Pseudoexfoliation as a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease: a case-control study. Eye (Lond). 2011;25:174-179. [PMID: 21127507 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2010.175]

Subfoveal choroidal thickness changes in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) compared to healthy controls: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To investigate changes in choroidal thickness in patients diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) compared to healthy controls, using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

METHODS

PubMed and Scopus databases were systematically searched for published articles comparing choroidal thickness between patients with PEX and healthy controls. Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was computed to compare continuous variables. Revman 5.4 was used for the analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed according to OCT devices used.

RESULTS

12 studies were included in our analysis. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was decreased in patients with PEX compared to healthy controls. Subgroup analysis confirmed this finding in studies that used Heidelberg or Optovue OCT Devices.

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis showed that choroidal thickness was decreased in patients with PEX compared to controls. Increased heterogeneity and small case-control studies are the main limitations of the meta-analysis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of reduced subfoveal choroidal thickness in PEX.

Glaucoma, Pseudoexfoliation and Hearing Loss: A Systematic Literature Review

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation and hearing loss (HL). Methods: A systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted using the PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane databases from 1995 up to 28 August 2023. Results: Thirty studies out of the 520 records screened met the inclusion criteria and were included. Most articles (n = 20) analysed the association between pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS) and HL, showing XFS patients to have higher prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at both speech frequencies (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz), and higher frequencies (4 and 8 kHz) compared to controls in most cases. No significant differences in prevalence or level of HL between XFS and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (XFG) were detected in most studies. Eight articles analysed the relationship between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and HL. Overall, a positive association between the two conditions was highlighted across all studies except for two cases. Similarly, articles focusing on NTG and HL (n = 4) showed a positive association in most cases. The role of autoimmunity and, in particular, the presence of antiphosphatidylserine antibodies (APSA) in patients with NTG and HL suggested an underlying autoimmune or vascular mechanism contributing to their pathogenesis. Only one study analysed the relationship between angle-closure glaucoma (ACG) and HL, showing higher incidence of ACG in patients with SNHL compared to normal hearing controls. Conclusions: Most studies detected an association between XFS and HL as well as POAG/NTG/ACG and HL, suggesting the presence of a similar pathophysiology of neurodegeneration. However, given the strength of the association of XFS with HL, it remains unclear whether the presence of XFG is further associated with SNHL. Further research specifically targeted to assess the correlation between glaucoma, XFS and HL is warranted to provide a more comprehensive understanding of this association.

Prevalence and Associations of Peripheral Arterial Disease in China: The Beijing Eye Study

PURPOSE

To explore the prevalence and associations of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in China.

DESIGN

Population-based incidence estimate and cross-sectional study.

METHODS

The participants (n=3468) of the Beijing Eye Study underwent a detailed ophthalmologic and systemic examination including assessment of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). PAD was defined by an ABI of less than 0.9.

RESULTS

Blood pressure measurements of both arms and ankles were available for 1078 (31.1%) individuals. An ABI (mean: 1.09±0.11; median: 1.10; range: 0.25, 1.36) of <0.9 and <0.95 was found in 32 of 1078 participants (3.0%, 95% CI 2.0, 4.0) and 70 of 1078 individuals (6.5%, 95% CI 5.0, 8.0), respectively. Higher PAD prevalence (multivariable analysis) was associated with older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% CI 1.02, 1.15; P = .009), lower level of education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43, 0.90; P = .01), lower quality of life (OR 0.67, 95% CI 1.11, 2.32), higher glucose serum concentration (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.09, 1.58; P = .006), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 0.99; P = .04), and higher prevalence of retinal vein occlusions (OR 7.30, 95% CI 1.63, 32.6; P = .009). PAD prevalence was not associated with the prevalence of glaucoma (P = .53) (open-angle glaucoma: P = .42; angle-closure glaucoma: P = .57) and age-related macular degeneration (any AMD: P = .39; early AMD: P = .31; intermediate AMD: P = .92; late AMD: P = .99), prevalence (P = .26) and stage (P = .07) of diabetic retinopathy, prevalence (P = .38) and degree (P = .68) of nuclear cataract, prevalence (P = .39) and degree (P = .72) of cortical cataract, prevalence of subcapsular cataract (P = .86), prevalence of pseudoexfoliation (P = .65), intraocular pressure (P = .50), axial length (P = .56), and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (P = .68).

CONCLUSIONS

The PAD prevalence (3.0%, 95% CI 2.0%, 4.0%) was relatively low in this cohort from rural and urban Beijing, with older age, lower educational level, lower quality of life, higher glucose serum concentration, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and higher prevalence of retinal vein occlusions as main associated factors.

