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Prawitt D, Eggermann T. Molecular mechanisms of human overgrowth and use of omics in its diagnostics: chances and challenges. Front Genet 2024; 15:1382371. [PMID: 38894719 PMCID: PMC11183334 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1382371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Overgrowth disorders comprise a group of entities with a variable phenotypic spectrum ranging from tall stature to isolated or lateralized overgrowth of body parts and or organs. Depending on the underlying physiological pathway affected by pathogenic genetic alterations, overgrowth syndromes are associated with a broad spectrum of neoplasia predisposition, (cardio) vascular and neurodevelopmental anomalies, and dysmorphisms. Pathologic overgrowth may be of prenatal or postnatal onset. It either results from an increased number of cells (intrinsic cellular hyperplasia), hypertrophy of the normal number of cells, an increase in interstitial spaces, or from a combination of all of these. The underlying molecular causes comprise a growing number of genetic alterations affecting skeletal growth and Growth-relevant signaling cascades as major effectors, and they can affect the whole body or parts of it (mosaicism). Furthermore, epigenetic modifications play a critical role in the manifestation of some overgrowth diseases. The diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes as the prerequisite of a personalized clinical management can be challenging, due to their clinical and molecular heterogeneity. Physicians should consider molecular genetic testing as a first diagnostic step in overgrowth syndromes. In particular, the urgent need for a precise diagnosis in tumor predisposition syndromes has to be taken into account as the basis for an early monitoring and therapy. With the (future) implementation of next-generation sequencing approaches and further omic technologies, clinical diagnoses can not only be verified, but they also confirm the clinical and molecular spectrum of overgrowth disorders, including unexpected findings and identification of atypical cases. However, the limitations of the applied assays have to be considered, for each of the disorders of interest, the spectrum of possible types of genomic variants has to be considered as they might require different methodological strategies. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic workflows significantly contribute to the phenotype-driven selection and interpretation of molecular and physiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Prawitt
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Eggermann
- Institute for Human Genetics and Genome Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Vaisfeld A, Neri G. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2024:e32088. [PMID: 38766979 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS; OMIM 312870) is an overgrowth/multiple congenital anomalies/dysplasia condition, inherited as an X-linked semi-dominant trait, with variable expressivity in males and reduced penetrance and expressivity in females. The clinical spectrum is broad, ranging from mild manifestations in both males and females to multiple malformations and neonatal death in the more severely affected cases. An increased risk of neoplasia is reported, requiring periodical surveillance. Intellectual development is normal in most cases. SGBS is caused by a loss-of-function mutation of the GPC3 gene, either deletions or point mutations, distributed all over the gene. Notably, GPC3 deletion/point mutations are not found in a significant proportion of clinically diagnosed SGBS cases. The protein product GPC3 is a glypican functioning as a receptor for Hh at the cell surface, involved in the Hh-Ptc-Smo signaling pathway, a regulator of cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vaisfeld
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Neri
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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3
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Regulation of stem cell fate by HSPGs: implication in hair follicle cycling. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:77. [PMID: 36577752 PMCID: PMC9797564 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are part of proteoglycan family. They are composed of heparan sulfate (HS)-type glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains covalently linked to a core protein. By interacting with growth factors and/or receptors, they regulate numerous pathways including Wnt, hedgehog (Hh), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways. They act as inhibitor or activator of these pathways to modulate embryonic and adult stem cell fate during organ morphogenesis, regeneration and homeostasis. This review summarizes the knowledge on HSPG structure and classification and explores several signaling pathways regulated by HSPGs in stem cell fate. A specific focus on hair follicle stem cell fate and the possibility to target HSPGs in order to tackle hair loss are discussed in more dermatological and cosmeceutical perspectives.
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4
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Hayashida K, Aquino RS, Park PW. Coreceptor Functions of Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C896-C912. [PMID: 35319900 PMCID: PMC9109798 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00050.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions play an important role in many biological processes by triggering specific cellular responses. These interactions are frequently regulated by coreceptors that facilitate, alter, or inhibit signaling. Coreceptors work in parallel with other specific and accessory molecules to coordinate receptor-ligand interactions. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) function as unique coreceptors because they can bind to many ligands and receptors through their HS and core protein motifs. Cell surface HSPGs are typically expressed in abundance of the signaling receptors and, thus, are capable of mediating the initial binding of ligands to the cell surface. HSPG coreceptors do not possess kinase domains or intrinsic enzyme activities and, for the most part, binding to cell surface HSPGs does not directly stimulate intracellular signaling. Because of these features, cell surface HSPGs primarily function as coreceptors for many receptor-ligand interactions. Given that cell surface HSPGs are widely conserved, they likely serve fundamental functions to preserve basic physiological processes. Indeed, cell surface HSPGs can support specific cellular interactions with growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microbial pathogens and their secreted virulence factors. Through these interactions, HSPG coreceptors regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation, and impact the onset, progression, and outcome of pathophysiological processes, such as development, tissue repair, inflammation, infection, and tumorigenesis. This review seeks to provide an overview of the various mechanisms of how cell surface HSPGs function as coreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Hayashida
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rafael S Aquino
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pyong Woo Park
- Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Zheng X, Liu X, Lei Y, Wang G, Liu M. Glypican-3: A Novel and Promising Target for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:824208. [PMID: 35251989 PMCID: PMC8889910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.824208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a membrane-associated proteoglycan that is specifically up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) although rarely or not expressed in normal liver tissues, making it a perfect diagnostic and treatment target for HCC. Several GPC3-based clinical trials are ongoing and recently several innovative GPC3-targeted therapeutic methods have emerged with exciting results, including GPC3 vaccine, anti-GPC3 immunotoxin, combined therapy with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T or NK cells. Here, we review the value of GPC3 in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC, together with its signaling pathways, with a specific focus on GPC3-targeted treatments of HCC and some prospects for the future GPC3-based therapeutic strategies in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Zheng
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanna Lei
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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6
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Abstract
Glypicans are proteoglycans that are bound to the outer surface of the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The mammalian genome contains six members of the glypican family (GPC1 to GPC6). Although the degree of sequence homology within the family is rather low, the three-dimensional structure of these proteoglycans is highly conserved. Glypicans are predominantly expressed during embryonic development. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that glypicans can stimulate or inhibit the signaling pathways triggered by Wnts, Hedgehogs, Fibroblast Growth Factors, and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. The study of mutant mouse strains demonstrated that glypicans have important functions in the developmental morphogenesis of various organs. In addition, a role of glypicans in synapsis formation has been established. Notably, glypican loss-of-function mutations are the cause of three human inherited syndromes. Recent analysis of glypican compound mutant mice have demonstrated that members of this protein family display redundant functions during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filmus
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Li D, Lin S, Hong J, Ho M. Immunotherapy for hepatobiliary cancers: Emerging targets and translational advances. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 156:415-449. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Cell surface proteoglycans, such as syndecans and glypicans, regulate molecular interactions that mediate cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Through these activities, surface proteoglycans modulate critical biological processes of development, inflammation, infection, tissue repair, and cancer metastasis. Proteoglycans are unique glycoproteins comprised of one or several glycosaminoglycans attached covalently to core proteins. Glycosaminoglycans mediate the majority of ligand-binding functions of proteoglycans. Accumulating evidence indicates that surface proteoglycans regulate the onset, progression, and outcome of lung diseases, including lung injury, infection, fibrosis, and cancer. This article will review key features of surface proteoglycan biology in lung health and disease.
