint inhibitors and/or tumor vaccines, to greatly improve immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. While investigators have utilized multiple vectors to LIGHT-up tumor tissues, there are still improvements needed and components to be found within a human tumor microenvironment that may impede translational efforts. This review addresses the current state of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mikk E Otsmaa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ruben Prins
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel J Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Tang H, Zhu M, Qiao J, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin signalling in tertiary lymphoid structures and immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 14:809-818. [PMID: 28413217 PMCID: PMC5649108 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) often develop at sites of persistent inflammation, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. In most cases, the presence of TLS correlates with active immune responses. Because of their proximity to pathological loci, TLS are an intriguing target for the manipulation of immune responses. For several years, it has become clear that lymphotoxin (LT) signalling plays critical roles in lymphoid tissue organogenesis and maintenance. In the current review, we will discuss the role of LT signalling in the development of TLS. With a focus on cancers and autoimmune diseases, we will highlight the correlations between TLS and disease progression. We will also discuss the current efforts and potential directions for manipulating TLS for immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Tang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Chinese Academy of Science, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- IBP-UTSW Joint Immunotherapy Group, Chinese Academy of Science, Key Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Lee EH, Kim EM, Ji KY, Park AR, Choi HR, Lee HY, Kim SM, Chung BY, Park CH, Choi HJ, Ko YH, Bai HW, Kang HS. Axl acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating LIGHT expression in T lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20645-20655. [PMID: 28423548 PMCID: PMC5400533 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Axl is an oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a role in many cancers. LIGHT (Lymphotoxin-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells) is a ligand that induces robust anti-tumor immunity by enhancing the recruitment and activation of effector immune cells at tumor sites. We observed that mouse EL4 and human Jurkat T lymphoma cells that stably overexpressed Axl also showed high expression of LIGHT. When Jurkat-Axl cells were treated with Gas6, a ligand for Axl, LIGHT expression was upregulated through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and transcriptional induction by Sp1. The lytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells was enhanced by EL4-Axl cells. In addition, tumor volume and growth were markedly reduced due to enhanced apoptotic cell death in EL4-Axl tumor-bearing mice as compared to control mice. We also observed upregulated expression of CCL5 and its receptor, CCR5, and enhanced intratumoral infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in EL4-Axl-bearing mice as compared to mock controls. These data strongly suggested that Axl exerts novel tumor suppressor effects by inducing upregulation of LIGHT in the tumor microenvironment of T lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Reum Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Nursing, Nambu University, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 506-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Youn Lee
- Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Dong-gu, Daegu 701-310, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Hong Park
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Choi
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Woo Bai
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Insitute (KAERI), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 580-185, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The inflammatory status of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been heavily investigated in recent years. Chemokine- and cytokine-signaling pathways such as CCR7, CXCR5, lymphotoxin, and IL-36, which are involved in the generation of secondary lymphoid organs and effector immune responses, are now recognized as having value both as prognostic factors and as immunomodulatory therapeutics in the context of cancer. Furthermore, when produced in the TME, these mediators have been shown to promote the recruitment of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and other specialized immune cell subsets such as follicular DCs and T follicular helper cells, in association with the formation of "tertiary" lymphoid structures (TLSs) within or adjacent to sites of disease. Although TLSs are composed of a heterogeneous collection of immune cell types, whose composition differs based on cancer subtype, the qualitative presence of TLSs has been shown to represent a biomarker of good prognosis for cancer patients. A comprehensive understanding of the role each of these pathways plays within the TME may support the rational design of future immunotherapies to selectively promote/bolster TLS formation and function, leading to improved clinical outcomes across the vast range of solid cancer types.
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Gene therapy of gastric cancer using LIGHT-secreting human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Gastric Cancer 2013; 16:155-66. [PMID: 22850801 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-012-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to migrate into tumors and therefore are potential vehicles for the therapy of malignant diseases. In this study, we investigated the use of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) as carriers for a constant source of transgenic LIGHT (TNFSF14) to target tumor cells in vivo. METHODS Lentiviral vectors carrying LIGHT genes were constructed, producing viral particles with a titer of 2 × 10(8) TU/L. Fourteen days after UCB-MSCs transfected by LIGHT gene packaged lentivirus had been injected into mouse gastric cancer models, the expression levels of LIGHT mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then the tumors' approximate volumes were measured. RESULTS The treatment with MSC-LIGHT demonstrated a strong suppressive effect on tumor growth compared to treatment with MSC and NaCl (p < 0.001). Examination of pathological sections of the tumor tissues showed that the areas of tumor necrocis in the MSC-LIGHT group were larger than those in the MSC group. Moreover, we found that MSCs with LIGHT were able to significantly induce apoptosis of tumor cells. The expression levels of LIGHT mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the UCB-MSCs with the LIGHT gene than the levels in UCB-MSCs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest that UCB-MSCs carrying the LIGHT gene have the potential to be used as effective delivery vehicles in the treatment of gastric cancers.
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Li C, Shen Y, Liang D, Yin F, Ai H, Sun B, Lin S, Zhang S. Cloning, expression, and characterization of TNFSF14 (LIGHT) gene in mefugu, Takifugu obscurus. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 379:87-96. [PMID: 23539292 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT/TNFSF14 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily, which plays important roles in inflammatory and immune responses. In this study, the cDNA of mefugu (Takifugu obscures) LIGHT (designated as fLIGHT) was amplified from spleen by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The open reading frame of fLIGHT covers 765 bp and translates into a 254-aa protein. The predicted three-dimensional (3D) structure of the soluble LIGHT of mefugu (designated as fsLIGHT) monomer analyzed by comparative protein modeling revealed that it was very similar to its human counterpart. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that LIGHT is constitutively expressed in various tissues in mefugu. The soluble LIGHT binding of green fluorescent protein (GFP) (designated as GFP/fsLIGHT) had been cloned into the pET28a vector; SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis confirmed that the recombinant protein pET28a-GFP/fsLIGHT was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). After purification, the GFP/fsLIGHT fusion protein obtained similar fluorescence spectrum to those of GFP. Laser scanning confocal microscopy analysis showed GFP/fsLIGHT could bind to its receptors. In view of our basic research, LIGHT may be a potential immunologic factor for enhancing immunological efficacy in fish, and our results might provide a platform for further study into the effects of LIGHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlan Li
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Life Sciences College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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