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Liu Y, Wang W, Zhu P, Cheng X, Wu M, Zhang H, Chen Y, Chen Y, Liang Z, Wu X, Weng X. Increased Non-MAIT CD161 +CD8 + T Cells Display Pathogenic Potential in Chronic HBV Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1181-1198. [PMID: 36787843 PMCID: PMC10060787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD161-expressing CD8+ T cells consist of mucosal-associated invariant T cells with semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) use and non-mucosal-associated invariant T CD161+CD8+ T cells with polyclonal TCR repertoire. Although CD161+CD8+ T cells are enriched in liver and embrace hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, their roles in disease progression remain poorly understood. This study aimed to decipher their profiling and dynamic changes during chronic HBV infection. METHODS Blood samples from 257 CHB patients and nontumor liver specimens from 73 HBV-positive patients were analyzed for CD161+CD8+ T-cell characterization by flow cytometry, TCR repertoire determination, transcriptomic analyses, and cell experiments. RESULTS CD161+CD8+ T cells were increased and hyperactivated in patients, while positive correlation between the CD161+CD8+ T-cell ratio and HBV-DNA level suggested this was insufficient to control HBV replication. The overlap of complementarity determining region 3 sequences supported the switch between CD161-CD8+ and CD161+CD8+ populations. Although CD161+CD8+ T cells were endowed with innateness phenotype and enhanced antiviral capacity, the population from patients had impaired type I cytokine production, and increased interleukin 17 and granzyme B secretion. The increased CD161+CD8+ T cells and their increased granzyme B secretion correlated positively with inflammation-associated liver injury. Hepatic CD161+CD8+ T cells showed neutrophil-related pathogenic potential because they had increased transcript signatures and proinflammatory cytokine production in neutrophil recruitment- and response-related pathways that changed consistently in the injured liver. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the reduced antiviral potency but increased pathogenic potential of CD161+CD8+ T cells in CHB patients, supporting CD161 expression as a marker of pathogenic CD8+ T subset and the intervention target for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Nursing, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoquan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucun Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongwen Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiufang Weng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic, hepatotropic virus with the potential to cause a persistent infection, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Over the past four decades, the basic principles of HBV gene expression and replication as well as the viral and host determinants governing infection outcome have been largely uncovered. Whereas HBV appears to induce little or no innate immune activation, the adaptive immune response mediates both viral clearance as well as liver disease. Here, we review our current knowledge on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of HBV infection, focusing in particular on the role of CD8+ T cells and on several recent breakthroughs that challenge current dogmas. For example, we now trust that HBV integration into the host genome often serves as a relevant source of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expression during chronic infection, possibly triggering dysfunctional T cell responses and favouring detrimental immunopathology. Further, the unique haemodynamics and anatomy of the liver - and the changes they frequently endure during disease progression to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis - profoundly influence T cell priming, differentiation and function. We also discuss why therapeutic approaches that limit the intrahepatic inflammatory processes triggered by HBV-specific T cells might be surprisingly beneficial for patients with chronic infection.
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Jiang Q, Zhao T, Zheng W, Zhou J, Wang H, Dong H, Chen Y, Tang X, Liu C, Ye L, Mao Q, Wang C, Han J, Shang X, Wu Y. Patient-shared TCRβ-CDR3 clonotypes correlate with favorable prognosis in chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1539-1549. [PMID: 29856484 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of shared T-cell clonotypes was found in several different diseases, but its relationship with the progression of disease remains unclear. By sequencing the complementary determining region 3 of T-cell receptor (TCR) β chains from the purified antigen-experienced CD8+ T cells, we characterized the T-cell repertoire in a prospective cohort study among 75 patients with chronic hepatitis B in China, as well as a healthy control and a validation cohort. We found that most T-cell clones from patients harbored the "patient-specific" TCR sequences. However, "patient-shared" TCR clonotypes were also widely found, which correlated with the favorable turnover of disease. Interestingly, the frequency of the "patient-shared" clonotypes can serve as a biomarker for favorable prognosis. Based on the clonotypes in those patients with favorable outcomes, we created a database including several clusters of protective anti-HBV CD8+ T-cell clonotypes that might be a reasonable target for therapeutic vaccine development or adoptive cell transfer therapy. These findings were validated in an additional independent cohort of patients. These results suggest that the "patient-shared" TCR clonotypes may serve as a valuable prognostic tool in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and possibly other chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wenhong Zheng
- Department of Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Jijun Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Haoliang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Tang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Mao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Chunlin Wang