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Abstract
Glypicans are a family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that are attached to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Glypicans interact with multiple ligands, including morphogens, growth factors, chemokines, ligands, receptors, and components of the extracellular matrix through their heparan sulfate chains and core protein. Therefore, glypicans can function as coreceptors to regulate cell proliferation, cell motility, and morphogenesis. In addition, some glypicans are abnormally expressed in cancers, possibly involved in tumorigenesis, and have the potential to be cancer-specific biomarkers. Here, we provide a brief review focusing on the expression of glypicans in various cancers and their potential to be targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Madeline R Spetz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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10
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Kolluri A, Ho M. The Role of Glypican-3 in Regulating Wnt, YAP, and Hedgehog in Liver Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:708. [PMID: 31428581 PMCID: PMC6688162 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a cell-surface glycoprotein consisting of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan chains and an inner protein core. It has important functions in cellular signaling including cell growth, embryogenesis, and differentiation. GPC3 has been linked to hepatocellular carcinoma and a few other cancers, however, the mechanistic role of GPC3 in cancer development remains elusive. Recent breakthroughs including the structural modeling of GPC3 and GPC3-Wnt complexes represent important steps toward deciphering the molecular mechanism of action for GPC3 and how it may regulate cancer signaling and tumor growth. A full understanding of the molecular basis of GPC3-mediated signaling requires elucidation of the dynamics of partner receptors, transducer complexes, and downstream players. Herein, we summarize current insights into the role of GPC3 in regulating cancer development through Wnt and other signaling pathways, including YAP and hedgehog cascades. We also highlight the growing body of work which underlies deciphering how GPC3 is a key player in liver oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kolluri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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11
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Marques P, Korbonits M. Pseudoacromegaly. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 52:113-143. [PMID: 30448536 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with acromegaloid physical appearance or tall stature may be referred to endocrinologists to exclude growth hormone (GH) excess. While some of these subjects could be healthy individuals with normal variants of growth or physical traits, others will have acromegaly or pituitary gigantism, which are, in general, straightforward diagnoses upon assessment of the GH/IGF-1 axis. However, some patients with physical features resembling acromegaly - usually affecting the face and extremities -, or gigantism - accelerated growth/tall stature - will have no abnormalities in the GH axis. This scenario is termed pseudoacromegaly, and its correct diagnosis can be challenging due to the rarity and variability of these conditions, as well as due to significant overlap in their characteristics. In this review we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of pseudoacromegaly conditions, highlighting their similarities and differences with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism, to aid physicians with the diagnosis of patients with pseudoacromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Marques
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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12
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Li N, Gao W, Zhang YF, Ho M. Glypicans as Cancer Therapeutic Targets. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:741-754. [PMID: 30352677 PMCID: PMC6209326 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glypicans are a group of cell-surface glycoproteins in which heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains are covalently linked to a protein core. The glypican gene family is broadly conserved across animal species and plays important roles in biological processes. Glypicans can function as coreceptors for multiple signaling molecules known for regulating cell growth, motility, and differentiation. Some members of the glypican family, including glypican 2 (GPC2) and glypican 3 (GPC3), are expressed in childhood cancers and liver cancers, respectively. Antibody-based therapies targeting glypicans are being investigated in preclinical and clinical studies, with the goal of treating solid tumors that do not respond to standard therapies. These studies may establish glypicans as a new class of therapeutic targets for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Wang S, Kalim M, Liang K, Zhan J. Polyclonal antibody production against rGPC3 and their application in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:435-445. [PMID: 29561231 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1452258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an integral membrane proteoglycan, which contains a core protein anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. The glypican-3 can regulate the signaling pathways, thereby enhances cell division, growth, and apoptosis in certain cell types. It is almost nonexistent on the surface of the human normal cell membrane and highly expresses on the membrane of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. It has been well established that GPC3 provides a useful diagnostic marker. For generating the polyclonal antibody of GPC3, we expected that GPC3 N-terminal region (amino acid sequence 26-358) could be expressed in Escherichia coli system, however, no active expression was observed after IPTG induction. Interestingly, after deletion of six proline residues from position 26 to 31 in the N-terminus, expression of recombinant GPC3 was clearly detected. We further analyzed the expressed protein deprived of six prolines, to immunize the New Zealand male rabbits for production of active antibodies. The binding affinity of antibody was analyzed by immunofluorescence analysis, immunohistochemical detection, and western blotting. The functional GPC3 N-terminal protein recombinant development, expression, purification, and the polyclonal antibody have been generated provide the basis for the diagnosis of HCC in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Wang
