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Díaz-González F, Sentchordi-Montané L, Lucas-Castro E, Modamio-Høybjør S, Heath KE. Variants in both the N- or C-terminal domains of IHH lead to defective secretion causing short stature and skeletal defects. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 191:38-46. [PMID: 38917024 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous Indian Hedgehog gene (IHH) variants are associated with brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1). However, in recent years, numerous variants have been identified in patients with short stature and more variable forms of brachydactyly. Many are located in the C-terminal domain of IHH (IHH-C), which lacks signaling activity but is critical for auto-cleavage and activation of the N-terminal (IHH-N) peptide. The absence of functional studies of IHH variants, particularly for those located in IHH-C, has led to these variants being classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUS). OBJECTIVE To establish a simple functional assay to determine the pathogenicity of IHH VUS and confirm that variants in the C-terminal domain affect protein function. DESIGN/METHODS In vitro studies were performed for 9 IHH heterozygous variants, to test their effect on secretion and IHH intracellular processing by western blot of cells expressing each variant. RESULTS IHH secretion was significantly reduced in all mutants, regardless of the location. Similarly, intracellular levels of N-terminal and C-terminal IHH peptides were severely reduced in comparison with the control. Two variants present at a relatively high frequency in the general population also reduced secretion but to a lesser degree in the heterozygous state. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide the first evidence that variants in the C-terminal domain affect the secretion capacity of IHH and thus, reduce availability of IHH ligand, resulting in short stature and mild skeletal defects. The secretion assay permits a relatively easy test to determine the pathogenicity of IHH variants. All studied variants affected secretion and interestingly, more frequent population variants appear to have a deleterious effect and thus contribute to height variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Díaz-González
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE-ERN BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Sentchordi-Montané
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE-ERN BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Lucas-Castro
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE-ERN BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Modamio-Høybjør
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE-ERN BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen E Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM), IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, UAM, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE-ERN BOND), Hospital Universitario La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Deng S, Gu H, Chen Z, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Chen D, Yi S. PTCH1 mutation as a potential predictive biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitors in gastrointestinal cancer. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:351-357. [PMID: 38310539 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become prominent therapies for gastrointestinal cancer (GC). However, it is urgent to screen patients who can benefit from ICIs. Protein patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) is a frequently altered gene in GC. We attempt to explore the association between PTCH1 mutation and immunotherapy efficacy. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) cohort (n = 236) with GC (esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancers) patients receiving ICIs was used for discovery and the Peking University Cancer Hospital (PUCH) GC cohort (n = 92) was used for validation. Overall survival (OS) and tumor mutational burden (TMB) of the PTCH1 mutant-type (PTCH1-MUT) and PTCH1 wild-type (PTCH1-WT) groups were compared. Furthermore, GC data were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas to assess the potential mechanisms. In the MSKCC cohort, PTCH1-MUT group showed significantly better OS (P = 0.017) and higher TMB. Multivariate analysis showed that PTCH1 mutation was associated with better OS. In the PUCH cohort, PTCH1-MUT group showed significantly longer OS (P = 0.036) and progression-free survival, and higher durable clinical benefit and TMB. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that PTCH1-MUT group had significantly higher distributions of CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, NK cells, mast cells and M1 cells. The PTCH1-MUT group showed significantly higher expression of most immune-related genes. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that the PTCH1-MUT group had enriched INF-γ response, INF-α response, glycolysis and reactive oxygen species pathway gene sets. PTCH1 mutation may represent a potential biomarker for predicting ICIs response in GC. Nevertheless, prospective cohort studies should be performed to further validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangya Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haoran Gu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - ZongYao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Jiangsu Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd, Nanjing Simcere Medical Laboratory Science Co., Ltd, The State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shengen Yi
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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Leung AOW, Poon ACH, Wang X, Feng C, Chen P, Zheng Z, To MK, Chan WCW, Cheung M, Chan D. Suppression of apoptosis impairs phalangeal joint formation in the pathogenesis of brachydactyly type A1. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2229. [PMID: 38472182 PMCID: PMC10933404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis occurs during development when a separation of tissues is needed. Synovial joint formation is initiated at the presumptive site (interzone) within a cartilage anlagen, with changes in cellular differentiation leading to cavitation and tissue separation. Apoptosis has been detected in phalangeal joints during development, but its role and regulation have not been defined. Here, we use a mouse model of brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) with an IhhE95K mutation, to show that a missing middle phalangeal bone is due to the failure of the developing joint to cavitate, associated with reduced apoptosis, and a joint is not formed. We showed an intricate relationship between IHH and interacting partners, CDON and GAS1, in the interzone that regulates apoptosis. We propose a model in which CDON/GAS1 may act as dependence receptors in this context. Normally, the IHH level is low at the center of the interzone, enabling the "ligand-free" CDON/GAS1 to activate cell death for cavitation. In BDA1, a high concentration of IHH suppresses apoptosis. Our findings provided new insights into the role of IHH and CDON in joint formation, with relevance to hedgehog signaling in developmental biology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian On Wah Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew Chung Hin Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Hebei Orthopedic Clinical Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 050051, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Peikai Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengfan Zheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael KaiTsun To
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson Cheuk Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong -Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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Peng G, Sun H, Jiang H, Wang Q, Gan L, Tian Y, Sun J, Wen D, Deng J. Exogenous growth hormone functionally alleviates glucocorticoid-induced longitudinal bone growth retardation in male rats by activating the Ihh/PTHrP signaling pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 545:111571. [PMID: 35063477 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced longitudinal bone growth retardation is a common and severe adverse effect in pediatric patients receiving GC immunosuppressive therapy. Molecular mechanisms underlying GC-induced growth inhibition are unclear. GC withdrawal following short-term high-dose use is common, including in the immediate post-transplant period. However, whether skeleton growth recovery is sufficient or whether growth-promoting therapy is required following GC withdrawal is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exogenous growth hormone (GH) on growth plate impairment in GC-induced longitudinal bone growth retardation. Here, apoptotic chondrocytes in the hypertrophic layer of growth plates increased whereas Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide (PTHrP) protein levels in the growth plate decreased following GC exposure. The hypertrophic zone of the growth plate expanded following GC withdrawal. Subcutaneously injected GH penetrated the growth plate and modified its organization in rats following GC withdrawal. Ihh and PTHrP expression in GC-induced apoptotic chondrocytes decreased in vitro. GH promoted chondrocyte proliferation by activating Ihh/PTHrP signaling. Downregulating Ihh using specific siRNAs increased chondrocyte apoptosis and inhibited PTHrP, Sox9, and type II collagen (Col2a1) protein expression. GH inhibited apoptosis of Ihh-deficient growth plate chondrocytes by upregulating PTHrP, Sox9, and Col2a1 expression. Thus, reversal of the effect of GC on growth plate impairment following its withdrawal is insufficient, and exogenous GH provides growth plate chondral protection and improved longitudinal growth following GC withdrawal by acting on the Ihh/PTHrP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxuan Peng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China.