Platelet Proteome Reveals Novel Targets for Hypercoagulation in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal extracellular matrix material in ocular and non-ocular tissues, including blood vessel walls. Clot-forming dysfunction might be responsible for venous thrombosis in PEX. We investigated global coagulation, the proteome, and functions of platelets in PEX patients and aimed to determine prognostic biomarkers for thrombosis risk in PEX. Peripheral blood was collected from PEX and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) patients, and age-sex matched controls. Viscoelastic hemostasis was evaluated by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Platelet markers (CD41, CD42, CD61, and CD62p) and endothelial markers (P-selectin, E-selectin, and von Willebrand factor) were investigated by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. The platelet proteome was analyzed by 2D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry. Clot formation time (CFT) is significantly reduced in PEX patients compared to the controls (p < 0.05). P-selectin levels were higher in PEX patients than in controls (p < 0.05); E-selectin and von Willebrand factor remained unchanged. The monitorization of CFT by ROTEM, and soluble P-selectin, may help assess thrombotic risk in PEX patients. Proteomic analysis revealed differential expression of Profilin-1 in platelets. Profilin-1 regulates the stability of actin-cytoskeleton and may contribute to impaired platelet hemostatic functions. Increased P-selectin levels together with impaired coagulation dynamics might be responsible for the thrombotic events in PEX disease.

Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma: Clinical Presentation and Therapeutic Options

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) is one of the most common causes of open-angle glaucoma, with a higher risk of vision loss, a higher maximum and mean intraocular pressure (IOP) at diagnosis, and a wider range of IOP fluctuation compared to primary open-angle glaucoma. Patients with this syndrome have a ten-fold higher risk of developing glaucoma than the normal population. A definite diagnosis can be made by the observation of pseudoexfoliation material (PEM) on the anterior lens surface, ciliary processes, zonules, and iris. PEM deposits on the zonules may explain the clinically observed zonular weakness and lens subluxation or dislocation. An increased incidence of cataract development is also associated with PES. There is growing evidence for systemic associations of PES with peripheral, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular system diseases, Alzheimer's disease, hearing loss, and increased plasma homocysteine levels. Indications for surgery are markedly more common in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma than primary open-angle glaucoma. The goal of this article is to review the latest perspectives on the clinical features, therapy, and systemic associations of this clinically and biologically challenging disease.

Optic nerve head vessel density in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome/glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Exfoliative material has been shown to accumulate in ocular and systemic tissues. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature evaluating optic nerve head vessel density (VD) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients with XFS and XFG.

METHODS

Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Studies comparing patients with XFS and/or XFG patients to healthy controls, using the optic nerve head-centred 4.5 × 4.5 mm square OCTA scan protocol were included. Pooled results are presented as standardised mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Meta-regression analysis was performed between mean difference in circumpapillary VD between XFG and controls and mean pRNFL thickness in patients with XFG.

RESULTS

Fifteen studies with 1475 eyes were included in this review. Whole image VD and circumpapillary VD (cpVD) were significantly decreased in patients with XFS [-0.78(95% Cl: -1.08, -0.47); [-0.55(95% Cl: -0.80, -0.30); respectively] and XFG [-1.85(95% CI: -2.33, -1.36); -1.84 (95% CI: -2.30, -1.39); respectively] compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, pRNFL thickness decreased in patients with XFS [-0.55(95% Cl: -0.72, -0.35)] and XFG [-1.78(95% Cl: -2.21, -1.36)] compared to healthy controls. Meta-regression showed that pRNFL thickness decreased with increasing mean cpVD difference in XFG patients compared to healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONS

OCTA provides non-invasive, objective and reproducible assessment of peripapillary VD and is important for the detection of vasculopathy in patients with XFS or XFG. This study provides strong evidence for decreased cpVD in the eyes of patients with XFS and XFG.

Hearing Loss in Exfoliation Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVE

To determine if exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is associated with hearing loss (HL) or vestibular dysfunction.

DATA SOURCES

PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library through April 1, 2022.

REVIEW METHODS

Two reviewers independently screened abstracts, selected articles for inclusion, and extracted data. Studies included for qualitative analysis conducted audiometric, tympanometric, or vestibular evaluations on all subjects.

RESULTS

Twenty-one publications (1148 patients with XFS and 1212 controls) were included in the systematic review, and 16 publications (968 patients with XFS and 1147 controls) in the meta-analysis. Greater severity of HL was seen for patients with XFS compared to controls across all frequencies (odds ratio [OR] 8.8 [7.3-10.2]). Patients with XFS were more likely to have moderate to profound sensorineural HL (OR 1.8 [1.3-2.5]), and less likely to have none to mild HL (OR 0.34 [0.17-0.67]) or no HL (OR 0.37 [0.28-0.50]). Three studies found patients with XFS had lower tympanometric peaks. Two studies found that abnormal vestibular testing results could be more common for patients with XFS.

CONCLUSIONS

HL is associated with XFS. A sensorineural component to HL is confirmed, and mixed HL is possible. Given the high prevalence and infrequent diagnosis of XFS, the authors hypothesize that the current understandings of presbycusis might be improved by further investigation in XFS. Laryngoscope, 2022.

Ankle-brachial index and ocular diseases in a Russian population

Background

To assess potential associations between the ankle-brachial blood pressure index (ABI) and ocular disorders.

