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Li L, Wang Q, Tian J, Zhou Y, Ma N, Liu H, Zhang Y, Chen S, Wang J, Chen Y, Ran W, Li J, Cao J. Exploring secondary aerosol formation associated with elemental carbon in the lower free troposphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172992. [PMID: 38719037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The variability of element carbon (EC) mixed with secondary species significantly complicates the assessment of its environmental impact, reflecting the complexity and diversity of EC-containing particles' composition and morphology during their ascent and regional transport. While the catalytic role of EC in secondary aerosol formation is recognized, the effects of heterogeneous chemistry on secondary species formation within diverse EC particle types are not thoroughly understood, particularly in the troposphere. Alpine sites offer a prime environment to explore EC properties post-transport from the ground to the free troposphere. Consequently, we conducted a comprehensive study on the genesis of secondary aerosols in EC-containing particles at Mt. Hua (altitude: 2069 m) from 1 May to 10 July, using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). Our analysis identified six major EC particle types, with EC-K, EC-SN, and EC-NaK particles accounting for 27.6 %, 27.0 %, and 19.6 % of the EC particle population, respectively. The concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) indicated that the lower free troposphere over Mt. Hua is significantly affected by anthropogenic emissions at ground-level, predominantly from northwestern and eastern China. Atmospheric interactions are crucial in generating high sulfate levels in EC-SN and EC-OC particles (> 70 %) and notable nitrate levels in EC-K, EC-BB, and EC-Fe particles (> 80 %). The observed high chloride content in EC-OC particles (56 ± 32 %) might enhance chlorine's reactivity with organic compounds via heterogeneous reactions within the troposphere. Distinct diurnal cycles for sulfate and nitrate are mainly driven by varying transport dynamics and formation processes, showing minimal dependency on EC particle types. Enhanced nocturnal oxalate conversion in EC-Fe particles is likely due to the aqueous oxidation of precursors, with Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions enhancing OH radical production. This investigation provides critical insights into EC's role in secondary aerosol development during its transport in the lower free troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yaqing Zhou
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuoyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Science and Technology on Aerospace Chemical Power Laboratory, Xiangyang 441003, China
| | - Weikang Ran
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Luan K, Cao Z, Shen W, Zhou P, Qiu Z, Wan H, Wang Z, Zhu W. Application of multiplatform remote sensing data over East Asia Ocean: aerosol characteristics and aerosol types. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37175-37195. [PMID: 38764086 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
It is important to explore the characteristics and rules of atmospheric aerosol in the East Asian Sea for monitoring and evaluating atmospheric environmental quality. Based on Aerosol Robot Network (AERONET), Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer (VIIRS), and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and differences of aerosol parameters and types in the East Asian Sea were studied by using figure classification method (FIGCM), aerosol optical depth (AOD)440-Angstrom exponent (AE)440-870 method (AA1M), and AOD550-AE490-670 method (AA2M). The results show that the seasonal variation trend of aerosol characteristics and types is obvious in East Asia Sea. AOD, volume concentration (Cv), and aerosol effective radius (reff) in the Bohai-Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan in autumn are lower than those in other seasons, and the occurrence frequency of ocean-type aerosols is high. Different from the Bohai-Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan, human activities in winter, summer, and autumn seriously affect the air quality in the East China Sea and South China Sea. Especially at the Taipei CWB site, from aerosol parameters and high biomass burning/urban industrial (BB/UI) aerosol, human activity is an important factor for high pollution at the Taipei CWB site. Aerosol types of AA1M, FIGCM, AA2M, and CALIPSO were compared at Anmyon and Yonsei University sites in the Bohai-Yellow Sea in March 2020. The results show that aerosol types based on threshold classification methods generally have higher mixed aerosol results, and the marine (MA) results of AA1M, FIGCM, and AA2M are close to the clean marine aerosol results of CALIPSO. Comparing the results of AA 2 M and CALIPSO on a spatial scale, it is found that the clean marine aerosol proportion identified by CALIPSO (0.38, 0.48, 0.82) is consistent with the MA proportion identified by AA 2 M (0.43, 0.46, 0.97) in the East China Sea, South China Sea, and Western Pacific Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuifeng Luan
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Estuarine and Oceanographic Mapping Engineering Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Cao