| | - Hong Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Lebin Gan
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Ya Tian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Jianhui Sun
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Dalin Wen
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
| | - Jin Deng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China.
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Altered microRNAs in C3H10T1/2 cells induced by p.E95K mutant IHH signaling. Hereditas 2021; 158:48. [PMID: 34922634 PMCID: PMC8684136 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-021-00207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indian Hedgehog (IHH), an important cell signaling protein, plays a key regulatory role in development of cartilage and chondrogenesis. Earlier studies have shown that heterozygous missense mutations in IHH gene may cause brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1), an autosomal dominant inheritance disease characterized by apparent shortness or absence of the middle phalanges of all digits. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be significant post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and significantly influence the process of bone-development. Therefore, it is possible that miRNAs are involved in the mechanism underlying the development of BDA1. However, the relationship between miRNAs and the pathogenesis of BDA1 remains unclear. Methods In this study, we used microarray-based miRNA profiling to investigate the role of miRNAs in BDA1 by characterization of differentially expressed miRNAs in C3H10T1/2 cell line induced by wild type (WT) and p.E95K mutant (MT) IHH signaling. Results Our results identified 6 differentially expressed miRNAs between WT and control (CT) group and 5 differentially expressed miRNAs between MT and CT groups. In particular, miR-135a-1-3p was found to be a significantly differentially expressed miRNA between WT and CT group. Results of dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment successfully discovered Hoxd10 was one of the target gene of miR-135a-1-3p. Additionally, our pathway analysis revealed that the targets of these miRNAs of interest were highly involved with Runx1/2, Notch and collagen-related pathways. Conclusions Taken together, our findings provided important clue for future study of the process of miRNA-regulation in IHH signaling and novel insights into the regulatory role of miRNA in pathogenesis of BDA1. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-021-00207-8.
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Li X, Yang S, Chinipardaz Z, Koyama E, Yang S. SAG therapy restores bone growth and reduces enchondroma incidence in a model of skeletal chondrodysplasias caused by Ihh deficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:461-475. [PMID: 34820473 PMCID: PMC8591400 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation mutations in the Indian hedgehog (Ihh) gene in humans cause numerous skeletal chondrodysplasias, including acrocapitofemoral dysplasia, brachydactyly type A1, and human short stature. The lack of an appropriate human-relevant model to accurately represent these chondrodysplasias has hampered the identification of clinically effective treatments. Here, we established a mouse model of human skeletal dysplasia induced by Ihh gene mutations via ablation of Ihh in Aggrecan-positive (Acan+) cells using Aggrecan (Acan)-creERT transgenic mice. Smoothen agonist (SAG) promoted Hh activity and rescued chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation by stimulating smoothened trafficking to the cilium in Ihh-silenced cells. SAG treatment corrected mouse stature and significantly decreased mortality without evidence of toxicity. Moreover, Ihh ablation in Acan+ cells produced enchondroma-like tissues near the growth plates that were significantly reduced by SAG treatment. These results demonstrated that SAG effectively treats skeletal dysplasia caused by Ihh gene mutations in a mouse model, suggesting that SAG may represent a potential drug for the treatment of these diseases and/or enchondromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Li
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.,Department of Spinal Surgery, East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.,The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ozaki N, Okuda H, Kobayashi H, Harada KH, Inoue S, Youssefian S, Koizumi A. Deletion of 2 amino acids in IHH in a Japanese family with brachydactyly type A1. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:190. [PMID: 34315464 PMCID: PMC8314500 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by uniform shortening of the middle phalanges in all digits. It is associated with variants in the Indian Hedgehog (IHH) gene, which plays a key role in endochondral ossification. To date, heterozygous pathogenic IHH variants involving several codons, which are restricted to a specific region of the N-terminal active fragment of IHH, have been reported. The purpose of this study was to identify the pathogenic variant in a Japanese family with BDA1 and to evaluate its pathogenesis with regard to previous reports. METHODS The proband, a 9-year-old boy, his siblings, and his father had shortened digits and a short stature of variable severity. Based on physical examinations, radiographic findings and family history, they were diagnosed with BDA1. This family is the first case of an isolated malformation in Japan. Sanger sequencing of IHH was performed on these individuals and on the proband's unaffected mother. The significance of the variants was assessed using three-dimensional analysis methods. RESULTS Sanger sequencing showed a novel IHH heterozygous variant, NM_002181.4:c.544_549delTCAAAG(p.Ser182Lys183del) [NC_000002.12:g.219057461_219057466del].. These two residues are located outside the cluster region considered a hotspot of pathogenic variants. Three-dimensional modelling showed that S182 and K183 are located on the same surface as other residues associated with BDA1. Analysis of residue interactions across the interface between IHH and its interacting receptor protein revealed the presence of hydrogen bonds between them. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel variant, NM_002181.4:c.544_549delTCAAAG (p.Ser182Lys183del) [NC_000002.12:g.219057461_219057466del] in a Japanese family with BDA1. Indeed, neither variations in codons 182 or 183 nor with such two-amino-acid deletions in IHH have been reported previously. Although these two residues are located outside the cluster region considered a hotspot of pathogenic variants, we speculate that this variant causes BDA1 through impaired interactions between IHH and target receptor proteins in the same manner as other pathogenic variants located in the cluster region. This report expands the genetic spectrum of BDA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Ozaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kadono-Sanjo Children's Clinic, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Okuda