Methods

In the population-based cross-sectional Russian Ural Eye and Medical Study including 5,899 (80.5%) out of 7328 eligible participants aged 40+ years, the participants underwent a series of ocular and medical examinations including measurement of ABI.

Results

Blood pressure measurements of both arms and ankles were available for 3187 (54.0%) individuals. The mean ABI was 1.26 ± 0.19 (median:1.20; range: 0.61, 2.20). In multivariate analysis, a higher ABI was associated with younger age (P < 0.001; non-standardized regression coefficient B: −0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.002, −0.001), female sex (P < 0.001; B: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.04), lower body mass index (P < 0.001; B: −0.004; 95% CI: −0.006, −0.003), lower waist-to-hip ratio (P = 0.01; B: −0.10; 95% CI: −0.17, −0.02), lower glucose serum concentration (P = 0.008; B: −0.005; 95% CI: −0.009, −0.001), lower prevalence of arterial hypertension (P < 0.001; B: −0.14; 95% CI: −0.16, −0.12), higher mean systolic blood pressure (P < 0.001; B: 0.003; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.003), and higher prevalence of any alcohol consumption (P < 0.001; B: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.04). In that multivariate model, prevalence of glaucoma (P = 0.67) as a whole, open-angle glaucoma (P = 0.86) and angle-closure glaucoma (P = 0.54), stage of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (P = 0.57), prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (P = 0.88), prevalence and stage of diabetic retinopathy (P = 0.30, and P = 0.29, respectively), nuclear cataract (P = 0.32, and P = 0.41, resp.), cortical cataract (P = 0.33, and P = 0.92, resp.), subcapsular cataract (P = 0.74 and P = 0.60, resp.), and pseudoexfoliation (P = 0.44 and P = 0.47, resp.), intraocular pressure (P = 0.52), axial length (P = 0.20), and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (P = 0.55) were not significantly associated with the ABI.

Conclusions

In this ethnically mixed population from Russia, none of the major ocular diseases was associated with ABI suggesting that subclinical atherosclerosis is not markedly associated with the aetiology of these ocular disorders.

Inhibitory and Agonistic Autoantibodies Directed Against the β2-Adrenergic Receptor in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) and glaucoma (PEXG) are assumed to be caused by a generalized elastosis leading to the accumulation of PEX material in ocular as well as in extraocular tissues. The exact pathophysiology of PEXS is still elusive. PEXG, the most common type of secondary open-angle glaucoma (OAG), is characterized by large peaks of intraocular pressure (IOP) with a progressive loss of the visual field. Agonistic autoantibodies (agAAbs) against the β₂-adrenergic receptor (AR) have been shown to be present in sera of patients with primary and secondary OAG and ocular hypertension and are seemingly linked to IOP. In the present study, we investigated the autoantibodies directed against the β₂-AR in sera of patients with PEXS and PEXG. We recruited 15, 10, and 15 patients with PEXG, PEXS, and primary OAG, respectively. Ten healthy individuals served as controls. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological examination with Octopus G1 perimetry. agAAbs prepared from serum samples were analyzed in a rat cardiomyocyte-based bioassay for the presence of agAAbs. We identified the interacting loop of the β₂-AR and the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses using synthetic peptides corresponding to the extracellular loops of the receptors and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. None of the controls were β₂-agAAb-positive (0.2 ± 0.5 U). No β₂-agAAbs (0.2 ± 0.4 U), but inhibitory β₂-AAbs were observed in 80% of the patients that partially blocked the drug-induced β₂-adrenergic stimulation; 5.8 ± 1.7 U vs. 11.1 ± 0.9 U for clenbuterol in the absence and the presence of sera from patients with PEXS, respectively. Epitope analyses identified the third extracellular loop of the β₂-AR as the target of the inhibitory β₂-AAbs, being of IgG3 subtype in PEXS patients. In contrast, patients with PEXG showed β₂-agAAbs (5.6 ± 0.9 U), but no inhibitory ones. The β₂-agAAbs levels of patients with PEXG and primary OAG patients (3.9 ± 2.8 U; p > 0.05) were at a similar level. In two cases of PEXG, the β₂-agAAbs exert synergistic effects with clenbuterol. The activity increased from 11.5 ± 0.3 (clenbuterol only) to 16.3 ± 0.9 U. As autoimmune mechanisms were reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, agonistic and inhibitory β₂-AAbs seem to be a part of this multifactorial interplay.

Investigation of Possible Role of Chlamydia in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES) is a systemic disease characterized by the aggregation of fibrillar extracellular material in intraocular and extraocular tissues with unknown etiology. Clarifying the etiopathogenesis of PES would be important for public health. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the possible role of Chlamydia in the etiology of PES. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary hospital. The study included two groups, including the patient group (PES patients with nuclear cataracts) and the control group (patients with nuclear cataracts). Patients with other ophthalmic problems and systemic diseases were excluded. Blood samples and conjunctival swabs taken from 49 patients and 42 controls were used in the study. Anti-Chlamydia trachomatis IgG and IgM, anti-C. pneumoniae IgG and IgM, Interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-20 were studied in the serum samples. The PCR study was performed with conjunctival swab samples and sequence analysis of PCR-positive samples was performed. Results: According to the results of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of anti-C. trachmatis IgG, anti-C. trachmatis IgM, anti-C. pneumoniae IgM, IL-6, and PCR results. There was a statistically significant difference between patient and control groups in terms of anti-C. pneumoniae IgG and IL-20 levels. The DNA sequencing of all PCR products was found to be compatible with C. pneumoniae. Conclusions: It seems that C. pneumoniae might have an important role in the etiology and development of PES. However, further studies in larger groups are needed to clarify these results.