- Stanford Genome Technology Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Shang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Zhao W, Zhou X, Zhao G, Lin Q, Wang X, Yu X, Wang B. Enrichment of Ly6C hi monocytes by multiple GM-CSF injections with HBV vaccine contributes to viral clearance in a HBV mouse model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2872-2882. [PMID: 28699816 PMCID: PMC5718782 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1344797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are considered a necessary component for HBV therapeutic vaccines but few are licensed in clinical practice due to concerns about safety or efficiency. In our recent study, we established that a combination protocol of 3-day pretreatments with GM-CSF before a vaccination (3 × GM-CSF+VACCINE) into the same injection site could break immune tolerance and cause over 90% reduction of HBsAg level in the HBsAg transgenic mouse model. Herein, we further investigated the therapeutic potential of the combination in AAV8–1.3HBV-infected mice. After 4 vaccinations, both serum HBeAg and HBsAg were cleared and there was a 95% reduction of HBV-positive hepatocytes, in addition to the presence of large number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells in the livers. Mechanistically, the HBV-specific T-cell responses were elicited via a 3 × GM-CSF+VACCINE-induced conversion of CCR2-dependent CD11b+ Ly6Chi monocytes into CD11b+CD11c+ DCs. Experimental depletion of Ly6Chi monocytes resulted in a defective HBV-specific immune response thereby abrogating HBV eradication. This vaccination strategy could lead to development of an effective therapeutic protocol against chronic HBV in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xian Zhou
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Gan Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Qing Lin
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xianzheng Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xueping Yu
- b Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bin Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Abstract
T cells play critical roles in controlling hepatotropic viral infections and liver tumors. The protective capacity of these cells is mediated by antigen-experienced effector cells and depends on their ability to migrate to and traffic within the liver, recognize pathogen- or tumor-derived antigens, get activated and deploy effector functions.While some of the rules that characterize T cell behavior in the healthy and cancerous antigen-expressing liver have been characterized at the population level, we have only limited knowledge of the precise dynamics of T cell interactions with different kinds of liver cells at the single-cell level. Here, we describe in detail an intravital microscopy technique that allows the analysis of T cell dynamic behavior in the liver of anesthetized mice at high spatial and temporal resolution. A detailed understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of T cells within the liver is important for the rational design of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches for chronic liver infections and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Pierre Benechet
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy.
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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Determinants of hepatic effector CD8 + T cell dynamics. J Hepatol 2017; 66:228-233. [PMID: 27423427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells play a critical role in controlling hepatic infections, such as the one caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). We review here recent results where we coupled advanced dynamic imaging with dedicated mouse models of HBV pathogenesis to show that circulating effector CD8+ T cells aimed at viral clearance initially arrest in liver sinusoids by preferentially docking onto platelets that have previously adhered to liver sinusoids. Upon detachment from platelets, effector CD8+ T cells crawl within the sinusoids irrespective of bloodstream direction, and probe underlying hepatocytes for the presence of antigen by extending filopodia-like protrusions through the sinusoidal fenestrae. Effector CD8+ T cells recognize hepatocellular antigen and perform effector functions (i.e., IFN-γ production and hepatocyte killing) while still in the intravascular space. They later extravasate in the parenchyma. Finally, we provide our perspective on how, in the next few years, intravital microscopy might shed new light on yet unresolved issues with particular regard to identifying the determinants of hepatic effector CD8+ T cell trafficking, antigen recognition and effector functions during hepatocellular carcinoma and understanding the mechanisms whereby intrahepatic T cell priming induces functionally defective T cell responses. A better understanding of how adaptive immunity mediates pathogen clearance and tumor elimination may lead to improved vaccination and treatment strategies for immunotherapy of infectious diseases and cancer.
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Bertoletti A. T cell fitness in the liver: How can T cells keep it up? J Hepatol 2016; 64:1208-10. [PMID: 26943972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A∗ STAR), Singapore.
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Inverso D, Iannacone M. Spatiotemporal dynamics of effector CD8+ T cell responses within the liver. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:51-5. [PMID: 26188075 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr0415-150r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play a critical role in controlling hepatotropic viral infections, such as those caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. The capacity of these cells to protect against such pathogens is mediated by antigen-experienced effector cells and relies on their ability to home to the liver, recognize pathogen-derived antigens, and deploy effector functions. Here, we review how dynamic imaging of hepatic effector CD8(+) T cell migration and function in mouse models of hepatitis B virus pathogenesis has recently revealed a unique and novel mode of adaptive immune surveillance. Circulating effector CD8(+) T cells initially arrest within liver sinusoids by docking onto adherent platelets and then actively crawl along the liver vasculature, probing hepatocytes for the presence of antigens by extending protrusions through the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatocellular antigen recognition and effector functions occur while CD8(+) T cells are still confined to the intravascular space and are inhibited by the pathologic processes that characterize liver fibrosis. A detailed understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of effector CD8(+) T cells within the liver is important for the rational design of targeted immunotherapeutic approaches for chronic liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Inverso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, and Experimental Imaging Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, and Experimental Imaging Center, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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9
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Overview of the special issue on HBV immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 12:253-4. [PMID: 25864914 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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