- Department of Pain Pharmacogenetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hatasu Kobayashi
- Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sumiko Inoue
- Department of Pain Pharmacogenetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohab Youssefian
- Department of Pain Pharmacogenetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Department of Pain Pharmacogenetics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Public Health and Welfare, Kyoto-Hokenkai, Kyoto, Japan
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Wang X, Liu H, Liu Y, Han G, Wang Y, Chen H, He L, Ma G. Highly Conserved C-Terminal Region of Indian Hedgehog N-Fragment Contributes to Its Auto-Processing and Multimer Formation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060792. [PMID: 34070546 PMCID: PMC8227148 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) is a highly conserved secretory signalling protein family mainly involved in embryonic development, homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. HH is generally synthesised as a precursor, which subsequently undergoes autoproteolytic cleavage to generate an amino-terminal fragment (HH-N), mediating signalling, and a carboxyl-terminal fragment (HH-C), catalysing the auto-processing reaction. The N-terminal region of HH-N is required for HH multimer formation to promote signal transduction, whilst the functions of the C-terminal region of HH-N remain ambiguous. This study focused on Indian Hedgehog (IHH), a member of the HH family, to explore the functions of the C-terminal region of the amino-terminal fragment of IHH (IHH-N) via protein truncation, cell-based assays, and 3D structure prediction. The results revealed that three amino acids, including S195, A196, and A197, were crucial for the multimer formation by inserting the mutual binding of IHH-N proteins. K191, S192, E193, and H194 had an extremely remarkable effect on IHH self-cleavage. In addition, A198, K199, and T200 evidently affected the stability of IHH-N. This work suggested that the C-terminus of IHH-N played an important role in the physiological function of IHH at multiple levels, thus deepening the understanding of HH biochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Gefei Han
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yushu Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Haifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (L.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Lin He
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (L.H.); (G.M.)
| | - Gang Ma
- Bio-X-Renji Hospital Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (G.H.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (L.H.); (G.M.)
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To Breathe or Not to Breathe: The Role of Oxygen in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Senescence. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8899756. [PMID: 33519938 PMCID: PMC7817290 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8899756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based cellular therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of pathological conditions with underlying severe tissue damage or malfunction like in chronic cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, or inflammatory conditions. One of the biggest technical challenges of the use of natural stem cells, however, is the prevention of their premature senescence during therapeutical manipulations. Culturing stem cells under hypoxic conditions is believed to be a possible route to fulfill this goal. Here, we review current literature data on the effects of hypoxia on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells, one of the most popular tools of practical cellular therapy, in the context of their senescence.
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Sentchordi-Montané L, Benito-Sanz S, Aza-Carmona M, Pereda A, Parrón-Pajares M, de la Torre C, Vasques GA, Funari MFA, Travessa AM, Dias P, Suarez-Ortega L, González-Buitrago J, Portillo-Najera NE, Llano-Rivas I, Martín-Frías M, Ramírez-Fernández J, Sánchez Del Pozo J, Garzón-Lorenzo L, Martos-Moreno GA, Alfaro-Iznaola C, Mulero-Collantes I, Ruiz-Ocaña P, Casano-Sancho P, Portela A, Ruiz-Pérez L, Del Pozo A, Vallespín E, Solís M, Lerario AM, González-Casado I, Ros-Pérez P, Pérez de Nanclares G, Jorge AAL, Heath KE. Clinical and Molecular Description of 16 Families With Heterozygous IHH Variants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5822861. [PMID: 32311039 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heterozygous variants in the Indian hedgehog gene (IHH) have been reported to cause brachydactyly type A1 and mild hand and feet skeletal anomalies with short stature. Genetic screening in individuals with short stature and mild skeletal anomalies has been increasing over recent years, allowing us to broaden the clinical spectrum of skeletal dysplasias. OBJECTIVE The objective of this article is to describe the genotype and phenotype of 16 probands with heterozygous variants in IHH. PATIENTS AND METHODS Targeted next-generation sequencing or Sanger sequencing was performed in patients with short stature and/or brachydactyly for which the genetic cause was unknown. RESULTS Fifteen different heterozygous IHH variants were detected, one of which is the first reported complete deletion of IHH. None of the patients showed the classical phenotype of brachydactyly type A1. The most frequently observed clinical characteristics were mild to moderate short stature as well as shortening of the middle phalanx on the fifth finger. The identified IHH variants were demonstrated to cosegregate with the short stature and/or brachydactyly in the 13 probands whose family members were available. However, clinical heterogeneity was observed: Two short-statured probands showed no hand radiological anomalies, whereas another 5 were of normal height but had brachydactyly. CONCLUSIONS Short stature and/or mild skeletal hand defects can be caused by IHH variants. Defects in this gene should be considered in individuals with these findings, especially when there is an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Although no genotype-phenotype correlation was observed, cosegregation studies should be performed and where possible functional characterization before concluding that a variant is causative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sentchordi-Montané
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benito-Sanz
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Aza-Carmona
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arrate Pereda
- Rare Diseases Research Group, Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
| | - Manuel Parrón-Pajares
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina de la Torre
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriela A Vasques