Sectorwise analysis of peripapillary vessel density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in exfoliation syndrome

PURPOSE

This cross-sectional study compared the peripapillary vessel density and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and healthy controls for evaluation of the early structural and vascular alterations in XFS.

METHODS

One eye was included from 75 patients with XFS and 54 healthy controls. The patients with XFS were matched the controls for age, intraocular pressure and axial length. The vascular density of the radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs) and the peripapillary RNFL thickness were evaluated with optical coherence tomography angiography.

RESULTS

The mean peripapillary RNFL thicknesses of the groups were similar in all sectors (p > 0.05 for all). However, eyes with XFS demonstrated lower mean peripapillary vessel densities in all areas (p < 0.05 for all) except for the nasal sector (p = 0.68) compared to the controls. The gradual age correlated decline in the peripapillary RNFL thickness and the RPC vessel density observed in the healthy eyes was absent in XFS (r = - 0.14 p = 0.65 and r = - 0.23 p = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Alterations in the peripapillary vascular density despite a preserved RNFL thickness in XFS supports the hypothesis that vascular alterations may precede structural alterations and have an important role in the pathogenesis of XFS. XFS may have different effects on the microvasculature of different peripapillary areas, with the nasal sector being mostly preserved.

Peripapillary perfused capillary density in true versus pseudoexfoliation syndrome: An OCTA study

PURPOSE

To compare peripapillary perfused capillary density (PCD) among eyes with true exfoliation syndrome (TEX), eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX), and healthy control eyes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this observational cross-sectional study, eyes with and without TEX or PEX were assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging. Bilateral OCTA images (4.5 × 4.5 mm2) centered at the optic nerve head were obtained using a commercial spectral domain OCTA system. Optic nerve head perfusion was quantified using the split-spectrum amplitude decorrelation angiography algorithm. Categorical and continuous variables were compared using the chi-squared test and one-way analysis of variance, respectively. The generalized estimating equation was used to adjust for confounding factors and determine inter-ocular associations.

RESULTS

We enrolled 39 eyes with TEX, 31 eyes with PEX, and 32 control eyes. There were no significant differences among the three groups regarding age, intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, blood pressure, or axial length (all p>0.05). There were significant differences in global PCD among the three groups (p = 0.01). There were significant differences in annular PCD between the TEX and PEX groups (p = 0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

While both global and annular PCDs did not differ between the TEX and control groups, greater loss of annular PCD in the PEX group than in the TEX and control groups suggests more pronounced microvascular disturbance in PEX.

SYNOPSIS/PRECIS

Greater microvascular attenuation in PEX compared with TEX and normal control measured by OCTA.

Peripapillary and macular choroidal vascularity index in patients with clinically unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome

PURPOSE

To investigate choroidal vascular changes using an image binarization tool in patients with clinically unilateral pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 150 eyes of 100 patients. The eyes were divided into three groups: (1) 50 affected eyes of patients with clinically unilateral XFS; (2) 50 unaffected fellow eyes; and (3) 50 healthy control eyes. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans of the macula and peripapillary regions were acquired. Images were binarized using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) was defined as proportion of the luminal area to the total circumscribed choroidal area.

RESULTS

Horizontal and vertical scans revealed that the macular CVI values of the affected eyes (60.08 ± 2.06 and 62.21 ± 2.10, respectively) were lower compared with control eyes (67.31 ± 2.24; p = 0.001 and 68.11 ± 2.36; p < 0.001, respectively). Conversely, no significant difference in the macular CVI was found between unaffected fellow and control eyes (p = 0.094 and p = 0.120, respectively). The mean peripapillary CVI values of the temporal (58.73 ± 3.15), superior (59.84 ± 3.09), and inferior (56.94 ± 2.47) sectors were significantly lower in affected eyes compared to control eyes (63.21 ± 3.00, 62.07 ± 3.05, and 60.78 ± 2.88, respectively; p < 0.05 for all). In addition, the unaffected fellow eyes had significantly lower CVI values in the temporal (61.42 ± 3.07) and inferior (57.61 ± 2.56) peripapillary sectors compared with the control eyes (p = 0.007 and p = 0.005, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that XFS is associated with decreased macular and peripapillary choroidal vascularity. Furthermore, the unaffected eyes of patients with unilateral XFS may show vascularity changes in the peripapillary choroid.