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Estuarine and Oceanographic Mapping Engineering Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, 454000, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Satellite Remote Sensing, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhenge Qiu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Estuarine and Oceanographic Mapping Engineering Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Haixia Wan
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Information Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Weidong Zhu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Estuarine and Oceanographic Mapping Engineering Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai, 200123, China
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Wang J, Liu S, Tang M, Fu W, Wang Y, Yin K, Dai Y. Thermodynamically and Kinetically Stabilized Pt Clusters Against Sintering on CeO 2 Nanofibers Through Enclosing CeO 2 Nanocubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300547. [PMID: 37093186 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sintering is a major concern for the deactivation of supported metals catalysts, which is driven by the force of decreasing the total surface energy of the entire catalytic system. In this work, a double-confinement strategy is demonstrated to stabilize 2.6 nm-Pt clusters against sintering on electrospun CeO2 nanofibers decorated by CeO2 nanocubes (m-CeO2 ). Thermodynamically, with the aid of CeO2 -nanocubes, the intrinsically irregular surface of polycrystalline CeO2 nanofibers becomes smooth, offering adjacent Pt clusters with decreased chemical potential differences on a relatively uniform surface. Kinetically, the Pt clusters are physically restricted on each facet of CeO2 nanocubes in a nanosized region. In situ high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) observation reveals that the Pt clusters can be stabilized up to 800 °C even in a high density, which is far beyond their Tammann temperature, without observable size growth or migration. Such a sinter-resistant catalytic system is endowed with boosted catalytic activity toward both the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol after being aged at 500 °C and the sinter-promoting exothermic oxidation reactions (e.g., soot oxidation) at high temperatures over 700 °C. This work offers new opportunities for exploring sinter-resistant nanocatalysts, starting from the rational design of whole catalytic system in terms of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Suting Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Wanlin Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yunqian Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, P. R. China
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Varga G. Changing nature of Saharan dust deposition in the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe): 40 years of identified North African dust events (1979-2018). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105712. [PMID: 32283354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several billion tonnes of mineral dust is emitted, and transported through winds every year from arid-semiarid areas. North African dust hot spots located in the Sahara are responsible for 50-70% of the global mineral dust budget. Dust-loaded air-masses originated from these sources can be transported over long distances and can also affect remote areas, such as North and South Americas, Europe, and the Middle East. In this study, we analysed 218 identified Saharan dust events (SDEs) in the Carpathian Basin (Central Europe) during 1979 to 2018. Systematic identification of SDEs and analyses of dust emission, dust source area activity, dust transporting wind systems, and transport routes revealed that different synoptic meteorological patterns are responsible for SDEs, and these are occurring mostly in spring and summer. The characteristic synoptic meteorological background of episodes was also identified, and three major types of atmospheric pressure-system patterns were distinguished. In recent years, several intense wintertime dust deposition events have been recorded in Central Europe. All of the identified unusual episodes were characterised by severe washout of mineral dust material and were related to very similar synoptic meteorological situations. Enhanced southward propagation of a high-latitude upper-level atmospheric trough to north-western Africa and orographic blocking of Atlas Mountains played an essential role in the formation of severe dust storms, whereas the long-range transport was associated with the northward branch of the meandering jet. The occurrence and southerly penetration of high-latitude upper-level atmospheric trough to low-latitudes and the increased meridionality of the dominant flow patterns may be associated with enhanced warming of the Arctic, leading to more meandering jet streams. Particles size of sampled dust material of some intense deposition episodes were very coarse with a considerable volumetric proportion of > 20 µm particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Varga
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Budapest H-1112, Hungary.