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | - Muhammad Kalim
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
| | | | - Jinbiao Zhan
- a Department of Biochemistry and Genetics , Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , China
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14
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Vuillaume ML, Moizard MP, Rossignol S, Cottereau E, Vonwill S, Alessandri JL, Busa T, Colin E, Gérard M, Giuliano F, Lambert L, Lefevre M, Kotecha U, Nampoothiri S, Netchine I, Raynaud M, Brioude F, Toutain A. Mutation update for the GPC3 gene involved in Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and review of the literature. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:790-805. [PMID: 29637653 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an X-linked multiple congenital anomalies and overgrowth syndrome caused by a defect in the glypican-3 gene (GPC3). Until now, GPC3 mutations have been reported in isolated cases or small series and the global genotypic spectrum of these mutations has never been delineated. In this study, we review the 57 previously described GPC3 mutations and significantly expand this mutational spectrum with the description of 29 novel mutations. Compiling our data and those of the literature, we provide an overview of 86 distinct GPC3 mutations identified in 120 unrelated families, ranging from single nucleotide variations to complex genomic rearrangements and dispersed throughout the entire coding region of GPC3. The vast majority of them are deletions or truncating mutations (frameshift, nonsense mutations) predicted to result in a loss-of-function. Missense mutations are rare and the two which were functionally characterized, impaired GPC3 function by preventing GPC3 cleavage and cell surface addressing respectively. This report by describing for the first time the wide mutational spectrum of GPC3 could help clinicians and geneticists in interpreting GPC3 variants identified incidentally by high-throughput sequencing technologies and also reinforces the need for functional validation of non-truncating mutations (missense, in frame mutations, duplications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moizard
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Rossignol
- Unité d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France.,Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Edouard Cottereau
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - Sandrine Vonwill
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Tiffany Busa
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Département de génétique médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, CHU de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Colin
- Département de biochimie et génétique, CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Service de génétique, CHU de Caen, Hôpital Clémenceau, Avenue Georges Clémenceau, Caen, France
| | - Fabienne Giuliano
- Service de génétique médicale, CHU de Nice, Hôpital l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | - Laetitia Lambert
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hôpital d'Enfants, CHU de Nancy, Rue du Morvan, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Mathilde Lefevre
- Centre de génétique, Hôpital d'enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Udhaya Kotecha
- Center of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheela Nampoothiri
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, AIMS Poneakara P O, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | - Irène Netchine
- Unité d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Brioude
- Unité d'explorations fonctionnelles endocriniennes, CHU Paris Est, Hôpital d'Enfants Armand-Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France.,INSERM UMR_U930, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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15
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Drosophila Glypicans Regulate Follicle Stem Cell Maintenance and Niche Competition. Genetics 2018; 209:537-549. [PMID: 29632032 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells reside in specialized microenvironments called niches, which provide signals for stem cells to maintain their undifferentiated and self-renewing state. To maintain stem cell quality, several types of stem cells are known to be regularly replaced by progenitor cells through niche competition. However, the cellular and molecular bases for stem cell competition for niche occupancy are largely unknown. Here, we show that two Drosophila members of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), Dally and Dally-like (Dlp), differentially regulate follicle stem cell (FSC) maintenance and competitiveness for niche occupancy. Lineage analyses of glypican mutant FSC clones showed that dally is essential for normal FSC maintenance. In contrast, dlp is a hypercompetitive mutation: dlp mutant FSC progenitors often eventually occupy the entire epithelial sheet. RNA interference knockdown experiments showed that Dally and Dlp play both partially redundant and distinct roles in regulating Jak/Stat, Wg, and Hh signaling in FSCs. The Drosophila FSC system offers a powerful genetic model to study the mechanisms by which HSPGs exert specific functions in stem cell replacement and competition.