Evaluation of the optic nerve head vessel density in the patients with asymmetric pseudoexfoliative glaucoma: an OCT angiography study

PURPOSE

To evaluate vascular microcirculation changes of the optic nerve head (ONH) in the patients with asymmetric pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (XFG) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to compare vessel density (VD) results with healthy individuals.

METHODS

This prospective study enrolled 120 eyes in total. The eyes were divided into 3 groups: 40 glaucomatous and 40 non-glaucomatous fellow eyes without clinically pseudoexfoliation material (XFM) of patients with asymmetric XFG, and 40 healthy eyes as controls. The optic disc region was evaluated with OCTA (Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA). VD was assessed as the ratio of the area formed by the vessels in 3 different regions: (1) inside disc; (2) in the peripapillary area defined as a 1-mm wide elliptical annulus around the disc; and (3) in the whole image defined as a 4-mm wide papillary region.

RESULTS

There were significant decreases in VD values of all regions in XFG eyes compared to fellow and control eyes (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The mean VD values of peripapillary area and whole image were lower in the non-glaucomatous fellow eyes compared with control eyes (p = 0.011 and p = 0.015, respectively). The receiver operating characteristic analysis for differentiating fellow eyes from healthy eyes had highest area under the curve and sensitivity at 90% specificity for superior-hemi (0.811, 65.2%), followed by ppVD (0.775, 61.8%) and whole image (0.743, 55.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

OCTA as a novel imaging may be a valuable structural test in diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma.

Lysyl Oxidase Like 1: Biological roles and regulation

Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) is a gene that encodes for the LOXL1 enzyme. This enzyme is required for elastin biogenesis and collagen cross-linking, polymerising tropoelastin monomers into elastin polymers. Its main role is in elastin homeostasis and matrix remodelling during injury, fibrosis and cancer development. Because of its vast range of biological functions, abnormalities in LOXL1 underlie many disease processes. Decreased LOXL1 expression is observed in disorders of elastin such as Cutis Laxa and increased expression is reported in fibrotic disease such as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. LOXL1 is also downregulated in the lamina cribrosa in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and genetic variants in the LOXL1 gene have been linked with an increased risk of developing pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. However the two major risk alleles are reversed in certain ethnic groups and are present in a large proportion of the normal population, implying complex genetic and environmental regulation is involved in disease pathogenesis. It also appears that the non-coding variants in intron 1 of LOXL1 may be involved in the regulation of LOXL1 expression. Gene alteration may occur via a number of epigenetic and post translational mechanisms such as DNA methylation, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. These may represent future therapeutic targets for disease. Environmental factors such as hypoxia, oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation exposure alter LOXL1 expression, and it is likely a combination of these genetic and environmental factors that influence disease development and progression. In this review, we discuss LOXL1 properties, biological roles and regulation in detail with a focus on pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma.

Link of ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome and vascular system changes: results from 10-year follow-up study

PURPOSE

To examine the 10-year incidence of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) in adults in a population-based follow-up study, to determine its link with vascular diseases, and to identify possible risk factors of the PEX.

METHODS

The baseline examination was performed in 2006 on a random sample of 1033 participants from Kaunas city (Lithuania) population. In 2016, a follow-up study of 686 participants who returned for the examination was conducted. The respondents filled out a questionnaire, an ophthalmological examination was performed, and the presence of vascular diseases was determined by the anamnesis and electrocardiogram evaluation data. Binary univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted with the PEX and vascular diseases as predictors, controlling for age. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals of OR were calculated for the risk of new PEX cases.

RESULTS

During 10 years, the prevalence of the PEX in the study population increased from 10.3 to 34.2%. The rates of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and IHD combined with stroke were significantly higher in the PEX subjects than in the non-PEX subjects. The risk of the PEX among persons with IHD was, on the average, by 1.5-fold higher, and among those with IHD and stroke, on the average, by 1.6-fold higher as compared to persons without the aforementioned pathologies (accordingly, p = 0.014 and p = 0.010).

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of the PEX increased significantly with age. The risk of the PEX was significantly higher among persons with IHD and even higher among persons with IHD and stroke. In the future, a greater understanding of the cardiovascular, metabolic, and environmental components associated with the PEX may lead to more specific lifestyle-related preventive strategies to decrease the disease burden.

Twelve-Year Incidence and Baseline Risk Factors for Pseudoexfoliation: The Thessaloniki Eye Study (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis)

PURPOSE

To determine the 12-year incidence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX), baseline risk factors for incident PEX and risk factors for incident pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) among those with PEX in an elderly white population.

METHODS

Longitudinal, population-based study in Thessaloniki, the major urban center in Northern Greece. The baseline cohort included 2554 participants ≥60 years old. The surviving cohort was re-examined 12 years later using the same methodology. PEX was defined as typical fibrillar material at the pupil margin and/or on the lens capsule. Glaucoma was defined as both structural and functional damage, irrespective of intraocular pressure (IOP).