- Unidades de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM/25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdades de Medicina, Universidades de São Paulo, São Paulo, Universidades de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana F A Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André M Travessa
- Serviςo de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias
- Serviςo de Genética Médica, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Centro Académico de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Llano-Rivas
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Cruces University Hospital Department of Genetics, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María Martín-Frías
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Sánchez Del Pozo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Garzón-Lorenzo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Martos-Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBEROBN, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Pablo Ruiz-Ocaña
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Paula Casano-Sancho
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Espluges de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain and CIBERDEM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Portela
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Pediatric Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerif, Spain
| | - Lorea Ruiz-Pérez
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Angela Del Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Vallespín
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Solís
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antônio M Lerario
- Unidades de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM/25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdades de Medicina, Universidades de São Paulo, São Paulo, Universidades de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US
| | - Isabel González-Casado
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Purificación Ros-Pérez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guiomar Pérez de Nanclares
- Rare Diseases Research Group, Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory, BioAraba Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
| | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidades de Endocrinologia Genetica (LIM/25), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdades de Medicina, Universidades de São Paulo, São Paulo, Universidades de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular (LIM42), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen E Heath
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM); IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Skeletal Dysplasia Multidisciplinary Unit (UMDE), Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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RNA-seq reveals downregulated osteochondral genes potentially related to tibia bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis in broilers. BMC Genet 2020; 21:58. [PMID: 32493207 PMCID: PMC7271470 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-020-00862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) develops in the growth plate (GP) of the proximal femur and tibia and is initiated by damage to the less mineralized chondrocytes followed by colonization of opportunistic bacteria. This condition affects approximately 1% of all birds housed, being considered one of the major causes of lameness in fast growing broilers. Although several studies have been previously performed aiming to understand its pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms involved with BCO remains to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to generate a profile of global differential gene expression involved with BCO in the tibia of commercial broilers, through RNA sequencing analysis to identity genes and molecular pathways involved with BCO in chickens. Results Our data showed 192 differentially expressed (DE) genes: 63 upregulated and 129 downregulated in the GP of the tibia proximal epiphysis of BCO-affected broilers. Using all DE genes, six Biological Processes (BP) were associated with bone development (connective tissue development, cartilage development, skeletal system development, organ morphogenesis, system development and skeletal system morphogenesis). The analyses of the upregulated genes did not indicate any significant BP (FDR < 0.05). However, with the downregulated genes, the same BP were identified when using all DE genes in the analysis, with a total of 26 coding genes explaining BCO in the tibia: ACAN, ALDH1A2, CDH7, CHAD, CHADL, COL11A1, COMP, CSGALNACT1, CYR61, FRZB, GAL3ST1, HAPLN1, IHH, KIF26B, LECT1, LPPR1, PDE6B, RBP4A, SERINC5, SFRP1, SOX8, SOX9, TENM2, THBS1, UCHL1 and WFIKKN2. In addition, seven transcription factors were also associated to BCO: NFATC2, MAFB, HIF1A-ARNT, EWSR1-FLI1, NFIC, TCF3 and NF-KAPPAB. Conclusions Our data show that osteochondral downregulated genes are potential molecular causes of BCO in broilers, and the bacterial process seems to be, in fact, a secondary condition. Sixteen genes responsible for bone and cartilage formation were downregulated in BCO-affected broilers being strong candidate genes to trigger this disorder.
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12
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Serological Biomarkers for Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Focus on Autoantibodies against Tumor-Associated Antigens Encoded by Cancer Driver Genes. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051271. [PMID: 32443439 PMCID: PMC7280966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence manifests the occurrence of autoantibodies to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in the early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and previous studies have mainly focused on known TAAs. In the present study, protein microarrays based on cancer driver genes were customized to screen TAAs. Subsequently, autoantibodies against selected TAAs in sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in 1175 subjects of three independent datasets (verification dataset, training dataset, and validation dataset). The verification dataset was used to verify the results from the microarrays. A logistic regression model was constructed within the training dataset; seven TAAs were included in the model and yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.831. The validation dataset further evaluated the model, exhibiting an AUC of 0.789. Remarkably, as the aggravation of HCC increased, the prediction probability (PP) of the model tended to decrease, the trend of which was contrary to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). For AFP-negative HCC patients, the positive rate of this model reached 67.3% in the training dataset and 50.9% in the validation dataset. Screening TAAs with protein microarrays based on cancer driver genes is the latest, fast, and effective method for finding indicators of HCC. The identified anti-TAA autoantibodies can be potential biomarkers in the early detection of HCC.
