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Engel L, Bryan S, Whitehurst DGT. Conceptualising 'Benefits Beyond Health' in the Context of the Quality-Adjusted Life-Year: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2021; 39:1383-1395. [PMID: 34423386 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-021-01074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in extending the evaluative space of the quality-adjusted life-year framework beyond health. Using a critical interpretive synthesis approach, the objective was to review peer-reviewed literature that has discussed non-health outcomes within the context of quality-adjusted life-years and synthesise information into a thematic framework. Papers were identified through searches conducted in Web of Science, using forward citation searching. A critical interpretive synthesis allows for the development of interpretations (synthetic constructs) that go beyond those offered in the original sources. The final output of a critical interpretive synthesis is the synthesising argument, which integrates evidence from across studies into a coherent thematic framework. A concept map was developed to show the relationships between different types of non-health benefits. The critical interpretive synthesis was based on 99 papers. The thematic framework was constructed around four themes: (1) benefits affecting well-being (subjective well-being, psychological well-being, capability and empowerment); (2) benefits derived from the process of healthcare delivery; (3) benefits beyond the recipient of care (spillover effects, externalities, option value and distributional benefits); and (4) benefits beyond the healthcare sector. There is a wealth of research concerning non-health benefits and the evaluative space of the quality-adjusted life-year. Further dialogue and debate are necessary to address conceptual and normative challenges, to explore the societal willingness to sacrifice health for benefits beyond health and to consider the equity implications of different courses of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Engel
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Stirling Bryan
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David G T Whitehurst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Gal DB, Deuitch N, Lee SSJ, Simon RT, Char DS. Parental Attitudes Toward Clinical Genomic Sequencing in Children With Critical Cardiac Disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2021; 22:e419-e426. [PMID: 33591072 PMCID: PMC8357848 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Through improving diagnostics and prognostics genomic sequencing promises to significantly impact clinical decisions for children with critical cardiac disease. Little is known about how families of children with critical cardiac disease perceive the impact of genomic sequencing on clinical care choices. DESIGN Qualitative interview study. SETTING A high-volume, tertiary pediatric heart center. SUBJECTS Families of children with critical cardiac disease. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Thematic analysis of interview response content. Thirty-five families were interviewed. Three themes emerged: 1) benefits versus challenges of having genomic sequencing results, and 2) fears of clinical applications of genomic sequencing, and 3) nonclinical fears related to genomic sequencing. Participants struggled with perceived uses of genomic sequencing-derived knowledge. They described comfort in foreknowledge of their child's likely disease course but articulated significant apprehension around participating in care decisions with limited knowledge of genomic sequencing, genomic sequencing uses to inform clinical resource rationing decisions, and genomic sequencing uses by third parties impacting financial pressures families experience caring for a child with critical cardiac disease. CONCLUSIONS Families' perceptions of genomic sequencing uses in critical cardiac disease appear to strain their overall trust in the health system. Erosion of trust is concerning because the potential of genomic sequencing in critical cardiac disease will be unrealized if families are unwilling to undergo genomic sequencing, let alone to participate in the ongoing research needed to link genomic sequencing variants to clinical outcomes. Our findings may have implications for genomic sequencing use in children with other critical, high-acuity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana B Gal
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Natalie Deuitch
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Sandra Soo Jin Lee
- Division of Ethics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Danton S Char
- Center for Biomedical Ethics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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Burns BL, Bilkey GA, Coles EP, Bowman FL, Beilby JP, Pachter NS, Baynam G, Dawkins HJS, Weeramanthri TS, Nowak KJ. Healthcare System Priorities for Successful Integration of Genomics: An Australian Focus. Front Public Health 2019; 7:41. [PMID: 30915324 PMCID: PMC6421399 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines key considerations for the successful integration of genomic technologies into healthcare systems. All healthcare systems strive to introduce new technologies that are effective and affordable, but genomics offers particular challenges, given the rapid evolution of the technology. In this context we frame internationally relevant discussion points relating to effective and sustainable implementation of genomic testing within the strategic priority areas of the recently endorsed Australian National Health Genomics Policy Framework. The priority areas are services, data, workforce, finances, and person-centred care. In addition, we outline recommendations from a government perspective through the lens of the Australian health system, and argue that resources should be allocated not to just genomic testing alone, but across the five strategic priority areas for full effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda L. Burns
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Bilkey
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Office of the Chief Health Officer, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emily P. Coles
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Faye L. Bowman
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John P. Beilby
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas S. Pachter