RESULTS

Of 1468 eligible subjects in the surviving cohort, 1092 (74%) participated in the follow-up study. The mean age ± standard deviation (SD) at baseline was 68.9 ± 4.6 years. The mean follow-up time was 11.6 ± 1.6 years. The 12-year incidence of PEX was 19.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 17.1-22.2), with women more likely to be affected than men (Fisher's exact test, P = .0197). Higher axial length was associated with lower odds of incident PEX (odds ratio [OR], 0.72 per mm; 95% CI, 0.57-0.92). PEX at baseline was not associated with an increased likelihood of major vascular disease (P = .9038). Higher baseline IOP (OR, 1.26 per mm Hg; 95% CI, 1.07-1.48) and history of heart attack at baseline (OR, 13.49; 95% CI, 2.85-63.87) were associated with a greater likelihood of developing PEXG among those with PEX. A history of alcohol consumption at baseline was protective of individuals developing PEXG if they had PEX at baseline.

CONCLUSION

This is one of the very few longitudinal population-based studies that has specifically assessed the incidence of PEX. The association with axial length was previously found only in a cross-sectional study. The associations with heart attack and alcohol consumption are new findings. In individuals with baseline PEX, higher IOP at baseline, history of heart attack at baseline, and no alcohol consumption were associated with a greater likelihood of developing glaucomatous damage approximately 12 years later. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.

Nailfold capillary morphology and platelet function in patients with exfoliative glaucoma

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nailfold capillary morphological features in patients with exfoliative glaucoma (XFG) and compare them with those pertaining to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), normal controls and subjects with exfoliation syndrome (XFS). The second purpose was to investigate all parameters related to platelet function on the hemogram, including the platelet count (PLT), the mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), and plateletcrit (PCT) in patients with XFG. These parameters were subsequently compared with those belonging to normal controls, POAG and XFS subjects.

Methods

This case control study involved 152 consecutive patients that were examined at the Glaucoma Department of Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, as the referral center for glaucoma in Serbia, between June 2016 and December 2017.

Results

Regarding capillaroscopic characteristics, statistically significant difference was found in capillary diameter and tortuosity between the XFG and POAG group (p = 0.050 and p = 0.035) and the XFG and NC group (p = 0.003 and p = 0.044), as well as in the distribution of capillary loops and avascular zones between the XFG and NC group (p = 0.014 and p = 0.004). The subjects with XFG had lower PLT values compared to POAG patients (p = 0.022).

Conclusions

In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this study marks the first attempt to evaluate capillary morphology as well as to investigate all parameters related to platelet function on the hemogram, in patients with newly diagnosed XFG. Our findings revealed nailfold capillary morphological vascular changes in XFG patients. The subjects with XFG had lower PLT values and a higher MPV serum parameter compared to normal controls and patients with POAG. Further research in this field should therefore aim to evaluate the consequences of the aforementioned microvascular abnormalities in patients with XFG.

Association of pseudoexfoliation syndrome with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a systemic disease, but evidence of its association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVA) is controversial. A quantitative systematic review will provide an accurate summary of the current body of the literature.

DESIGN

Meta-analysis.

PARTICIPANTS

Not applicable.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search of published and unpublished English-language studies was performed. Summary statistics were calculated using inverse variance weighting and are presented in forest plots. Sources of variance were evaluated statistically.

RESULTS

After screening 4547 studies, 47 articles were reviewed, and 25 eligible studies were selected that reported patients from around the world. Twenty studies enrolling 9583 individuals with PEX evaluated CVD, providing a summary odds ratio (OR) of 1.61 (95% CI 1.37-1.90). Eleven studies, enrolling 1308 PEX patients, evaluated CVA and generated a summary OR of 1.76 (1.40-2.22). For any vascular event (AVE) using all 25 studies, there were 9716 PEX patients and 363,312 control patients, yielding a summary OR of 1.64 (95% CI 1.39-1.92). Analysis for publication bias with the Egger's test was not significant for studies reporting CVD and AVE (p = 0.92 and 0.64, respectively) but was significant for CVA (p = 0.03). Asymmetry of Begg's funnel plot was noted for the CVA and AVE analyses. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed, including assessment of study quality; the OR for all 3 outcomes varied minimally and remained significant in all analyses.

CONCLUSION

There is strong evidence that PEX is significantly associated with both CVD and CVA.

YKL-40 is a local marker for inflammation in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

PURPOSE

To investigate the YKL-40, as a marker of inflammation, in aqueous humor and serum of cataract patients with and without pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX).

METHODS

Aqueous humor and serum samples were obtained from 44 patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery. All patients were divided into two groups: PEX (n = 24) and control (n = 20). YKL-40 levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The differences between the groups were assessed by using Chi-square and independent sample t-tests. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between variables.

RESULTS

There was a significant difference between the mean YKL-40 levels in the aqueous humor of PEX group (112.0 ± 35.8 ng/mL) and control subjects (88.2 ± 30.6 ng/mL) (P = 0.025). However, the difference between the mean YKL-40 levels in the serum of PEX group (53.5 ± 29.1 ng/mL) and control subjects (44.6 ± 30.2 ng/mL) was non-significant (P = 0.326). The correlation between aqueous humor and serum YKL-40 concentrations was significant in both the groups (r = 0.833, P < 0.001; r = 0.840, P < 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Increased aqueous humor levels of YKL-40 demonstrate that it is local, but not a systemic marker for inflammation in patients with PEX.

