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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. Structural insights into the role of SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex in RAF activation. FEBS J 2023; 290:4852-4863. [PMID: 37074066 PMCID: PMC10584989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
RAF activation is a key step for signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The SHOC2 protein, along with MRAS and PP1C, forms a high affinity, heterotrimeric holoenzyme that activates RAF kinases by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine. Recently, our research, along with that of three other teams, has uncovered valuable structural and functional insights into the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) holoenzyme complex. In this structural snapshot, we review SMP complex assembly, the dependency on the bound-nucleotide state of MRAS, the substitution of MRAS by the canonical RAS proteins and the roles of SHOC2 and MRAS on PP1C activity and specificity. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of several RASopathy mutations identified within the SMP complex and explore potential therapeutic approaches for targeting the SMP complex in RAS/RAF-driven cancers and RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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Almeida Lima K, Osawa IYA, Ramalho MCC, de Souza I, Guedes CB, Souza Filho CHDD, Monteiro LKS, Latancia MT, Rocha CRR. Temozolomide Resistance in Glioblastoma by NRF2: Protecting the Evil. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041081. [PMID: 37189700 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 is constitutively active in glioblastoma, a highly aggressive brain tumor subtype with poor prognosis. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the primary chemotherapeutic agent for this type of tumor treatment, but resistance to this drug is often observed. This review highlights the research that is demonstrating how NRF2 hyperactivation creates an environment that favors the survival of malignant cells and protects against oxidative stress and TMZ. Mechanistically, NRF2 increases drug detoxification, autophagy, DNA repair, and decreases drug accumulation and apoptotic signaling. Our review also presents potential strategies for targeting NRF2 as an adjuvant therapy to overcome TMZ chemoresistance in glioblastoma. Specific molecular pathways, including MAPKs, GSK3β, βTRCP, PI3K, AKT, and GBP, that modulate NRF2 expression leading to TMZ resistance are discussed, along with the importance of identifying NRF2 modulators to reverse TMZ resistance and develop new therapeutic targets. Despite the significant progress in understanding the role of NRF2 in GBM, there are still unanswered questions regarding its regulation and downstream effects. Future research should focus on elucidating the precise mechanisms by which NRF2 mediates resistance to TMZ, and identifying potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Almeida Lima
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04037-003, Brazil
| | - Isabeli Yumi Araújo Osawa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04037-003, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Clares Ramalho
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04037-003, Brazil
| | - Izadora de Souza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04037-003, Brazil
| | - Camila Banca Guedes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04037-003, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcela Teatin Latancia
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3371, USA
| | - Clarissa Ribeiro Reily Rocha
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo 04037-003, Brazil
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Pudewell S, Lissy J, Nakhaeizadeh H, Mosaddeghzadeh N, Nakhaei-Rad S, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. New mechanistic insights into the RAS-SIN1 interaction at the membrane. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:987754. [PMID: 36274845 PMCID: PMC9583166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.987754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated MAP kinase-interacting protein 1 (SIN1) is a central member of the mTORC2 complex that contains an N-terminal domain (NTD), a conserved region in the middle (CRIM), a RAS-binding domain (RBD), and a pleckstrin homology domain. Recent studies provided valuable structural and functional insights into the interactions of SIN1 and the RAS-binding domain of RAS proteins. However, the mechanism for a reciprocal interaction of the RBD-PH tandem with RAS proteins and the membrane as an upstream event to spatiotemporal mTORC2 regulation is not clear. The biochemical assays in this study led to the following results: 1) all classical RAS paralogs, including HRAS, KRAS4A, KRAS4B, and NRAS, can bind to SIN1-RBD in biophysical and SIN1 full length (FL) in cell biology experiments; 2) the SIN1-PH domain modulates interactions with various types of membrane phosphoinositides and constantly maintains a pool of SIN1 at the membrane; and 3) a KRAS4A-dependent decrease in membrane binding of the SIN1-RBD-PH tandem was observed, suggesting for the first time a mechanistic influence of KRAS4A on SIN1 membrane association. Our study strengthens the current mechanistic understanding of SIN1-RAS interaction and suggests membrane interaction as a key event in the control of mTORC2-dependent and mTORC2-independent SIN1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pudewell
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jana Lissy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hossein Nakhaeizadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Niloufar Mosaddeghzadeh
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammad R. Ahmadian,
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