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16
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Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Proteoglycans remodeling in cancer: Underlying molecular mechanisms. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:220-259. [PMID: 29128506 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is a highly dynamic macromolecular network. Proteoglycans are major components of extracellular matrix playing key roles in its structural organization and cell signaling contributing to the control of numerous normal and pathological processes. As multifunctional molecules, proteoglycans participate in various cell functions during morphogenesis, wound healing, inflammation and tumorigenesis. Their interactions with matrix effectors, cell surface receptors and enzymes enable them with unique properties. In malignancy, extensive remodeling of tumor stroma is associated with marked alterations in proteoglycans' expression and structural variability. Proteoglycans exert diverse functions in tumor stroma in a cell-specific and context-specific manner and they mainly contribute to the formation of a permissive provisional matrix for tumor growth affecting tissue organization, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and tumor cell signaling. Proteoglycans also modulate cancer cell phenotype and properties, the development of drug resistance and tumor stroma angiogenesis. This review summarizes the proteoglycans remodeling and their novel biological roles in malignancies with particular emphasis to the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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17
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Capurro M, Izumikawa T, Suarez P, Shi W, Cydzik M, Kaneiwa T, Gariepy J, Bonafe L, Filmus J. Glypican-6 promotes the growth of developing long bones by stimulating Hedgehog signaling. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2911-2926. [PMID: 28696225 PMCID: PMC5584141 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201605119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive omodysplasia (OMOD1) is caused by mutations in glypican-6. Capurro et al. show that glypican-6 stimulates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, and reduced Hh signaling may contribute to the pathogenesis of OMOD1. Autosomal-recessive omodysplasia (OMOD1) is a genetic condition characterized by short stature, shortened limbs, and facial dysmorphism. OMOD1 is caused by loss-of-function mutations of glypican 6 (GPC6). In this study, we show that GPC6-null embryos display most of the abnormalities found in OMOD1 patients and that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is significantly reduced in the long bones of these embryos. The Hh-stimulatory activity of GPC6 was also observed in cultured cells, where this GPC increased the binding of Hh to Patched 1 (Ptc1). Consistent with this, GPC6 interacts with Hh through its core protein and with Ptc1 through its glycosaminoglycan chains. Hh signaling is triggered at the primary cilium. In the absence of Hh, we observed that GPC6 is localized outside of the cilium but moves into the cilium upon the addition of Hh. We conclude that GPC6 stimulates Hh signaling by binding to Hh and Ptc1 at the cilium and increasing the interaction of the receptor and ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Capurro
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Suarez
- Center for Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wen Shi
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marzena Cydzik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomoyuki Kaneiwa
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariepy
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luisa Bonafe
- Center for Molecular Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Mian M, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, Anderson PJ. Alterations in mandibular morphology associated with glypican 1 and glypican 3 gene mutations. Orthod Craniofac Res 2017; 20:183-187. [PMID: 28426184 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glypican 1 (GPC1) and glypican 3 (GPC3) are bone co-regulators that act downstream in many of the signalling pathways associated with craniosynostosis. Morphometric data from GPC-knockout mice were analysed to determine whether elimination of GPC1 and GPC3 genes would alter mandibular morphology. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION The murine model included five male and five female mandibles in each of GPC1-knockout, GPC1/GPC3-knockout and wild-type (control) groups. Female GPC3-knockout mice had a very high rate of perinatal lethality, and therefore, only five males were included in this group. METHODS The mandibular morphology of GPC1-knockout (n=10), GPC3-knockout (n=5), GPC1/GPC3-knockout (n=10) and wild-type (n=10) mice was compared by analysing five landmark-based linear dimensions: anterior and posterior lengths, as well as ascending, descending and posterior heights. Measurements were recorded on three-dimensional micro-CT reconstructions. RESULTS GPC3-knockout mandibles were larger than wild-type mandibles for all dimensions (P<.05). Mandibular heights were more affected than lengths. A decreasing trend of mandibular dimensions across the mouse groups (GPC3-knockout>GPC1/GPC3-knockout>GPC1-knockout=wild-type) (P<.05) indicated that an increase in mandibular size was associated with increased GPC3 expression, but not GPC1. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in GPC3 expression are likely to mediate changes to mandibular size in craniosynostosis. These findings have potential future applications in the prevention and treatment of craniosynostosis and associated craniofacial dysmorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mian
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Ranjitkar
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - G C Townsend
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - P J Anderson
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Australian Craniofacial Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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19
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DiMaio MS, Yang H, Mahoney MJ, McGrath J, Li P. Familial GPC3 and GPC4-TFDP3 deletions at Xq26 associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Meta Gene 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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20
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Mendes RB, Dias RB, Figueiredo AL, Gurgel CA, Santana Filho M, Melo LA, Trierveiler M, Cury PR, Leonardi R, Dos Santos JN. Glypican-3 distinguishes aggressive from non-aggressive odontogenic tumors: a preliminary study. J Oral Pathol Med 2016; 46:297-300. [PMID: 27647326 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 is a cell surface proteoglycan that is found in embrionary tissues, and there are no studies investigating this protein in odontogenic tumor. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate glypican-3 in a series of aggressive and non-aggressive odontogenic tumors. METHODS Fifty-nine cases of tumors were divided into aggressive odontogenic tumors (20 solid ameloblastomas, four unicystic ameloblastoma, 28 KOTs including five associated with Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) and non-aggressive odontogenic tumors (five adenomatoid odontogenic tumors and two calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors) and analyzed for glypican-3 using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Glypican-3 was observed in seven solid ameloblastoma and eighteen keratocystic odontogenic tumors including three of the five syndromic cases, but there was no significant difference between syndromic and sporadic cases (P > 0.05; Fisher's exact Test). All cases of unicystic ameloblastoma (n = 4), adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (n = 5), and calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (n = 2) were negative. CONCLUSIONS This provided insights into the presence of glypican-3 in odontogenic tumors. This protein distinguished aggressive from non-aggressive odontogenic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Barreto Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosane Borges Dias
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andreia Leal Figueiredo
- Department of Public Health, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Araújo Gurgel
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Santana Filho
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Araújo Melo
- Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marília Trierveiler
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ramos Cury
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Leonardi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Human Pathology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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21
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The heparanase/heparan sulfate proteoglycan axis: A potential new therapeutic target in sarcomas. Cancer Lett 2016; 382:245-254. [PMID: 27666777 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the only known mammalian endoglycosidase degrading heparan sulfate (HS) chains of HS proteoglycans (HSPG), is a highly versatile protein affecting multiple events in tumor cells and their microenvironment. In several malignancies, deregulation of the heparanase/HSPG system has been implicated in tumor progression, hence representing a valuable therapeutic target. Currently, multiple agents interfering with the heparanase/HSPG axis are under clinical investigation. Sarcomas are characterized by a high biomolecular complexity and multiple levels of interconnection with microenvironment sustaining their growth and progression. The clinical management of advanced diseases remains a challenge. In several sarcoma subtypes, high levels of heparanase expression have been correlated with poor prognosis associated factors. On the other hand, expression of cell surface-associated HSPGs (i.e. glypicans and syndecans) has been found altered in specific sarcoma subtypes. Recent studies provided the preclinical proof-of-principle of the role of the heparanase/HSPG axis as therapeutic target in various sarcoma subtypes. Although currently there are no clinical trials evaluating agents targeting heparanase and/or HSPGs in sarcomas, we here provide arguments for this strategy as potentially able to implement the therapeutic options for sarcoma patients.