Chosen Vascular Risk Markers in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: An Age-Related Disorder

Purpose

To evaluate lipids and C-reactive protein serum levels in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) in the Polish population.

Methods

96 patients were studied with PEX and 79 control subjects. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and CRP serum levels, and TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C indexes were assessed.

Results

There were no significant differences in concentration of lipids and values of TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C between PEX and control groups. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was not increased in patients with PEX.

Conclusions

Our results cast doubt on the opinion on the possible PEX and vascular diseases relation. Further studies on this subject are mandatory.

Genetics of glaucoma

Genetic and genomic studies, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have accelerated the discovery of genes contributing to glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness world-wide. Glaucoma can occur at all ages, with Mendelian inheritance typical for the rare early onset disease (before age 40) and complex inheritance evident in common adult-onset forms of disease. Recent studies have suggested possible therapeutic targets for some patients with early-onset glaucoma based on the molecular and cellular events caused by MYOC, OPTN and TBK1 mutations. Diagnostic genetic tests using early-onset glaucoma genes are also proving useful for pre-symptomatic disease detection and genetic counseling. Recent GWAS completed for three types of common adult-onset glaucoma have identified novel loci for POAG (primary-open-angle glaucoma) (ABCA1, AFAP1, GMDS, PMM2, TGFBR3, FNDC3B, ARHGEF12, GAS7, FOXC1, ATXN2, TXNRD2); PACG (primary angle-closure glaucoma (EPDR1, CHAT, GLIS3, FERMT2, DPM2-FAM102); and exfoliation syndrome (XFS) glaucoma (CACNA1A). In total sixteen genomic regions have been associated with POAG (including the normal tension glaucoma (NTG) subgroup), 8 with PACG and 2 with XFS. These studies are defining important biological pathways and processes that contribute to disease pathogenesis.

Ocular Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome Linkage to Cardiovascular Disease

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a common cause of open-angle glaucoma that is characterized by stress-induced elastic microfibrillopathy related to an accumulation of matrix metalloproteinases. The accumulation of matrix metalloproteinases increases deposition of protein substance within ocular structures and other organs including the heart. Many studies have associated the presence of cardiovascular disease with pseudoexfoliation syndrome, but much debate exists between studies in terms of significant relationships. The following meta-analysis aims to relate pseudoexfoliation syndrome with certain cardiovascular events and disorders. A thorough literature review was performed to acquire information concerning PEX patients with certain cardiovascular disorders. Diseases considered included myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, angina, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, aortic aneurysm, hypertension, and homocystinuria. Patients without evidence of pseudoexfoliation disease were the controls of our study. Multiple forest plots were created to compile and analyze collected data for statistical comparison.

RECENT FINDINGS

From a literature review, 18 studies were selected for our analysis. Cardiovascular disorders that had a statistically significant association (within a 95 % confidence interval) with PEX included ischemic heart disease, aortic aneurysms, and homocystinuria. The association between ischemic heart disease and PEX was statistically significant (p = 0.045). Myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart disease, angina, and hypertension did not show a correlation of relationship with the presence of pseudoexfoliation. Patients with PEX are prone to present with ischemic heart disease in addition to abdominal aortic aneurysms and homocystinuria. Patients that present with PEX should be screened for these detrimental cardiovascular disorders.

Comparison of Rotational Thromboelastography Findings in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome Patients and Healthy Controls

PURPOSE

Rotational thromboelastography (ROTEM) is a useful test for studying the characteristics of fibrin clot formation. As patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) have an increased risk for thrombotic events, clot-forming dysfunction may play a role. The aim of this study is to compare ROTEM findings in PEX syndrome patients with age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 21 patients with PEX syndrome and 22 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls were included. All study participants underwent detailed ophthalmologic and systemic medical examination, including blood pressure measurement, hemoglobin-hematocrit levels, platelet count, coagulation parameters including prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels, and D-dimer levels. Peripheral blood samples were collected and analyzed with ROTEM Coagulation Analyzer.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients with PEX and controls was 66.5±8.3 and 65.9±9.5 years, respectively (P=0.7). The 2 groups did not differ with respect to age, sex, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet numbers, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen levels, D-dimer levels, and glucose levels. When extrinsic thromboelastometry results were analyzed, PEX patients showed a significantly decreased clotting time when compared with healthy controls (79.8 vs. 98.0 s; P=0.01), indicating faster clot formation. Other ROTEM parameters did now show any difference between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

PEX patients showed faster clotting time when compared with healthy controls. This fibrin clot formation dysfunction may lead to vascular thrombotic events in these patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact underlying mechanism of thrombosis seen in PEX patients.

Electroneuromyographic findings in pseudoexfoliation syndrome

PURPOSE

To examine peripheral electroneuromyographic findings in patients with ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and to compare them controls without PEX.