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Bellouin N, Quaas J, Gryspeerdt E, Kinne S, Stier P, Watson‐Parris D, Boucher O, Carslaw KS, Christensen M, Daniau A, Dufresne J, Feingold G, Fiedler S, Forster P, Gettelman A, Haywood JM, Lohmann U, Malavelle F, Mauritsen T, McCoy DT, Myhre G, Mülmenstädt J, Neubauer D, Possner A, Rugenstein M, Sato Y, Schulz M, Schwartz SE, Sourdeval O, Storelvmo T, Toll V, Winker D, Stevens B. Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000660. [PMID: 32734279 PMCID: PMC7384191 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols interact with radiation and clouds. Substantial progress made over the past 40 years in observing, understanding, and modeling these processes helped quantify the imbalance in the Earth's radiation budget caused by anthropogenic aerosols, called aerosol radiative forcing, but uncertainties remain large. This review provides a new range of aerosol radiative forcing over the industrial era based on multiple, traceable, and arguable lines of evidence, including modeling approaches, theoretical considerations, and observations. Improved understanding of aerosol absorption and the causes of trends in surface radiative fluxes constrain the forcing from aerosol-radiation interactions. A robust theoretical foundation and convincing evidence constrain the forcing caused by aerosol-driven increases in liquid cloud droplet number concentration. However, the influence of anthropogenic aerosols on cloud liquid water content and cloud fraction is less clear, and the influence on mixed-phase and ice clouds remains poorly constrained. Observed changes in surface temperature and radiative fluxes provide additional constraints. These multiple lines of evidence lead to a 68% confidence interval for the total aerosol effective radiative forcing of -1.6 to -0.6 W m-2, or -2.0 to -0.4 W m-2 with a 90% likelihood. Those intervals are of similar width to the last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment but shifted toward more negative values. The uncertainty will narrow in the future by continuing to critically combine multiple lines of evidence, especially those addressing industrial-era changes in aerosol sources and aerosol effects on liquid cloud amount and on ice clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bellouin
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | - J. Quaas
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - E. Gryspeerdt
- Space and Atmospheric Physics GroupImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. Kinne
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
| | - P. Stier
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. Watson‐Parris
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - O. Boucher
- Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace, Sorbonne Université/CNRSParisFrance
| | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - M. Christensen
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - A.‐L. Daniau
- EPOC, UMR 5805, CNRS‐Université de BordeauxPessacFrance
| | - J.‐L. Dufresne
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Ecole PolytechniqueParisFrance
| | - G. Feingold
- NOAA ESRL Chemical Sciences DivisionBoulderCOUSA
| | - S. Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
- Now at Institut für Geophysik und MeteorologieUniversität zu KölnKölnGermany
| | - P. Forster
- Priestley International Centre for ClimateUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - A. Gettelman
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - J. M. Haywood
- CEMPSUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- UK Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
| | - U. Lohmann
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - T. Mauritsen
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - D. T. McCoy
- School of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - G. Myhre
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research‐Oslo (CICERO)OsloNorway
| | - J. Mülmenstädt
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - D. Neubauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - A. Possner
- Department of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCAUSA
- Now at Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesGoethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Y. Sato
- Department of Applied Energy, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
- Now at Faculty of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - M. Schulz
- Climate Modelling and Air Pollution Section, Research and Development DepartmentNorwegian Meteorological InstituteOsloNorway
| | - S. E. Schwartz
- Brookhaven National Laboratory Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentUptonNYUSA
| | - O. Sourdeval
- Institute for MeteorologyUniversität LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Laboratoire d'Optique AtmosphériqueUniversité de LilleVilleneuve d'AscqFrance
| | - T. Storelvmo
- Department of GeosciencesUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - V. Toll
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
- Now at Institute of PhysicsUniversity of TartuTartuEstonia
| | - D. Winker
- NASA Langley Research CenterHamptonVAUSA
| | - B. Stevens
- Max Planck Institute for MeteorologyHamburgGermany
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