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Kumar L, Rajpal R, Ahlawat B, Sehrawat JS, Spalzin S, Fonia RS, Thangaraj K, Rai N. The maternal genetic origin and diversity of the extant populations of the Ladakh region in India. Mitochondrion 2024; 75:101828. [PMID: 38128747 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ladakh lies at a strategic location between the Indus River valley and the Hindu Khush Mountains, which makes the "Land of high passes" one of the major routes of movement. Through the years the region has faced multi-layered cultural movements, genetic assimilation and demographic changes. The initial settlement in the years goes back to the early Neolithic age and still continues despite its harsh, unhospitable and cold climate. Previous studies mostly covered the patrilineal markers of the region and an in-depth study lacked to represent the matrilineal ancestry and possible genetic inflow in the region. Hence, our current study first time generated complete mitogenomes of 108 unrelated individuals from Ladakh belonging to three population groups namely, Changpa (n = 38), Brokpa (n = 32) and Monpa (n = 38). In the in-depth analysis, we found that the mitogenome of the three Ladakhi groups are highly diverse in terms of maternal haplogroup distribution carrying lineages specific to East Asia (M9a), Tibbet (A21) and South Asia (M3, M30, U2). In our analysis we found that Changpa and Monpa probably have shared maternal ancestry compared to Brokpa, which is very distinct and also later suffered possible historical Bottleneck. Bayesian evolutionary and Network analysis indicates more ancient maternal lineage of Changpa and Monpa in terms of M9a haplotypes, but they also share some genetic history with Tibeto-Burman speakers in past. These findings conclusively indicate possible matrilineal genetic inflow in Ladakh from three directions, primarily from East Asia or South East Asia during post-glacial, West Eurasia and also from South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lomous Kumar
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Richa Rajpal
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhavna Ahlawat
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India; Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | | | - Sonam Spalzin
- Archaeological Survey of India, Mini Circle Leh, UT Ladakh, 180004, India
| | - Ramnath Singh Fonia
- Archaeological Survey of India, 144/1Kalidas Road, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, 248001, India
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India.
| | - Niraj Rai
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow 226007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Sharma V, Varshney R, Sethy NK. Identification of Suitable Reference Genes for Lowlanders Exposed to High Altitude and Ladakhi Highlanders. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:319-329. [PMID: 36219748 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sharma, Vandana, Rajeev Varshney, and Niroj Kumar Sethy. Identification of suitable reference genes for lowlanders exposed to high altitude and Ladakhi highlanders. High Alt Med Biol. 23:319-329, 2022. Background: Identifying a stable and reliable reference gene (RG) is a prerequisite for the unbiased and unambiguous analysis of gene expression data. It has become evident that conventionally used housekeeping genes such as beta-actin (ACTB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and peptidylprolyl Isomerase A (PPIA) exhibit varied expression patterns under hypoxia. Hence, the identification of stable RGs for humans exposed to hypobaric hypoxia can enhance the accuracy of gene expression studies by limiting the negligent use of random housekeeping genes. Methods: Using TaqMan™ array-based quantitative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we evaluated the expression of 32 commonly used human RGs among lowlanders at Delhi (altitude 216 m, SL), lowlanders at Leh (altitude 3,524 m) after 1 day (HA-D1) and 7 days (HA-D7), as well as indigenous Ladakhi highlanders at the same altitude. The expression stability of the RGs was evaluated using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta CT method, and RefFinder algorithms. Results: Our studies identify TATA-box binding protein (TBP), proteasome 26S subunit, ATPase 4 (PSMC4), and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) as the most stable human RGs for normalizing human gene expression under hypobaric hypoxia. In addition, we report the combination of TBP and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) as the most stable RG for studying lowlander gene expression during high-altitude exposure. In contrast, RPL30 and 18S exhibited maximum variation across study groups and were identified as the least stable RGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Delhi, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sethy
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Delhi, India