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, Department of Health, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Government of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Hugh J. S. Dawkins
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Sir Walter Murdoch School of Policy and International Affairs, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Tarun S. Weeramanthri
- Office of the Chief Health Officer, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Kristen J. Nowak
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Di Gioacchino V, Langlois S, Elliott AM. Canadian genetic healthcare professionals' attitudes towards discussing private pay options with patients. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00572. [PMID: 30712332 PMCID: PMC6465662 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Just as there is inconsistency with respect to coverage of genomic testing with insurance carriers, there is interprovincial discrepancy in Canada. Consequently, the option of private pay (e.g., self pay) arises, which can lead to inequities in access, particularly when patients may not be aware of this option. There are currently no published data regarding how the Canadian genetics community handles discussions of private pay options with patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of genetic healthcare professionals (GHPs: medical geneticists, genetic counselors, and genetic nurses) practicing in Canada toward these discussions. Methods An online survey was distributed to members of the Canadian College of Medical Geneticists and the Canadian Association of Genetic Counsellors to assess frequencies, rationale, and ethical considerations regarding these conversations. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of 144 respondents, 95% reported discussing private pay and 65% reported working in a clinic without a policy on this issue. There were geographic and practice‐specific differences. The most common circumstance for these discussions was when a test was clinically indicated (e.g., but funding was denied) followed by when the patient initiated the conversation. The most frequently discussed tests included: multi‐gene panels (73% of respondents), noninvasive prenatal testing (62%), and pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis (58%). Although 65% felt it was ethical to discuss private pay, 35% indicated it was “sometimes” ethical. Conclusion With the increasing availability of genomic technologies, these findings inform how we practice and demonstrate the need for policy in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Di Gioacchino
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sylvie Langlois
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Women's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Women's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Paul JL, Leslie H, Trainer AH, Gaff C. A theory-informed systematic review of clinicians' genetic testing practices. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1401-1416. [PMID: 29891880 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic literature review investigates factors impacting on clinicians' decisions to offer genetic tests in their practice, and maps them to a theoretical behaviour change framework. Better understanding of these factors will inform the design of effective interventions to integrate genomics tests into clinical care. We conducted a narrative synthesis of empirical research of medical specialists' perspectives on and experiences of offering genetic tests to their patients. This review was based upon the PRISMA statement and guidelines for reviewing qualitative research. Four electronic data sources were searched-MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed. Studies were independently assessed by two authors. Content analysis was applied to map the findings of included studies to a framework validated for behaviour and implementation research, the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The TDF describes 14 factors known to influence behaviour and has been applied in diverse clinical settings to understand and/or modify health professional behaviour. Thirty-four studies published in 39 articles met inclusion and quality criteria. Most studies were published after 2011 (54%), Northern American (82%), quantitative in design (68%) and addressed familial cancer genetic tests (53%). Of the 14 TDF factors, 13 were identified. The three most common factors were: Environmental Context and Resources (n = 33), Beliefs about Consequences (n = 26), and Knowledge (n = 23). To support the adoption of genomic tests beyond specialist services, nuanced interventions targeting considerations beyond clinician education are needed. For instance, interventions addressing organisational constraints which may restrict clinicians' ability to offer genomic tests are required alongside those targeting factors intrinsic to the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L Paul
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hanna Leslie
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Paediatric & Reproductive Unit, SA Clinical Genetics Service, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alison H Trainer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Parkville integrated Familial Cancer Centre and Genomic Medicine, Peter McCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospitals, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clara Gaff
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Vanstone M, Cernat A, Nisker J, Schwartz L. Women's perspectives on the ethical implications of non-invasive prenatal testing: a qualitative analysis to inform health policy decisions. BMC Med Ethics 2018; 19:27. [PMID: 29661182 PMCID: PMC5902938 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-018-0267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT) is a technology which provides information about fetal genetic characteristics (including sex) very early in pregnancy by examining fetal DNA obtained from a sample of maternal blood. NIPT is a morally complex technology that has advanced quickly to market with a strong push from industry developers, leaving many areas of uncertainty still to be resolved, and creating a strong need for health policy that reflects women’s social and ethical values. We approach the need for ethical policy-making by studying the use of NIPT and emerging policy in the province of Ontario, Canada. Methods Using an adapted version of constructivist grounded theory, we conducted interviews with 38 