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Yang Q, Wang J, Tian X, Shen F, Lan J, Zhang Q, Fan X, Yi S, Li M, Shen Y. A novel variant of IHH in a Chinese family with brachydactyly type 1. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:60. [PMID: 32209048 PMCID: PMC7092535 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Brachydactyly type A1(BDA-1) is an autosomal dominant disorder which is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in a specific region of the N-terminal active fragment of Indian Hedgehog (IHH). The disorder is mainly characterized by shortening or missing of the middle phalanges. In this study, Our purpose is to identify the pathogenic variations associated with BDA-1 involved in a five-generation Chinese family. Methods A BDA-1 family with 8 affected and 14 unaffected family members was recruited. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify the pathogenic variant in the proband, and which was later confirmed and segregated by Sanger sequencing. The significance of variants were assessed using several molecular and bioinformatics analysis methods. Results We uncovered a novel heterozygous missense variant c.299A > G (p.D100G) at the mutational hotspot of IHH gene following whole-exome sequencing of a Chinese family with BDA-1. The variant co-segregated with BDA-1 in the pedigree, showed 100% penetrance for phalange phenotype with variable expressivity. Conclusions In conclusion, this study reports a five-generation Chinese family with BDA-1 due to a novel pathogenic variant (c.299A > G (p.D100G)) of IHH and expands the clinical and genetic spectrum of BDA-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Xiaoxian Tian
- Department of Ultrasonography, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Jing Lan
- Department of Gynaecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Shang Yi
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Birth Defect Prevention Research Institute, Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530002, China. .,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China. .,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Recent Insights into Long Bone Development: Central Role of Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in Regulating Growth Plate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235840. [PMID: 31757091 PMCID: PMC6928971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The longitudinal growth of long bone, regulated by an epiphyseal cartilaginous component known as the “growth plate”, is generated by epiphyseal chondrocytes. The growth plate provides a continuous supply of chondrocytes for endochondral ossification, a sequential bone replacement of cartilaginous tissue, and any failure in this process causes a wide range of skeletal disorders. Therefore, the cellular and molecular characteristics of the growth plate are of interest to many researchers. Hedgehog (Hh), well known as a mitogen and morphogen during development, is one of the best known regulatory signals in the developmental regulation of the growth plate. Numerous animal studies have revealed that signaling through the Hh pathway plays multiple roles in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of growth plate chondrocytes throughout the skeletal growth period. Furthermore, over the past few years, a growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that a limited number of growth plate chondrocytes transdifferentiate directly into the full osteogenic and multiple mesenchymal lineages during postnatal bone development and reside in the bone marrow until late adulthood. Current studies with the genetic fate mapping approach have shown that the commitment of growth plate chondrocytes into the skeletal lineage occurs under the influence of epiphyseal chondrocyte-derived Hh signals during endochondral bone formation. Here, we discuss the valuable observations on the role of the Hh signaling pathway in the growth plate based on mouse genetic studies, with some emphasis on recent advances.
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Shen L, Ma G, Shi Y, Ruan Y, Yang X, Wu X, Xiong Y, Wan C, Yang C, Cai L, Xiong L, Gong X, He L, Qin S. p.E95K mutation in Indian hedgehog causing brachydactyly type A1 impairs IHH/Gli1 downstream transcriptional regulation. BMC Genet 2019; 20:10. [PMID: 30651074 PMCID: PMC6335781 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brachydactyly type A1 (BDA1, OMIM 112500) is a rare inherited malformation characterized primarily by shortness or absence of middle bones of fingers and toes. It is the first recorded disorder of the autosomal dominant Mendelian trait. Indian hedgehog (IHH) gene is closely associated with BDA1, which was firstly mapped and identified in Chinese families in 2000. Previous studies have demonstrated that BDA1-related mutant IHH proteins affected interactions with its receptors and impaired IHH signaling. However, how the altered signaling pathway affects downstream transcriptional regulation remains unclear. Results Based on the mouse C3H10T1/2 cell model for IHH signaling activation, two recombinant human IHH-N proteins, including a wild type protein (WT, amino acid residues 28–202) and a mutant protein (MT, p.E95k), were analyzed. We identified 347, 47 and 4 Gli1 binding sites in the corresponding WT, MT and control group by chromatin immunoprecipitation and the overlapping of these three sets was poor. The putative cis regulated genes in WT group were enriched in sensory perception and G-protein coupled receptor-signaling pathway. On the other hand, putative cis regulated genes were enriched in Runx2-related pathways in MT group. Differentially expressed genes in WT and MT groups indicated that the alteration of mutant IHH signaling involved cell-cell signaling and cellular migration. Cellular assay of migration and proliferation validated that the mutant IHH signaling impaired these two cellular functions. Conclusions In this study, we performed integrated genome-wide analyses to characterize differences of IHH/Gli1 downstream regulation between wild type IHH signaling and the E95K mutant signaling. Based on the cell model, our results demonstrated that the E95K mutant signaling altered Gli1-DNA binding pattern, impaired downstream gene expressions, and leaded to weakened cellular proliferation and migration. This study may help to deepen the understanding of pathogenesis of BDA1 and the role of IHH signaling in chondrogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0697-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ma
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Shi
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Ruan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhan Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Xiong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Cai
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Likuan Xiong
- Center Laboratory, Baoan Maternal and Children Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Shenzhen, China.,Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xueli Gong
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Center for Women and Children's Health, Shanghai, 200062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengying Qin
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 209 Little White House, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, People's Republic of China. .,The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, People's Republic of China.