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22
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Zhang L, Yang Z, Le Trinh T, Teng IT, Wang S, Bradley KM, Hoshika S, Wu Q, Cansiz S, Rowold DJ, McLendon C, Kim MS, Wu Y, Cui C, Liu Y, Hou W, Stewart K, Wan S, Liu C, Benner SA, Tan W. Aptamers against Cells Overexpressing Glypican 3 from Expanded Genetic Systems Combined with Cell Engineering and Laboratory Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12372-5. [PMID: 27601357 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory in vitro evolution (LIVE) might deliver DNA aptamers that bind proteins expressed on the surface of cells. In this work, we used cell engineering to place glypican 3 (GPC3), a possible marker for liver cancer theranostics, on the surface of a liver cell line. Libraries were then built from a six-letter genetic alphabet containing the standard nucleobases and two added nucleobases (2-amino-8H-imidazo[1,2-a][1,3,5]triazin-4-one and 6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2-one), Watson-Crick complements from an artificially expanded genetic information system (AEGIS). With counterselection against non-engineered cells, eight AEGIS-containing aptamers were recovered. Five bound selectively to GPC3-overexpressing cells. This selection-counterselection scheme had acceptable statistics, notwithstanding the possibility that cells engineered to overexpress GPC3 might also express different off-target proteins. This is the first example of such a combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zunyi Yang
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Thu Le Trinh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sai Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kevin M Bradley
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Shuichi Hoshika
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Qunfeng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sena Cansiz
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Diane J Rowold
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Christopher McLendon
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Myong-Sang Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA
| | - Yuan Wu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Weijia Hou
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kimberly Stewart
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Shuo Wan
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, 13709 Progress Boulevard, Alachua, FL, 32615, USA.
| | - Weihong Tan
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA. .,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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23
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Zhang L, Yang Z, Le Trinh T, Teng IT, Wang S, Bradley KM, Hoshika S, Wu Q, Cansiz S, Rowold DJ, McLendon C, Kim MS, Wu Y, Cui C, Liu Y, Hou W, Stewart K, Wan S, Liu C, Benner SA, Tan W. Aptamers against Cells Overexpressing Glypican 3 from Expanded Genetic Systems Combined with Cell Engineering and Laboratory Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 China
| | - Zunyi Yang
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Thu Le Trinh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Sai Wang
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Kevin M. Bradley
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Shuichi Hoshika
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Qunfeng Wu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Sena Cansiz
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Diane J. Rowold
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Christopher McLendon
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Myong-Sang Kim
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Yuan Wu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Weijia Hou
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Kimberly Stewart
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Shuo Wan
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Steven A. Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution; Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC; 13709 Progress Boulevard Alachua FL 32615 USA
| | - Weihong Tan
- Departments of Chemistry, Physiology and Functional Genomics; Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface; UF Health Cancer Center; UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; College of Biology; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Molecular Medicine; Hunan University; Changsha 410082 China
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24
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Expression of PAX8 Target Genes in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156658. [PMID: 27249794 PMCID: PMC4889154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX8 is a thyroid-specific transcription factor whose expression is dysregulated in thyroid cancer. A recent study using a conditional knock-out mouse model identified 58 putative PAX8 target genes. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of 11 of these genes in normal and tumoral thyroid tissues from patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). ATP1B1, GPC3, KCNIP3, and PRLR transcript levels in tumor tissues were significantly lower in PTCs than in NT, whereas LCN2, LGALS1 and SCD1 expression was upregulated in PTC compared with NT. Principal component analysis of the expression of the most markedly dysregulated PAX8 target genes was able to discriminate between PTC and NT. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess levels of proteins encoded by the two most dyregulated PAX8 target genes, LCN2 and GPC3. Interestingly, GPC3 was detectable in all of the NT samples but none of the PTC samples. Collectively, these findings point to significant PTC-associated dysregulation of several PAX8 target genes, supporting the notion that PAX8-regulated molecular cascades play important roles during thyroid tumorigenesis.
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25
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Nakato H, Li JP. Functions of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Development: Insights From Drosophila Models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 325:275-93. [PMID: 27241223 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a class of carbohydrate-modified proteins involved in key biological processes, including growth factor signaling, cell adhesion, and enzymatic catalysis. HSPGs serve as coreceptors for a number of ligand molecules to regulate their signaling and distribution. These HS-dependent factors include fibroblast growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins, Wnt-related factors, hedgehog, and cytokines. Several classes of HSPGs are evolutionarily conserved from humans to the genetically tractable model organism Drosophila. Sophisticated molecular genetic tools available in Drosophila provide for a powerful system to address unanswered questions regarding in vivo functions of HSPGs. These studies have highlighted the functions of HSPGs in the regulation of significant developmental events, such as morphogen gradient formation, nervous system formation, and the stem cell niche. Drosophila genetics has also established HSPGs as key factors in feedback controls that ensure robustness in developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakato
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - J-P Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:4-27. [PMID: 26562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1315] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins. Matrix components bind each other as well as cell adhesion receptors forming a complex network into which cells reside in all tissues and organs. Cell surface receptors transduce signals into cells from ECM, which regulate diverse cellular functions, such as survival, growth, migration, and differentiation, and are vital for maintaining normal homeostasis. ECM is a highly dynamic structural network that continuously undergoes remodeling mediated by several matrix-degrading enzymes during normal and pathological conditions. Deregulation of ECM composition and structure is associated with the development and progression of several pathologic conditions. This article emphasizes in the complex ECM structure as to provide a better understanding of its dynamic structural and functional multipotency. Where relevant, the implication of the various families of ECM macromolecules in health and disease is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrysostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Lund University, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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27