women who have had personal experiences with NIPT. We used an iterative process of data collection and analysis and a staged coding strategy to conduct a descriptive analysis of ethics issues identified implicitly and explicitly by women who have been affected by this technology. Results The findings of this paper focus on current ethical issues for women seeking NIPT, including place in the prenatal pathway, health care provider counselling about the test, industry influence on the diffusion of NIPT, consequences of availability of test results. Other issues gain relevance in the context of future policy decisions regarding NIPT, including funding of NIPT and principles that may govern the expansion of the scope of NIPT. These findings are not an exhaustive list of all the potential ethical issues related to NIPT, but rather a representation of the issues which concern women who have personal experience with this test. Conclusions Women who have had personal experience with NIPT have concerns and priorities which sometimes contrast dramatically with the theoretical ethics literature. These findings suggest the importance of engaging patients in ethical deliberation about morally complex technologies, and point to the need for more deliberative patient engagement work in this area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12910-018-0267-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Vanstone
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, DBHSC 5003E, 100 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada. .,Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Cernat
- Life Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Nisker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Schwartz
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Tiller J, Lacaze P. Regulation of Internet-based Genetic Testing: Challenges for Australia and Other Jurisdictions. Front Public Health 2018; 6:24. [PMID: 29497607 PMCID: PMC5818403 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Internet currently enables unprecedented ease of access for direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing, with saliva collection kits posted directly to consumer homes from anywhere in the world. This poses new challenges for local jurisdictions in regulating genetic testing, traditionally a tightly-regulated industry. Some Internet-based genetic tests have the capacity to cause significant confusion or harm to consumers who are unaware of the risks or potential variability in quality. The emergence of some online products of questionable content, unsupported by adequate scientific evidence, is a cause for concern. Proliferation of such products in the absence of regulation has the potential to damage public trust in accredited and established clinical genetic testing during a critical period of evidence generation for genomics. Here, we explore the challenges arising from the emergence of Internet-based DTC genetic testing. In particular, there are challenges in regulating unaccredited or potentially harmful Internet-based DTC genetic testing products. In Australia, challenges exist for the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which oversees regulation of the genetic testing sector. Concerns and challenges faced in Australia are likely to reflect those of other comparable non-US jurisdictions. Here, we summarize current Australian regulation, highlight concerns, and offer recommendations on how Australia and other comparable jurisdictions might be more proactive in addressing this emerging public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Tiller
- Public Health Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Lacaze
- Public Health Genomics, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Explicating social values for resource allocation decisions on new cancer technologies: We, the jury, find⋯. J Cancer Policy 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpo.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Horn R, Parker M. Opening Pandora's box?: ethical issues in prenatal whole genome and exome sequencing. Prenat Diagn 2017; 38:20-25. [PMID: 28695688 PMCID: PMC5836985 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of genomic approaches to prenatal testing such as whole genome and exome sequencing offers the potential for a better understanding of prenatal structural anomalies in the fetus and ultimately for improved patient care and more informed reproductive decision making. In addition to the scientific and clinical challenges of achieving this, the introduction of new reproductive technologies also presents a number of ethical problems. The successful and appropriate development and introduction of prenatal genomics into clinical practice require these problems to be identified, understood and carefully analysed in the development of models of good ethical practice. METHOD We conducted a critical review of the existing literature on ethical issues in prenatal genomics. RESULTS We identified and discussed five areas of particular concern: valid consent, management and feed-back of information, responsibilities of health professionals, priority setting and resources and duties towards the future child. CONCLUSION There is a need for further discussion of the issues we have outlined here, and we hope that this brief summary of ethical arguments in the literature encourages researchers, clinicians, patients and scientists to engage in further discussion of these and other important issues raised by prenatal genomics. © 2017 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Horn
- The Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Messner DA, Koay P, Al Naber J, Cook-Deegan R, Majumder M, Javitt G, Dvoskin R, Bollinger J, Curnutte M, McGuire AL. Barriers to clinical adoption of next-generation sequencing: a policy Delphi panel's solutions. Per Med 2017; 14:339-354. [PMID: 29230253 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2016-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim Identify solutions to the most important policy barriers to the clinical adoption of next-generation sequencing. Materials & methods Four-round modified policy Delphi with a multistakeholder panel of 48 experts. The panel deliberated policy solutions to (previously reported) challenges deemed most important to address. Results The group advocated using consensus panels to promote consistency in payer policies and to standardize test reporting, and favored making genomic data-sharing a condition of regulatory clearance, certification, or accreditation processes. They were split on the role of US FDA. Conclusion Panelists found common ground on solutions for health plan coverage policy consistency, data-sharing, and standardizing reporting, but were sharply divided on the role of the FDA in mitigating risks to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna A Messner
