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Kim SK. Recent update on reading disability (dyslexia) focused on neurobiology. Clin Exp Pediatr 2021; 64:497-503. [PMID: 33677854 PMCID: PMC8498014 DOI: 10.3345/cep.2020.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading disability (dyslexia) refers to an unexpected difficulty with reading for an individual who has the intelligence to be a much better reader. Dyslexia is most commonly caused by a difficulty in phonological processing (the appreciation of the individual sounds of spoken language), which affects the ability of an individual to speak, read, and spell. In this paper, I describe reading disabilities by focusing on their underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Neurobiological studies using functional brain imaging have uncovered the reading pathways, brain regions involved in reading, and neurobiological abnormalities of dyslexia. The reading pathway is in the order of visual analysis, letter recognition, word recognition, meaning (semantics), phonological processing, and speech production. According to functional neuroimaging studies, the important areas of the brain related to reading include the inferior frontal cortex (Broca's area), the midtemporal lobe region, the inferior parieto-temporal area, and the left occipitotemporal region (visual word form area). Interventions for dyslexia can affect reading ability by causing changes in brain function and structure. An accurate diagnosis and timely specialized intervention are important in children with dyslexia. In cases in which national infant development screening tests have been conducted, as in Korea, if language developmental delay and early predictors of dyslexia are detected, careful observation of the progression to dyslexia and early intervention should be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Koo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Korea
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Lim Q, McGill BC, Quinn VF, Tucker KM, Mizrahi D, Patenaude AF, Warby M, Cohn RJ, Wakefield CE. Parents' attitudes toward genetic testing of children for health conditions: A systematic review. Clin Genet 2017; 92:569-578. [PMID: 28170090 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review assessed parents' attitudes toward childhood genetic testing for health conditions, with a focus on perceived advantages and disadvantages. We also evaluated the factors that influence parents' attitudes toward childhood genetic testing. We searched Medline, Medline In-Process, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts and CINAHL. We screened 945 abstracts and identified 21 studies representing the views of 3934 parents. Parents reported largely positive attitudes toward childhood genetic testing across different genetic tests with varying medical utility. Parents perceived a range of advantages and disadvantages of childhood genetic testing. Childhood genetic testing was viewed by most as beneficial. Parents' education level, genetic status, sex and sociodemographic status were associated with reported attitudes. This yielded some conflicting findings, indicating the need for further research. Genetic counseling remains essential to support this population in making well-informed decisions. Targeted interventions tailored to specific families with different sociodemographic characteristics may be useful. Further research on the long-term impact of childhood genetic testing on families is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lim
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - B C McGill
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Behavioral Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - V F Quinn
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Behavioral Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - K M Tucker
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - D Mizrahi
- Behavioral Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - A F Patenaude
- Department of Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M Warby
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R J Cohn
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
| | - C E Wakefield
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Behavioral Sciences Unit, Kids Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Australia
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