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Ho R, McIntyre AD, Kennedy BA, Hegele RA. Whole-exome sequencing identifies a novel IHH insertion in an Ontario family with brachydactyly type A1. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2018; 6:2050313X18818711. [PMID: 30574312 PMCID: PMC6295682 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x18818711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated brachydactyly is an umbrella term describing disproportionally shortened fingers and toes, often following an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Various forms of brachydactyly have been characterized and several causative genes have been found, but many types remain genetically undefined. We describe an Ontario family with mild brachydactyly in which whole-exome sequencing identified a novel variant for brachydactyly type A1 (exon 1, c.285_287dupGAA, p.Glu95_Asn96insLys) in the Indian hedgehog (IHH) gene. This rare variant co-segregated with affected status in the pedigree and was associated with (1) shortened middle phalange length by 21.1% (p < 0.001); (2) shortened palm length by 13.8% (p < 0.01); (3) reduced digit-palm ratio by 6.8% (p < 0.03); and (4) reduced stature by 9.5% (p < 0.001). We report the first IHH in-frame insertion causing brachydactyly type A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosettia Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Adam D McIntyre
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brooke A Kennedy
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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17
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The forty years of medical genetics in China. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:569-582. [PMID: 30459119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medical genetics is the newest cutting-edge discipline that focuses on solving medical problems using genetics knowledge and methods. In China, medical genetics research activities initiated from a poor inner basis but a prosperous outer environment. During the 40 years of reform and opening-up policy, Chinese scientists contributed significantly in the field of medical genetics, garnering considerable attention worldwide. In this review, we highlight the significant findings and/or results discovered by Chinese scientists in monogenic diseases, complex diseases, cancer, genetic diagnosis, as well as gene manipulation and gene therapy. Due to these achievements, China is widely recognized to be at the forefront of medical genetics research and development. However, the significant progress and development that has been achieved could not have been accomplished without sufficient funding and a well-constructed logistics network. The successful implementation of translational and precise medicine sourced from medical genetics will depend on an open ethics policy and intellectual property protection, along with strong support at the national industry level.
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Sun J, Wei X, Li S, Sun C, Wang C, Li P, Wei DL, Wei L. The Effects of Indian Hedgehog Deletion on Mesenchyme Cells: Inducing Intermediate Cartilage Scaffold Ossification to Cause Growth Plate and Phalange Joint Absence, Short Limb, and Dwarfish Phenotypes. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:1412-1425. [PMID: 30032718 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endochondral ossification plays a critical role in vertebrate limb development and skeletal homeostasis, where limb mesenchyme cells form an intermediate cartilage scaffold that develops into growth plates and then replaced by bone. Although Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is known to control the hypertrophic differentiation process of chondrocytes, its role from the mesenchyme cells to the early stages of chondrogenesis is unclear. To define the function of Ihh in the mesenchymal cell's early stages of chondrogenesis, we specifically delete Ihh in Prx1-expressed mesenchyme cells at E9.5 using Prx1-Cre;Ihhfl/fl;Rosa26-ZsGreen1 mice. We found that deleting Ihh in the mesenchyme cells results in an early and quick ossification of the intermediate cartilage scaffold, causing the growth plate and phalange joint absence, short limbs, and dwarfishness. The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cells derived from deleted Ihh mesenchyme cells overlap with von Kossa- and osteocalcin-positive staining area. These deleted Ihh/GFP-positive cells isolated from Prx1-Cre;Ihhfl/fl;Rosa26-ZsGreen1 newborn mice had osteogenic differentiation by showing a positive Alizarin red and von Kossa staining, as well as an enhanced Col1a1, osteocalcin, and Runx2 expression. Our findings demonstrate that deleting Ihh in mesenchyme cells during early limb development promotes intermediate cartilage scaffold ossification, which prevents growth plate formation that causes phalange joint absence, short limb, and dwarfish phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Changqi Sun
- 2 Department of Rheumatology, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chunfang Wang
- 3 Experimental Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China
| | - Dennis L Wei
- 4 Department of Engineering, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lei Wei
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University , Taiyuan, China .,5 Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital , Providence, Rhode Island
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Sribudiani Y, Chauhan RK, Alves MM, Petrova L, Brosens E, Harrison C, Wabbersen T, de Graaf BM, Rügenbrink T, Burzynski G, Brouwer RWW, van IJcken WFJ, Maas SM, de Klein A, Osinga J, Eggen BJL, Burns AJ, Brooks AS, Shepherd IT, Hofstra RMW. Identification of Variants in RET and IHH Pathway Members in a Large Family With History of Hirschsprung Disease. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:118-129.e6. [PMID: 29601828 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is an inherited congenital disorder characterized by absence of enteric ganglia in the distal part of the gut. Variants in ret proto-oncogene (RET) have been associated with up to 50% of familial and 35% of sporadic cases. We searched for variants that affect disease risk in a large, multigenerational family with history of HSCR in a linkage region previously associated with the disease (4q31.3-q32.3) and exome wide. METHODS We performed exome sequencing analyses of a family in the Netherlands with 5 members diagnosed with HSCR and 2 members diagnosed with functional constipation. We initially focused on variants in genes located in 4q31.3-q32.3; however, we also performed an exome-wide analysis in which known HSCR or HSCR-associated gene variants predicted to be deleterious were prioritized for further analysis. Candidate genes were expressed in HEK293, COS-7, and Neuro-2a cells and analyzed by luciferase and immunoblot assays. Morpholinos were designed to target exons of candidate genes and injected into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. Embryos were allowed to develop and stained for enteric neurons. RESULTS Within the linkage region, we identified 1 putative splice variant in the lipopolysaccharide responsive beige-like anchor protein gene (LRBA). Functional assays could not confirm its predicted effect on messenger RNA splicing or on expression of the mab-21 like 2 gene (MAB21L2), which is embedded in LRBA. Zebrafish that developed following injection of the lrba morpholino had a shortened body axis and subtle gut morphological defects, but no significant reduction in number of enteric neurons compared with controls. Outside the linkage region, members of 1 branch of the family carried a previously unidentified RET variant or an in-frame deletion in the glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor gene (GDNF), which encodes a ligand of RET. This deletion was located 6 base pairs before the last codon. We also found variants in the Indian hedgehog gene (IHH) and its mediator, the transcription factor GLI family zinc finger 3 (GLI3). When expressed in cells, the RET-P399L variant disrupted protein glycosylation and had altered phosphorylation following activation by GDNF. The deletion in GDNF prevented secretion of its gene product, reducing RET activation, and the IHH-Q51K variant reduced expression of the transcription factor GLI1. Injection of morpholinos that target ihh reduced the number of enteric neurons to 13% ± 1.4% of control zebrafish. CONCLUSIONS In a study of a large family with history of HSCR, we identified variants in LRBA, RET, the gene encoding the RET ligand (GDNF), IHH, and a gene encoding a mediator of IHH signaling (GLI3). These variants altered functions of the gene products when expressed in cells and knockout of ihh reduced the number of enteric neurons in the zebrafish gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunia Sribudiani