- Center for Medical Technology Policy, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Pei Koay
- Center for Medical Technology Policy, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | | | - Robert Cook-Deegan
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, and Consortium for Science, Policy & Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Mary Majumder
- Center for Medical Ethics & Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gail Javitt
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rachel Dvoskin
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Juli Bollinger
- Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Margaret Curnutte
- Center for Medical Ethics & Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy L McGuire
- Center for Medical Ethics & Health Policy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Stakeholder perspectives on the implementation of genetic carrier screening in a changing landscape. BMC Health Serv Res 2017; 17:146. [PMID: 28209157 PMCID: PMC5314610 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In most countries, genetic carrier screening is neither offered, nor embedded in mainstream healthcare. Technological developments have triggered a two-fold transition in carrier screening: the expansion from screening one single disorder to many disorders simultaneously, and offering screening universally, regardless of ancestry. This study aims to identify general and population-specific barriers and needs reflected by stakeholders regarding the implementation of carrier screening in a changing landscape. Methods Seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Dutch key stakeholders working in the practical and scientific field of carrier screening. The constellation approach was used to categorise barriers and needs into three levels: culture, structure and practice. Results Barriers on a cultural level include: undecidedness about the desirability of carrier screening, and a lack of priority of screening in mainstream healthcare. On a structural level barriers included: need for organisational structures in healthcare for embedding carrier screening, need for guidelines, financial structures, practical tools for overcoming challenges during counselling, and a need for training and education of both professionals and the public. A lack of demand for screening by the public, and a need for a division of responsibilities were barriers on a practical level. Conclusion The absence of a collective sense of urgency for genetic carrier screening, a lack of organisational structures, and uncertainty or even disagreement about the responsibilities seem to be important barriers in the implementation of carrier screening. Stakeholders therefore suggest that change agents should be formally acknowledged to strategically plan broadening of current initiatives and attune different stakeholders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2083-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Kihlbom U. Ethical issues in preconception genetic carrier screening. Ups J Med Sci 2016; 121:295-298. [PMID: 27388477 PMCID: PMC5098496 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2016.1189470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Population-based preconception genetic carrier screening programmes (PCS) with expanded panels are currently being developed in the Netherlands. This form of genetic screening for recessive traits differs from other forms of genetic testing and screening in that it is offered to persons not known to have an increased risk of being carriers of genetic traits for severe recessive diseases and in that they include tests for a large number of traits, potentially several hundred. This raises several ethical issues around justice, consequences, and autonomy. It will be argued that most of these ethical problems call for cautious reflection when setting up PCS and similar programmes within preconception care. It is moreover argued that it is ethically problematic to have an official aim and failing to mention possibly legitimate public aims that actually drive the development of PCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Kihlbom
- a Center for Research Ethics and Bioethics , Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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Budin-Ljøsne I, Harris JR. Patient and interest organizations' views on personalized medicine: a qualitative study. BMC Med Ethics 2016; 17:28. [PMID: 27178188 PMCID: PMC4866041 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-016-0111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Personalized medicine (PM) aims to tailor disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment to individuals on the basis of their genes, lifestyle and environments. Patient and interest organizations (PIOs) may potentially play an important role in the realization of PM. This paper investigates the views and perspectives on PM of a variety of PIOs. Methods Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted among leading representatives of 13 PIOs located in Europe and North-America. The data collected were analysed using a conventional content analysis approach. Results The PIO representatives supported the realization of PM but feared that many financial, structural and organizational challenges may delay its realization. They encouraged strategies to modernize drug licencing mechanisms, develop research and data sharing infrastructures, and educate patients and health care professionals in PM. Notably, they emphasized the importance of developing PM in an equitable way and taking into consideration the patients’ needs, values and personal situation. Despite varying levels of awareness regarding PM, the PIO representatives expressed willingness to engage in the PM agenda and recommended that PIOs work closely with policy-makers to design PM in a way that truly addresses the needs and concerns of patients. Conclusions PIOs have the potential to become central drivers of the PM agenda. Collaborations should be further developed between PIOs, researchers, drug developers and health care authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Budin-Ljøsne