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Bhandari S, Dolma P, Mukerji M, Prasher B, Montgomery H, Kular D, Jain V, Dadhwal V, Williams DJ, Bhattacharyaa A, Gilbert E, Cavalleri GL, Hillman SL. Population history and genome wide association studies of birth weight in a native high altitude Ladakhi population. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269671. [PMID: 36126061 PMCID: PMC9488766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological low birth weight due to fetal growth restriction (FGR) is an important predictor of adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. It is more common amongst native lowlanders when gestating in the hypoxic environment of high altitude, whilst populations who have resided at high altitude for many generations are relatively protected. Genetic study of pregnant populations at high altitude permits exploration of the role of hypoxia in FGR pathogenesis, and perhaps of FGR pathogenesis more broadly. We studied the umbilical cord blood DNA of 316 neonates born to pregnant women managed at the Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Ladakh (altitude 3540m) between February 2017 and January 2019. Principal component, admixture and genome wide association studies (GWAS) were applied to dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genetic data, to explore ancestry and genetic predictors of low birth weight. Our findings support Tibetan ancestry in the Ladakhi population, with subsequent admixture with neighboring Indo-Aryan populations. Fetal growth protection was evident in Ladakhi neonates. Although no variants achieved genome wide significance, we observed nominal association of seven variants across genes (ZBTB38, ZFP36L2, HMGA2, CDKAL1, PLCG1) previously associated with birthweight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padma Dolma
- Sonam Norboo Memorial Hospital, Leh, Ladakh, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- Council Scientific Industrial Research-Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhavana Prasher
- Council Scientific Industrial Research-Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vandana Jain
- All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vatsla Dadhwal
- All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - David J. Williams
- University College London Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aniket Bhattacharyaa
- Council Scientific Industrial Research-Institute for Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Sara L. Hillman
- University College London Institute for Women’s Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Dolma P, Angchuk PT, Jain V, Dadhwal V, Kular D, Williams DJ, Montgomery HE, Hillman SL. High-altitude population neonatal and maternal phenotypes associated with birthweight protection. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:137-142. [PMID: 34103679 PMCID: PMC8770120 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND States which reduce foetal oxygen delivery are associated with impaired intrauterine growth. Hypoxia results when barometric pressure falls with ascent to altitude, and with it the partial pressure of inspired oxygen ('hypobaric hypoxia'). birthweight is reduced when native lowlanders gestate at such high altitude (HA)-an effect mitigated in native (millennia) HA populations. Studying HA populations offer a route to explore the mechanisms by which hypoxia impacts foetal growth. METHODS Between February 2017 and January 2019, we prospectively studied 316 pregnant women, in Leh, Ladakh (altitude 3524 m, where oxygen partial pressure is reduced by 1/3) and 101 pregnant women living in Delhi (low altitude, 216 m above sea level). RESULTS Of Ladakhi HA newborns, 14% were small for gestational age (<10th birthweight centile) vs 19% of newborn at low altitude. At HA, increased maternal body mass index, age, and uterine artery (UtA) diameter were positively associated with growth >10th weight centile. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that Ladakhi offspring birthweight is relatively spared from the expected adverse HA effects. Furthermore, maternal body composition and greater UtA size may be physiological HA adaptations and warrant further study, as they offer potential mechanisms to overcome hypoxia-related growth issues. IMPACT Reduced foetal oxygen delivery seen in native lowlanders who gestate at HA causes foetal growth restriction-an effect thought to be mitigated in native HA populations. We found that greater maternal body mass and UtA diameter were associated with increased offspring birthweight in a (Ladakh) HA population. This supports a role for them as physiological mediators of adaptation and provides insights into potential mechanisms that may treat hypoxia-related growth issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vandana Jain
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, India
| | - Vatsla Dadhwal
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, India
| | - Dalvir Kular
- grid.439787.60000 0004 0400 6717University Hospital Lewisham NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David J. Williams
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201University College London Institute for Women’s Health, London, UK
| | - Hugh E. Montgomery
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Centre for Human Health and Performance, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara L. Hillman
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201University College London Institute for Women’s Health, London, UK
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Ding J, Fan H, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Song X, Zhu B, Qiu P. Genetic polymorphisms and phylogenetic analyses of the Ü-Tsang Tibetan from Lhasa based on 30 slowly and moderately mutated Y-STR loci. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 7:181-188. [PMID: 35784414 PMCID: PMC9245999 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1810882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As a result of the expansion of old Tibet on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tibetans diverged into three main branches, Ü-Tsang, Amdo, and Kham Tibetan. Ü-Tsang Tibetans are geographically distributed across the wide central and western portions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau while Lhasa is the central gathering place for Tibetan culture. The AGCU Y30, a 6-dye fluorescence kit including 30 slowly and moderately mutated Y-STR loci, has been validated for its stability and sensitivity in different biomaterials and diverse Chinese populations (Han and other minorities), and widely used in the practical work of forensic science. However, the 30 Y-STR profiling of Tibetan, especially for Ü-Tsang Tibetan, were insufficient. We utilized the AGCU Y30 to genotype 577 Ü-Tsang Tibetan unrelated males from Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to fill up the full and accurate Y-STR profiles. A total of 552 haplotypes were observed, 536 (97.10%) of which were unique. One hundred and ninety-four alleles were observed at 26 single copy loci and the allelic frequencies ranged from 0.0017 to 0.8180. For the two multi-copy loci DYS385a/b and DYS527a/b, 64 and 36 allelic combinations were observed, respectively. The gene diversity (GD) values ranged from 0.3079 at DYS391 to 0.9142 at DYS385a/b and the overall haplotype diversity (HD) was 0.9998, and its discrimination capacity (DC) was 0.9567. The population genetic analyses demonstrated that Lhasa Ü-Tsang Tibetan had close relationships with other Tibetan populations from Tibet and Qinghai, especially with Ü-Tsang Tibetan. From the perspective of Y haplogroups, the admixture of the southward Qiang people with dominant haplogroup O-M122 and the northward migrations of the initial settlers of East Asia with haplogroup D-M175 hinted the Sino-Tibetan homologous, thus, we could not ignore the gene flows with other Sino-Tibetan populations, especially for Han Chinese, to characterize the forensic genetic landscape of Tibetan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haoliang Fan
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Life Science, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Multi-Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongsong Zhou
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Multi-Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuheng Song
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Multi-Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Multi-Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li W, Wang X, Wang X, Wang F, Du Z, Fu F, Wu W, Wang S, Mu Z, Chen C, Hu X, Ding J, Meng Y, Qiu P, Fan H. Forensic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of one branch of Tai-Kadai language-speaking Hainan Hlai (Ha Hlai) via 23 autosomal STRs included in the Huaxia ™ Platinum System. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1462. [PMID: 32862500 PMCID: PMC7549582 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hainan Island, located in the South China Sea and separated from the Leizhou Peninsula by Qiongzhou Strait, is the second largest island after Taiwan in China. With the expansion of Han Chinese and the gradual formation of "South Hlai and North Han", nowadays, Hainan Hlai is the second largest population after Han Chinese in Hainan Island. Ha Hlai, distributed in southwest and southern Hainan Island, is the dominant branch of Hlai and speaks Ha localism. METHODS We utilized the Huaxia™ Platinum PCR Amplification System (including 23 autosomal STRs and 2 sex-linked markers) to obtain the first STR profiling batch of 657 Ha Hlai individuals (497 males and 160 females). In order to explore the genetic relationships between the studied Ha Hlai and other reference populations with different language families, population genetic analyses, including PCA, MDS, STRUCTURE, and phylogenetic analysis, were conducted based upon the raw data and allelic frequencies of the polymorphic autosomal STR markers. RESULTS In total, 271 distinct alleles were observed at the 23 STR loci. The number of diverse alleles ranged from 7 at TPOX locus to 23 at FGA locus, and the allelic frequencies varied from 0.0008 to 0.5533. In addition, the CPE and CPD were 1-7.39 × 10-10 and 1-3.13 × 10-28 , respectively. The phylogenetic analyses indicated that Ha Hlai is a Tai-Kadai language-speaking and relatively isolated population which has a close genetic and geographical relationship with Hainan Hlai, and M95 is the dominant haplogroup in Ha Hlai (56.18%). CONCLUSION The 23 autosomal STR genetic markers were highly polymorphic as well as potentially useful for forensic applications in Hainan Ha Hlai population. The phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that small geographic scale gene flows could not be ignored and the shaping of the unique gene pool for each population was the combination effects of geographic, language, and cultural isolations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Life ScienceHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
- Forensic Science Center of Hainan Medical UniversityHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Xianwen Wang
- Criminal Technical DetachmentHaikou City Public Security BureauHaikouChina
| | - Xiehong Wang
- Criminal Technical DetachmentHaikou City Public Security BureauHaikouChina
| | - Fenfen Wang
- First Clinical Medical CollegeHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Zhengming Du
- First Clinical Medical CollegeHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Fangshu Fu
- School of Biomedical Information and EngineeringHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Wenlong Wu
- First Clinical Medical CollegeHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Shuya Wang
- School of Public HealthHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Ziqing Mu
- School of ManagementHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Chunwei Chen
- Public Security and Judicial Appraisal Center of Sanya CitySanyaChina
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Hainan Zhujian Center for Molecular Cytogenetic Clinical TestingHaikouChina
| | - Jiuyang Ding
- School of Forensic MedicineGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yunle Meng