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rajendra K Chauhan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucy Petrova
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Erwin Brosens
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Harrison
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tara Wabbersen
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bianca M de Graaf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Rügenbrink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Erasmus Center for Biomics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies de Klein
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Osinga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alan J Burns
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Neural Development and Gastroenterology Units, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alice S Brooks
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Neural Development and Gastroenterology Units, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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20
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Lattanzi W, Barba M, Di Pietro L, Boyadjiev SA. Genetic advances in craniosynostosis. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1406-1429. [PMID: 28160402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis, the premature ossification of one or more skull sutures, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous congenital anomaly affecting approximately one in 2,500 live births. In most cases, it occurs as an isolated congenital anomaly, that is, nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NCS), the genetic, and environmental causes of which remain largely unknown. Recent data suggest that, at least some of the midline NCS cases may be explained by two loci inheritance. In approximately 25-30% of patients, craniosynostosis presents as a feature of a genetic syndrome due to chromosomal defects or mutations in genes within interconnected signaling pathways. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed and comprehensive update on the genetic and environmental factors associated with NCS, integrating the scientific findings achieved during the last decade. Focus on the neurodevelopmental, imaging, and treatment aspects of NCS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Lattanzi
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Latium Musculoskeletal Tıssue Bank, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Barba
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Di Pietro
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Simeon A Boyadjiev
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Davis Medical Center, University of California, Sacramento, California
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21
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Han X, Zhuang Y, Zhang Z, Guo L, Wang W. Regulatory Mechanisms of the Ihh/PTHrP Signaling Pathway in Fibrochondrocytes in Entheses of Pig Achilles Tendon. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8235172. [PMID: 27994624 PMCID: PMC5138489 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8235172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at exploring the effect of stress stimulation on the proliferation and differentiation of fibrochondrocytes in entheses mediated via the Indian hedgehog (Ihh)/parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) signaling pathway. Differential stress stimulation on fibrochondrocytes in entheses was imposed. Gene expression and protein levels of signaling molecules including collagen type I (Col I), Col II, Col X, Ihh, and PTHrP in the cytoplasm of fibrochondrocytes were detected. Ihh signal blocking group was set up using Ihh signaling pathway-specific blocking agent cyclopamine. PTHrP enhancement group was set up using PTHrP reagent. Ihh/PTHrP double intervention group, as well as control group, was included to study the regulatory mechanisms of the Ihh/PTHrP signaling pathway in fibrochondrocytes. Under low cyclic stress tensile (CTS), PTHrP, Col I, and Col II gene expression and protein synthesis increased. Under high CTS, Ihh and Col X gene expression and protein synthesis increased. Blocking Ihh signaling with cyclopamine resulted in reduced PTHrP gene expression and protein synthesis and increased Col X gene expression and protein synthesis. Ihh and PTHrP coregulate fibrochondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in entheses through negative feedback regulation. Fibrochondrocyte is affected by the CTS. This phenomenon is regulated by stress stimulation through the Ihh/PTHrP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Center of Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wanming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Command, PLA, Fuzhou 350025, China
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22
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McCubrey JA, Rakus D, Gizak A, Steelman LS, Abrams SL, Lertpiriyapong K, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Montalto G, Cervello M, Libra M, Nicoletti F, Scalisi A, Torino F, Fenga C, Neri LM, Marmiroli S, Cocco L, Martelli AM. Effects of mutations in Wnt/β-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and PI3K pathways on GSK-3 activity-Diverse effects on cell growth, metabolism and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2942-2976. [PMID: 27612668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that participates in an array of critical cellular processes. GSK-3 was first characterized as an enzyme that phosphorylated and inactivated glycogen synthase. However, subsequent studies have revealed that this moon-lighting protein is involved in numerous signaling pathways that regulate not only metabolism but also have roles in: apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell renewal, differentiation, embryogenesis, migration, regulation of gene transcription, stem cell biology and survival. In this review, we will discuss the roles that GSK-3 plays in various diseases as well as how this pivotal kinase interacts with multiple signaling pathways such as: PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Wnt/beta-catenin, hedgehog, Notch and TP53. Mutations that occur in these and other pathways can alter the effects that natural GSK-3 activity has on regulating these signaling circuits that can lead to cancer as well as other diseases. The novel roles that microRNAs play in regulation of the effects of GSK-3 will also be evaluated. Targeting GSK-3 and these other pathways may improve therapy and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Steve L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology/Oncology Section, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Aurora Scalisi
- Unit of Oncologic Diseases, ASP-Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Francesco Torino
- Department of Systems Medicine, Chair of Medical Oncology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Concettina Fenga