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Fauth C, Steindl K, Toutain A, Farrell S, Witsch-Baumgartner M, Karall D, Joset P, Böhm S, Baumer A, Maier O, Zschocke J, Weksberg R, Marshall CR, Rauch A. A recurrent germline mutation in the PIGA gene causes Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 2. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:392-402. [PMID: 26545172 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Hypomorphic germline mutations in the PIGA (phosphatidylinositol glycan class A) gene recently were recognized as the cause of a clinically heterogeneous spectrum of X-linked disorders including (i) early onset epileptic encephalopathy with severe muscular hypotonia, dysmorphism, multiple congenital anomalies, and early death ("MCAHS2"), (ii) neurodegenerative encephalopathy with systemic iron overload (ferro-cerebro-cutaneous syndrome, "FCCS"), and (iii) intellectual disability and seizures without dysmorphism. Previous studies showed that the recurrent PIGA germline mutation c.1234C>T (p.Arg412*) leads to a clinical phenotype at the most severe end of the spectrum associated with early infantile lethality. We identified three additional individuals from two unrelated families with the same PIGA mutation. Major clinical findings include early onset intractable epileptic encephalopathy with a burst-suppression pattern on EEG, generalized muscular hypotonia, structural brain abnormalities, macrocephaly and increased birth weight, joint contractures, coarse facial features, widely spaced eyes, a short nose with anteverted nares, gingival overgrowth, a wide mouth, short limbs with short distal phalanges, and a small penis. Based on the phenotypic overlap with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome type 2 (SGBS2), we hypothesized that both disorders might have the same underlying cause. We were able to confirm the same c.1234C>T (p.Arg412*) mutation in the DNA sample from an affected fetus of the original family affected with SGBS2. We conclude that the recurrent PIGA germline mutation c.1234C>T leads to a recognizable clinical phenotype with a poor prognosis and is the cause of SGBS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Fauth
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annick Toutain
- Department of Genetics, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Sandra Farrell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martina Witsch-Baumgartner
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pascal Joset
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Böhm
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Baumer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Maier
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosanna Weksberg
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,The Centre for Applied Genomics, Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Schlieren-Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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29
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Capurro M, Shi W, Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H, Filmus J. Processing by convertases is required for glypican-3-induced inhibition of Hedgehog signaling. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7576-85. [PMID: 25653284 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is one of the six members of the mammalian glypican family. We have previously reported that GPC3 inhibits Hedgehog (Hh) signaling by competing with Patched (Ptc) for Hh binding. We also showed that GPC3 binds with high affinity to Hh through its core protein, but that it does not interact with Ptc. Several members of the glypican family, including GPC3, are subjected to an endoproteolytic cleavage by the furin-like convertase family of endoproteases. Surprisingly, however, we have found that a mutant GPC3 that cannot be processed by convertases is as potent as wild-type GPC3 in stimulating Wnt activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and 293T cells and in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma growth. In this study, we show that processing by convertases is essential for GPC3-induced inhibition of Hh signaling. Moreover, we show that a convertase-resistant GPC3 stimulates Hh signaling by increasing the binding of this growth factor to Ptc. Consistent with this, we show that the convertase-resistant mutant binds to both Hh and Ptc through its heparan sulfate (HS) chains. Unexpectedly, we found that the mutant core protein does not bind to Hh. We also report that the convertase-resistant mutant GPC3 carries HS chains with a significantly higher degree of sulfation than those of wild-type GPC3. We propose that the structural changes generated by the lack of cleavage determine a change in the sulfation of the HS chains and that these hypersulfated chains mediate the interaction of the mutant GPC3 with Ptc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Capurro
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
| | - Wen Shi
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
| | - Tomomi Izumikawa
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- the Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Jorge Filmus
- From the Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada and
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30
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Ofuji K, Saito K, Yoshikawa T, Nakatsura T. Critical analysis of the potential of targeting GPC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2014; 1:35-42. [PMID: 27508174 PMCID: PMC4918265 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s48517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The treatment options for patients with advanced HCC are limited, and novel treatment strategies are required urgently. Glypican-3 (GPC3), a member of the glypican family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, is overexpressed in 72%−81% of HCC cases, and is correlated with a poor prognosis. GPC3 regulates both stimulatory and inhibitory signals, and plays a key role in regulating cancer cell growth. GPC3 is released into the serum, and so might be a useful diagnostic marker for HCC. GPC3 is also used as an immunotherapeutic target in HCC. A Phase I study of a humanized anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody, GC33, revealed a good safety profile and potential antitumor activity, and a Phase II trial is currently ongoing. In addition, the authors’ investigator-initiated Phase I study of a GPC3-derived peptide vaccine showed good safety and tolerability, and demonstrated that the GPC3 peptide-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte frequency in peripheral blood correlated with overall survival in HCC patients. A sponsor-initiated Phase I clinical trial of a three-peptide cocktail vaccine, which includes a GPC3-derived peptide, is also underway. GPC3 is currently recognized as a promising therapeutic target and diagnostic marker for HCC. This review introduces the recent progress in GPC3 research, from biology to clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ofuji
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keigo Saito
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan
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31
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is best known for its function as a structural scaffold for the tissue and more recently as a microenvironment to sequester growth factors and cytokines allowing for rapid and localized changes in their activity in the absence of new protein synthesis. In this review, we explore this and additional new aspects of ECM function in mediating cell-to-cell communications. Fibrillar and nonfibrillar components of ECM can limit and facilitate the transport of molecules through the extracellular space while also regulating interstitial hydrostatic pressure. In turn, transmembrane communications via molecules, such as ECM metalloproteinase inducer, thrombospondins, and integrins, can further mediate cell response to extracellular cues and affect ECM composition and tissue remodeling. Other means of cell-to-cell communication include extracellular microRNA transport and its contribution to gene expression in target cells and the nanotube formation between distant cells, which has recently emerged as a novel conduit for intercellular organelle sharing thereby influencing cell survival and function. The information summarized and discussed here are not limited to the cardiovascular ECM but encompass ECM in general with specific references to the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fan
- From the Department of Physiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (D.F., Z.K.); and Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.E.C.)
