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Transcriptomes shed light on transgenerational and developmental effects of ocean warming on embryos of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7931. [PMID: 32404890 PMCID: PMC7221070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean warming increasingly endangers the fitness of marine invertebrates. Transgenerational effects (TE) potentially mitigate the impacts of environmental stress on the embryos of marine invertebrates. The molecular mechanisms, however, remain largely unknown. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing technology, we investigated the gene expression patterns of embryos (the gastrula stage) of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius at different developmental temperatures, whose parents were exposed to long-term (15 months) elevated temperature (A) or not (B). The temperatures at which adults were held for ~4 weeks prior to the start of the experiment (21 °C for A and 18 °C for B) were also used for the development of offspring (high: 21 °C and ambient (laboratory): 18 °C) resulting in four experimental groups (HA and HB at 21 °C, and LA and LB at 18 °C). The embryos were sampled ~24 h after fertilization. All samples were in the gastrula stage. Twelve mRNA libraries (groups HA, HB, LA, LB, 3 replicates for each group) were established for the following sequencing. Embryos whose parents were exposed to elevated temperatures or not showed 1891 significantly different DEGs (differentially expressed genes) at the ambient developmental temperature (LB vs LA, LB as control) and 2203 significantly different DEGs at the high developmental temperature (HB vs HA, HB as control), respectively. This result indicates complex molecular mechanisms of transgenerational effects of ocean warming, in which a large number of genes are involved. With the TE, we found 904 shared DEGs in both LB vs LA (LB as control) and HB vs HA (HB as control) changed in the same direction of expression (i.e., up- or down-regulated), indicating that parental exposed temperatures affect the expression of these genes in the same manner regardless of the development temperature. With developmental exposure, we found 198 shared DEGs in both HB vs LB (HB as control) and HA vs LA (HA as control) changed in the same direction of expression. Of the 198 DEGs, more genes were up-regulated at high developmental temperature. Interestingly, embryos whose parents were exposed to high temperature showed fewer differently expressed DEGs between high and low developmental temperatures than the individuals whose parents were exposed to ambient temperature. The results indicate that gene expressions are probably depressed by the transgenerational effect of ocean warming. The roles of hsp70 and hnf6 in thermal acclimation are highlighted for future studies. The present study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the transgenerational and developmental effects of ocean warming on the embryos of sea urchins.
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Fernández PA, Gaitán-Espitia JD, Leal PP, Schmid M, Revill AT, Hurd CL. Nitrogen sufficiency enhances thermal tolerance in habitat-forming kelp: implications for acclimation under thermal stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3186. [PMID: 32081970 PMCID: PMC7035356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Local and global changes associated with anthropogenic activities are impacting marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Macroalgae, especially habitat-forming species like kelp, play critical roles in temperate coastal ecosystems. However, their abundance and distribution patterns have been negatively affected by warming in many regions around the globe. Along with global change, coastal ecosystems are also impacted by local drivers such as eutrophication. The interaction between global and local drivers might modulate kelp responses to environmental change. This study examines the regulatory effect of NO3− on the thermal plasticity of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera. To do this, thermal performance curves (TPCs) of key temperature-dependant traits–growth, photosynthesis, NO3− assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence–were examined under nitrate replete and deplete conditions in a short-term incubation. We found that thermal plasticity was modulated by NO3− but different thermal responses were observed among traits. Our study reveals that nitrogen, a local driver, modulates kelp responses to high seawater temperatures, ameliorating the negative impacts on physiological performance (i.e. growth and photosynthesis). However, this effect might be species-specific and vary among biogeographic regions – thus, further work is needed to determine the generality of our findings to other key temperate macroalgae that are experiencing temperatures close to their thermal tolerance due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Fernández
- Centro i~mar & CeBiB, Universidad de Los Lagos, Camino a Chinquihue Km 6, Puerto Montt, Casilla 557, Chile. .,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, 7004, TAS, Australia.
| | - Juan Diego Gaitán-Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Pablo P Leal
- Departamento de Repoblación y Cultivo, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Balmaceda 252, Puerto Montt, Casilla 665, Chile
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, 7004, TAS, Australia
| | - Andrew T Revill
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, 7001, TAS, Australia
| | - Catriona L Hurd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, 7004, TAS, Australia
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Bianchi CN, Azzola A, Bertolino M, Betti F, Bo M, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Cocito S, Montefalcone M, Morri C, Oprandi A, Peirano A, Bavestrello G. Consequences of the marine climate and ecosystem shift of the 1980-90s on the Ligurian Sea biodiversity (NW Mediterranean). EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2019.1687765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. N. Bianchi
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - A. Azzola
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - M. Bertolino
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - F. Betti
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - M. Bo
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - R. Cattaneo-Vietti
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - S. Cocito
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Marine Environment Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy
| | - M. Montefalcone
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - C. Morri
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - A. Oprandi
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - A. Peirano
- ENEA (Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), Marine Environment Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy
| | - G. Bavestrello
- DiSTAV (Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
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