- Department of Biomedical, Odontoiatric, Morphological and Functional Images, Occupational Medicine Section - Policlinico "G. Martino" - University of Messina, Messina 98125, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Amano K, Densmore M, Fan Y, Lanske B. Ihh and PTH1R signaling in limb mesenchyme is required for proper segmentation and subsequent formation and growth of digit bones. Bone 2016; 83:256-266. [PMID: 26620087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Digit formation is a process, which requires the proper segmentation, formation and growth of phalangeal bones and is precisely regulated by several important factors. One such factor is Ihh, a gene linked to BDA1 and distal symphalangism in humans. In existing mouse models, mutations in Ihh have been shown to cause multiple synostosis in the digits but lead to perinatal lethality. To better study the exact biological and pathological events which occur in these fused digits, we used a more viable Prx1-Cre;Ihh(fl/fl) model in which Cre recombinase is expressed during mesenchymal condensation in the earliest limb buds at E9.5 dpc and found that mutant digits continuously fuse postnatally until phalanges are finally replaced by an unsegmented "one-stick bone". Mutant mice displayed osteocalcin-positive mature osteoblasts, but had reduced proliferation and abnormal osteogenesis. Because of the close interaction between Ihh and PTHrP during endochondral ossification, we also examined the digits of Prx1-Cre;PTH1R(fl/fl) mice, where the receptor for PTHrP was conditionally deleted. Surprisingly, we found PTH1R deletion caused symphalangism, demonstrating another novel function of PTH1R signaling in digit formation. We characterized the symphalangism process whereby initial cartilaginous fusion prevented epiphyseal growth plate formation, resulting in resorption and replacement of the remaining cartilage by bony tissue. Chondrocyte differentiation displayed abnormal directionality in both mutants. Lastly, Prx1-Cre;Ihh(fl/fl);Jansen Tg mice, in which a constitutively active PTH1R allele was introduced into Ihh mutants, were established to address the possible involvement of PTH1R signaling in Ihh mutant digits. These rescue mice failed to show significantly improved phenotype, suggesting that PTH1R signaling in chondrocytes is not sufficient to restore digit formation. Our results demonstrate that Ihh and PTH1R signaling in limb mesenchyme are both essential to regulate proper development of digit structures, although they appear to use different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Amano
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Densmore
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beate Lanske
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Jang MA, Kim OH, Kim SW, Ki CS. Identification of p.Glu131Lys Mutation in the IHH Gene in a Korean Patient With Brachydactyly Type A1. Ann Lab Med 2015; 35:387-9. [PMID: 25932455 PMCID: PMC4390715 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2015.35.3.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok-Hwa Kim
- Department of Radiology, Woorisoa Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Ki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Handorf AM, Chamberlain CS, Li WJ. Endogenously produced Indian Hedgehog regulates TGFβ-driven chondrogenesis of human bone marrow stromal/stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:995-1007. [PMID: 25519748 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow stromal/stem cells (hBMSCs) have an inherent tendency to undergo hypertrophy when induced into the chondrogenic lineage using transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ) in vitro, reminiscent of what occurs during endochondral ossification. Surprisingly, Indian Hedgehog (IHH) has received little attention for its role during hBMSC chondrogenesis despite being considered a master regulator of endochondral ossification. In this study, we investigated the role that endogenously produced IHH plays during hBMSC chondrogenesis. We began by analyzing the expression of IHH throughout differentiation using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and found that IHH expression was upregulated dramatically upon chondrogenic induction and peaked from days 9 to 12 of differentiation, which coincided with a concomitant increase in the expression of chondrogenesis- and hypertrophy-related markers, suggesting a potential role for endogenously produced IHH in driving hBMSC chondrogenesis. More importantly, pharmacological inhibition of Hedgehog signaling with cyclopamine or knockdown of IHH almost completely blocked TGFβ1-induced chondrogenesis in hBMSCs, demonstrating that endogenously produced IHH is necessary for hBMSC chondrogenesis. Furthermore, overexpression of IHH was sufficient to drive chondrogenic differentiation, even when TGFβ signaling was inhibited. Finally, stimulation with TGFβ1 induced a significant and sustained upregulation of IHH expression within 3 h that preceded an upregulation in all cartilage-related genes analyzed, and knockdown of IHH blocked the effects of TGFβ1 entirely, suggesting that the effects of TGFβ1 are being mediated through endogenously produced IHH. Together, our findings demonstrate that endogenously produced IHH is playing a critical role in regulating hBMSC chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Handorf
- Departments of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation & Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin
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26
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Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Reprint of: Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:239-47. [PMID: 24726293 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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27
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Liu X, Gao L, Zhao A, Zhang R, Ji B, Wang L, Zheng Y, Zeng B, Valenzuela RK, He L, Ma J. Identification of duplication downstream of BMP2 in a Chinese family with brachydactyly type A2 (BDA2). PLoS One 2014; 9:e94201. [PMID: 24710560 PMCID: PMC3978006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachydactyly type A2 (BDA2, MIM 112600) is characterized by the deviation and shortening of the middle phalange of the index finger and the second toe. Using genome-wide linkage analysis in a Chinese BDA2 family, we mapped the maximum candidate interval of BDA2 to a ∼1.5 Mb region between D20S194 and D20S115 within chromosome 20p12.3 and found that the pairwise logarithm of the odds score was highest for marker D20S156 (Zmax = 6.09 at θ = 0). Based on functional and positional perspectives, the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) gene was identified as the causal gene for BDA2 in this region, even though no point mutation was detected in BMP2. Through further investigation, we identified a 4,671 bp (Chr20: 6,809,218-6,813,888) genomic duplication downstream of BMP2. This duplication was located within the linked region, co-segregated with the BDA2 phenotype in this family, and was not found in the unaffected family members and the unrelated control individuals. Compared with the previously reported duplications, the duplication in this family has a different breakpoint flanked by the microhomologous sequence GATCA and a slightly different length. Some other microhomologous nucleotides were also found in the duplicated region. In summary, our findings support the conclusions that BMP2 is the causing gene for BDA2, that the genomic location corresponding to the duplication region is prone to structural changes associated with malformation of the digits, and that this tendency is probably caused by the abundance of microhomologous sequences in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghan Gao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aman Zhao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi'an Hong Hui Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baohu Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonglan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bingfang Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert K. Valenzuela
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:55-63. [PMID: 24370655 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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