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32
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Filmus J, Capurro M. The role of glypicans in Hedgehog signaling. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:248-52. [PMID: 24412155 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glypicans (GPCs) are a family of proteoglycans that are bound to the cell surface by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Six glypicans have been found in the mammalian genome (GPC1 to GPC6). GPCs regulate several signaling pathways, including the pathway triggered by Hedgehogs (Hhs). This regulation, which could be stimulatory or inhibitory, occurs at the signal reception level. In addition, GPCs have been shown to be involved in the formation of Hh gradients in the imaginal wing disks in Drosophila. In this review we will discuss the role of various glypicans in specific developmental events in the embryo that are regulated by Hh signaling. In addition, we will discuss the mechanism by which loss-of-function GPC3 mutations alter Hh signaling in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome, and the molecular basis of the GPC5-induced stimulation of Hh signaling and tumor progression in rhabdomyosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Filmus
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Mariana Capurro
- Platform of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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33
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Capurro M, Martin T, Shi W, Filmus J. Glypican-3 binds to frizzled and plays a direct role in the stimulation of canonical Wnt signaling. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1565-75. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.140871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a proteoglycan that is bound to the cell surface. It is expressed by most hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but not by normal hepatocytes. GPC3 stimulates HCC growth by promoting canonical Wnt signaling. Because glypicans interact with Wnts, it has been proposed that these proteoglycans stimulate signaling by increasing the amount of Wnt at the cell membrane, facilitating in this way the interaction of this growth factor with its signaling receptor Frizzled. However, in this study we demonstrate that GPC3 plays a more direct role in the stimulation of Wnt signaling. Specifically, we show that, in addition to interacting with Wnt, GPC3 directly binds to Frizzled through its glycosaminoglycan chains, indicating that this glypican stimulates the formation of signaling complexes between these two proteins. Consistent with this, we show that Wnt binding at the cell membrane triggers the endocytosis of a complex that includes Wnt, Frizzled and GPC3. Additional support to our model is provided by the finding that Glypican-6 (GPC6) inhibits canonical Wnt signaling despite the fact that it binds to Wnt at the cell membrane.
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34
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Feng M, Ho M. Glypican-3 antibodies: a new therapeutic target for liver cancer. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:377-82. [PMID: 24140348 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an emerging therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even though the biological function of GPC3 remains elusive. Currently human (MDX-1414 and HN3) and humanized mouse (GC33 and YP7) antibodies that target GPC3 for HCC treatment are under different stages of preclinical or clinical development. Humanized mouse antibody GC33 is being evaluated in a phase II clinical trial. Human antibodies MDX-1414 and HN3 are under different stages of preclinical evaluation. Here, we summarize current evidence for GPC3 as a new target in liver cancer, discuss both its oncogenic function and its mode of actions for current antibodies, and evaluate potential challenges for GPC3-targeted anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqian Feng
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Therapy Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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35
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Villarreal DD, Villarreal H, Paez AM, Peppas D, Lynch J, Roeder E, Powers GC. A patient with a unique frameshift mutation in GPC3, causing Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, presenting with craniosynostosis, penoscrotal hypospadias, and a large prostatic utricle. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:3121-5. [PMID: 24115482 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present a Hispanic male with the clinical and molecular diagnosis of Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS). The patient was born with multiple anomalies not entirely typical of SGBS patients, including penoscrotal hypospadias, a large prostatic utricle, and left coronal craniosynostosis. In addition, he demonstrated endocrine anomalies including a low random cortisol level suspicious for adrenal insufficiency and low testosterone level. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a prostatic utricle in SGBS and the second report of craniosynostosis. The unique disease-causing mutation likely arose de novo in the mother. It is a deletion-insertion that leads to a frameshift at the p.p. S359 [corrected] residue of GPC3 and a premature stop codon after five more amino acids. p. S359 [corrected] is the same residue that is normally cleaved by the Furin convertase, although the significance of this novel mutation with respect to the patient's multiple anomalies is unknown. We present this case as the perinatal course of a patient with unique features of SGBS and a confirmed molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana D Villarreal
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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36
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Boudin E, Fijalkowski I, Piters E, Van Hul W. The role of extracellular modulators of canonical Wnt signaling in bone metabolism and diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:220-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Dwivedi PP, Lam N, Powell BC. Boning up on glypicans-opportunities for new insights into bone biology. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:91-114. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Lam
- Craniofacial Research Group; Women's and Children's Health Research Institute; North Adelaide; South Australia; Australia
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38
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Capurro MI, Shi W, Filmus J. LRP1 mediates Hedgehog-induced endocytosis of the GPC3-Hedgehog complex. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3380-9. [PMID: 22467855 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.098889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan that is bound to the cell membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol link. This glypican regulates embryonic growth by inhibiting the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. GPC3 binds Hh and competes with Patched (Ptc), the Hh receptor, for Hh binding. The interaction of Hh with GPC3 triggers the endocytosis and degradation of the GPC3-Hh complex with the consequent reduction of Hh available for binding to Ptc. Currently, the molecular mechanisms by which the GPC3-Hh complex is internalized remains unknown. Here we show that the low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) mediates the Hh-induced endocytosis of the GPC3-Hh complex, and that this endocytosis is necessary for the Hh-inhibitory activity of GPC3. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GPC3 binds through its HS chains to LRP1, and that this interaction causes the removal of GPC3 from the lipid rafts domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I Capurro
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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39
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Ho M. Advances in liver cancer antibody therapies: a focus on glypican-3 and mesothelin. BioDrugs 2012; 25:275-84. [PMID: 21942912 DOI: 10.2165/11595360-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are the two most common primary liver cancers, yet there have been no significant advances in effective therapeutics. There is an urgent need to identify molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, glypican-3 (GPC3) and mesothelin are discussed, with a focus on their potential as targets for antibody therapy in liver cancer. GPC3 and mesothelin are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins present on the cell surface. They are attractive candidates for liver cancer therapy given that GPC3 and mesothelin show high expression in HCC and CCA, respectively. Antibody drugs targeting GPC3 or mesothelin have shown anti-cancer activity in mice. Humanized or chimeric IgG molecules based on first-generation murine monoclonal antibodies against these antigens are being evaluated in clinical studies. Recently, fully human monoclonal antibodies against GPC3 and mesothelin have been isolated by antibody phage display technology that may provide opportunities for novel cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA.