- Centre for Medical Ethics, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1130, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian Cancer Genomics Consortium, kreftgenomikk.no, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Rogowski WH, Schleidgen S. Using needs-based frameworks for evaluating new technologies: an application to genetic tests. Health Policy 2014; 119:147-55. [PMID: 25488566 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Given the multitude of newly available genetic tests in the face of limited healthcare budgets, the European Society of Human Genetics assessed how genetic services can be prioritized fairly. Using (health) benefit maximizing frameworks for this purpose has been criticized on the grounds that rather than maximization, fairness requires meeting claims (e.g. based on medical need) equitably. This study develops a prioritization score for genetic tests to facilitate equitable allocation based on need-based claims. It includes attributes representing health need associated with hereditary conditions (severity and progression), a genetic service's suitability to alleviate need (evidence of benefit and likelihood of positive result) and costs to meet the needs. A case study for measuring the attributes is provided and a suggestion is made how need-based claims can be quantified in a priority function. Attribute weights can be informed by data from discrete-choice experiments. Further work is needed to measure the attributes across the multitude of genetic tests and to determine appropriate weights. The priority score is most likely to be considered acceptable if developed within a decision process which meets criteria of procedural fairness and if the priority score is interpreted as "strength of recommendation" rather than a fixed cut-off value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf H Rogowski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schleidgen
- Institute of Ethics, History and Theory of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Lessingstrasse 2, 80336 Munich, Germany.
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Davey S. Next generation sequencing: considering the ethics. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 41:457-62. [DOI: 10.1111/iji.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Davey
- H&I Department; NHS Blood and Transplant; London UK
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Points to consider for prioritizing clinical genetic testing services: a European consensus process oriented at accountability for reasonableness. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:729-35. [PMID: 25248395 PMCID: PMC4795066 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the cost constraints of the European health-care systems, criteria are needed to decide which genetic services to fund from the public budgets, if not all can be covered. To ensure that high-priority services are available equitably within and across the European countries, a shared set of prioritization criteria would be desirable. A decision process following the accountability for reasonableness framework was undertaken, including a multidisciplinary EuroGentest/PPPC-ESHG workshop to develop shared prioritization criteria. Resources are currently too limited to fund all the beneficial genetic testing services available in the next decade. Ethically and economically reflected prioritization criteria are needed. Prioritization should be based on considerations of medical benefit, health need and costs. Medical benefit includes evidence of benefit in terms of clinical benefit, benefit of information for important life decisions, benefit for other people apart from the person tested and the patient-specific likelihood of being affected by the condition tested for. It may be subject to a finite time window. Health need includes the severity of the condition tested for and its progression at the time of testing. Further discussion and better evidence is needed before clearly defined recommendations can be made or a prioritization algorithm proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first time a clinical society has initiated a decision process about health-care prioritization on a European level, following the principles of accountability for reasonableness. We provide points to consider to stimulate this debate across the EU and to serve as a reference for improving patient management.
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Fischer KE, Rogowski WH. Funding decisions for newborn screening: a comparative review of 22 decision processes in Europe. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5403-30. [PMID: 24852389 PMCID: PMC4053875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110505403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Decision-makers need to make choices to improve public health. Population-based newborn screening (NBS) is considered as one strategy to prevent adverse health outcomes and address rare disease patients' needs. The aim of this study was to describe key characteristics of decisions for funding new NBS programmes in Europe. We analysed past decisions using a conceptual framework. It incorporates indicators that capture the steps of decision processes by health care payers. Based on an internet survey, we compared 22 decisions for which answers among two respondents were validated for each observation. The frequencies of indicators were calculated to elicit key characteristics. All decisions resulted in positive, mostly unrestricted funding. Stakeholder participation was diverse focusing on information provision or voting. Often, decisions were not fully transparent. Assessment of NBS technologies concentrated on expert opinion, literature review and rough cost estimates. Most important appraisal criteria were effectiveness (i.e., health gain from testing for the children being screened), disease severity and availability of treatments. Some common and diverging key characteristics were identified. Although no evidence of explicit healthcare rationing was found, processes may be improved in respect of transparency and scientific rigour of assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolf Henning Rogowski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Fair allocation of health-care resources: finding a model that does not disenfranchise users of genetic services. A commentary on Rogowski et al.... Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:1-2. [PMID: 23921538 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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