- School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Pingming Qiu
- School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Multi‐Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haoliang Fan
- School of Basic Medicine and Life ScienceHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
- Forensic Science Center of Hainan Medical UniversityHainan Medical UniversityHaikouChina
- School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Multi‐Omics Innovative Research Center of Forensic Identification, Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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7
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Singh M, Sarkar A, Kumar D, Nandineni MR. The genetic affinities of Gujjar and Ladakhi populations of India. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2055. [PMID: 32029844 PMCID: PMC7005309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Ladakh in North India owing to their unique geographic location offer a wide variety of landscape from plains to high altitudes and is a congruence of many languages and cultural practices. Here, we present the genetic diversity studies of Gujjars from Jammu region of J&K and Ladakhi population based on a battery of autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeats (STRs), Y-chromosomal STRs and the control region of the mitochondrial genome. These two populations were observed to be genetically distant to each other as well as to other populations from India. Interestingly, Y-STR analyses showed a closer affinity of Gujjars to other nomadic populations of Pashtuns from Baghlans and Kunduz provinces of Afghanistan and Pashtuns and Sindhis of Pakistan. Gujjars exhibited lesser genetic diversity as compared to Ladakhi population. M30f and M9 were the most abundant mitochondrial haplogroups observed among Gujjars and Ladakhis, respectively. A lower matrilineal to patrilineal diversity was observed for both these populations. The current study presents the first comprehensive analysis of Gujjars and Ladakhis and reveals their unique genetic affiliations with other populations of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Singh
- Laboratory of Genomics and Profiling Applications, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India
- Graduate studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anujit Sarkar
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Devinder Kumar
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhusudan R Nandineni
- Laboratory of Genomics and Profiling Applications, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.
- Laboratory of DNA Fingerprinting Services, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana State, India.
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Sakamoto R, Okumiya K, Norboo T, Tsering N, Yamaguchi T, Nose M, Takeda S, Tsukihara T, Ishikawa M, Nakajima S, Wada T, Fujisawa M, Imai H, Ishimoto Y, Kimura Y, Fukutomi E, Chen W, Otsuka K, Matsubayashi K. Sleep quality among elderly high-altitude dwellers in Ladakh. Psychiatry Res 2017; 249:51-57. [PMID: 28063399 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been already known that people who temporarily stay at high altitude may develop insomnia as a symptom of acute mountain sickness. However, much less is known about people living at high altitude. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of high altitude environment on sleep quality for the elderly who have been living at high altitude for their whole lives. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Domkhar valley at altitudes of 2800-4200m, Ladakh. Sleep quality was assessed using Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Measurement items include body mass index, blood pressure, blood sugar, hemoglobin, timed Up and Go test, oxygen saturation during wakefulness, respiratory function test, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and so on. The participants were Ladakhi older adults aged 60 years or over (n=112) in Domkhar valley. The participation rate was 65.1% (male: female=47:65, mean age: 71.3 years and 67.9 years, respectively). The prevalence of the high score of ISI (8 or more) was 15.2% (17 out of 112). Altitude of residence was significantly correlated with ISI. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that OKS and altitude of residence were significantly related with ISI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakamoto
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Okumiya
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Mitsuhiro Nose
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Takeda
- Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Tsukihara
- Faculty of Education and Regional Studies, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Motonao Ishikawa
- Department of Medicine, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Nakajima
- Department of Medicine, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujisawa
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hissei Imai
- Department of Field Medicine, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ishimoto
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Kimura
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eriko Fukutomi
- Department of Field Medicine, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenling Chen
- Department of Field Medicine, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Otsuka
- Department of Medicine, Medical Center East, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsubayashi
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Field Medicine, School of Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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