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40
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Cain JE, Rosenblum ND. Control of mammalian kidney development by the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Pediatr Nephrol 2011; 26:1365-71. [PMID: 21161287 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is the most common site of congenital malformations that result in impaired renal function. Yet, the molecular mechanisms that control renal malformations are poorly understood. The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays critical roles during mammalian organogenesis. Aberrant Hedgehog signaling results in severe congenital abnormalities, including renal malformations. Here, we review the current body of knowledge on Hedgehog signaling during renal morphogenesis and highlight the gaps in our understanding. Furthermore, we propose mechanisms by which Hedgehog signaling contributes to both normal and abnormal renal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Cain
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
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41
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Baasanjav S, Al-Gazali L, Hashiguchi T, Mizumoto S, Fischer B, Horn D, Seelow D, Ali B, Aziz S, Langer R, Saleh A, Becker C, Nürnberg G, Cantagrel V, Gleeson J, Gomez D, Michel JB, Stricker S, Lindner T, Nürnberg P, Sugahara K, Mundlos S, Hoffmann K. Faulty initiation of proteoglycan synthesis causes cardiac and joint defects. Am J Hum Genet 2011; 89:15-27. [PMID: 21763480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are a major component of extracellular matrix and contribute to normal embryonic and postnatal development by ensuring tissue stability and signaling functions. We studied five patients with recessive joint dislocations and congenital heart defects, including bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and aortic root dilatation. We identified linkage to chromosome 11 and detected a mutation (c.830G>A, p.Arg277Gln) in B3GAT3, the gene coding for glucuronosyltransferase-I (GlcAT-I). The enzyme catalyzes an initial step in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Patients' cells as well as recombinant mutant protein showed reduced glucuronyltransferase activity. Patient fibroblasts demonstrated decreased levels of dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans, indicating that the defect in linker synthesis affected all three lines of O-glycanated proteoglycans. Further studies demonstrated that GlcAT-I resides in the cis and cis-medial Golgi apparatus and is expressed in the affected tissues, i.e., heart, aorta, and bone. The study shows that reduced GlcAT-I activity impairs skeletal as well as heart development and results in variable combinations of heart malformations, including mitral valve prolapse, ventricular septal defect, and bicuspid aortic valve. The described family constitutes a syndrome characterized by heart defects and joint dislocations resulting from altered initiation of proteoglycan synthesis (Larsen-like syndrome, B3GAT3 type).
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42
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Li F, Shi W, Capurro M, Filmus J. Glypican-5 stimulates rhabdomyosarcoma cell proliferation by activating Hedgehog signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 192:691-704. [PMID: 21339334 PMCID: PMC3044117 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201008087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Binding between the Hedgehog ligand and its receptor Patched 1 is stabilized by Glypican-5. Glypican-5 (GPC5) is one of the six members of the glypican family. It has been previously reported that GPC5 stimulates the proliferation of rhabdomyosarcoma cells. In this study, we show that this stimulatory activity of GPC5 is a result of its ability to promote Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. We have previously shown that GPC3, another member of the glypican family, inhibits Hh signaling by competing with Patched 1 (Ptc1) for Hh binding. Furthermore, we showed that GPC3 binds to Hh through its core protein but not to Ptc1. In this paper, we demonstrate that GPC5 increases the binding of Sonic Hh to Ptc1. We also show that GPC5 binds to both Hh and Ptc1 through its glycosaminoglycan chains and that, unlike GPC3, GPC5 localizes to the primary cilia. Interestingly, we found that the heparan sulfate chains of GPC5 display a significantly higher degree of sulfation than those of GPC3. Based on these results, we propose that GPC5 stimulates Hh signaling by facilitating/stabilizing the interaction between Hh and Ptc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Li
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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43
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Ho M, Kim H. Glypican-3: a new target for cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2010; 47:333-8. [PMID: 21112773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a common malignant cancer worldwide. There is an urgent need to identify new molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the structure, function and biology of glypican-3 (GPC3) and its role in human cancer with a focus on its potential as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. GPC3 is a cell-surface protein that is over-expressed in HCC. Loss-of-function mutations of GPC3 cause Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS), a rare X-linked overgrowth condition. GPC3 binds Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling proteins. GPC3 is also able to bind basic growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor 2 through its heparan sulphate glycan chains. GPC3 is a promising candidate for liver cancer therapy given that it shows high expression in HCC. An anti-GPC3 monoclonal antibody has shown anti-cancer activity in mice and its humanised IgG molecule is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in patients with HCC. There is also evidence that soluble GPC3 may be a useful serum biomarker for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Ho
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA.
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Luo FB, Zhang KH. Advances in the relationship between glypican-3 and primary hepatic carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:155-159. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a membrane heparin sulfate proteoglycan that is expressed abundantly in the fetal liver, inactive in the normal adult liver and frequently reactivated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum soluble GPC3 is a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC. GPC3 is also a potential target for targeted therapy of HCC. The expression of GPC3 is upregulated at the early stage of HCC, which is associated with sulfatase-2, zinc-fingers and homeoboxes 2 (ZHX2) and alpha-fetoprotein regulator 2 (AFR2). GPC3 overexpression can activate integrin, insulin-like growth factor and Wnt signaling to promote HCC development.
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