METHODS

A case-control study design was used to examine 31 patients with PEX and compare the findings with those of 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All patients underwent complete ophthalmologic examination that included peripheral electroneuromyography examination. Motor and sensorial nerve conduction of the median, ulnar, tibial, peroneal, and sural nerve and the sympathetic skin response were measured.

RESULTS

The average sensorial nerve latency of the ulnar and sural nerve was significantly longer in the PEX group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The average sensorial nerve conduction amplitude and the velocity of the ulnar and sural nerve were significantly lower in the PEX group (p < 0.05).

DISCUSSION

Peripheral nerves, especially sensorial fibers, appear to be affected in PEX patients. These finding may indicate that PEX is a systemic disease.

Nailfold capillary morphology in exfoliation syndrome

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to investigate nailfold microvascular morphology in exfoliation syndrome with or without glaucoma (XFS/XFG) compared with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and control subjects using nailfold capillary videomicroscopy.Patients and methodsWe used a JH-1004 capillaroscope to perform nailfold capillary videomicroscopy on the fourth and fifth digit of the non-dominant hand. We enrolled 56 XFS/XFG patients, 87 POAG patients, and 75 control subjects. Masked observers graded the videos for hemorrhages, avascular zones ≥200 microns (μm), and degree of microvascular tortuosity on a four-point subjective scale. Multivariable odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals and P-for trends for assessing the relation between morphological changes and POAG or XFS/XFG were obtained from logistic regression analyses. We also assessed this relation with XFS/XFG compared with POAG in multivariable models.ResultsAfter adjusting for multiple covariates, nailfold hemorrhages, avascular zones ≥200 μm, and higher degree of vascular tortuosity were more common in XFS/XFG vs controls (P-for trend ≤0.0001) and in POAG vs controls (P-for trend ≤0.01). For each 100 capillaries, the number of hemorrhages was similar (P-for trend=0.91) between XFS/XFG and POAG patients; however, there were more avascular zones per 100 capillaries with borderline significance (P-for trend=0.04) in the XFS/XFG group. XFS/XFG patients had more tortuosity than POAG patients; specifically, having a tortuosity score ≥1.5 was associated with a 4.4-fold increased odds of XFS/XFG (95% confidence interval: 1.5-13.3) relative to a tortuosity score <1.0 (P-for trend=0.005).ConclusionA high degree of nailfold capillary tortuosity is a distinct non-ocular feature associated with XFS/XFG compared with either POAG or controls.

Major review: Exfoliation syndrome; advances in disease genetics, molecular biology, and epidemiology

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a common age-related disorder that leads to deposition of extracellular fibrillar material throughout the body. The most recognized disease manifestation is exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), which is a common cause of blindness worldwide. Recent developments in XFS genetics, cell biology and epidemiology have greatly improved our understanding of the etiology of this complex inherited disease. This review summarizes current knowledge of XFS pathogenesis, identifies gaps in knowledge, and discusses areas for future research.

Plasma adropin level in patients with pseudoexfoliation

The aim of this study was to evaluate plasma adropin levels in patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX). This retrospective case-control study included 35 patients with PEX and 35 individuals without PEX who served as controls. Plasma adropin levels with triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and haemoglobin A1c (HGBA1C) concentrations were measured in both groups. The mean serum adropin levels were 3.24 ± 0.95 ng/mL (range, 1.90-7.88 ng/mL) in patients with PEX syndrome and 5.78 ± 2.85 ng/mL (range, 2.08-5.41 ng/mL) in PEX glaucoma patients. There was no statistically significant difference in mean adropin levels between PEX syndrome and PEX glaucoma patients. However, similar adropin levels were found in the PEX glaucoma patients and the control group (P > 0.05). The mean serum adropin levels were 3.34 ± 0.89 ng/mL (range, 1.90-5.39 ng/mL) in the PEX group and 5.78 ± 2.85 ng/mL (range, 3.08-11.06 ng/mL) in the control group. The mean serum adropin level of the PEX group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, HGBA1C, triglycerides levels, or body mass index (all P > 0.05). Adropin level is lower in patients with PEX.

Systemic Associations of Exfoliation Syndrome

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related disease characterized by the production, deposition, and progressive accumulation of a white, fibrillar, extracellular material in many ocular tissues, most prominent on the anterior lens surface and pupillary border. Its prevalence increases steadily with age in all populations. It is the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide and is a potentially reversible or even curable disease. First described in Finland in 1917 by Lindberg, it has long been associated with open-angle glaucoma. However, in recent years, it is being increasingly reported in conjunction with a multiplicity of both ocular and systemic disorders, and the number of these is expected to grow, particularly with investigations based on attempts to associate other diseases with those genes known to be associated with XFS. Despite the focus on XFS as a cause of open-angle glaucoma for nearly a century, in reality it is still only an ocular manifestation of a protean systemic disease. It is a unique disorder with extensive and often serious ocular and systemic manifestations and not, as it has long been termed, a "form" or "type" of glaucoma. This misconception has delayed research into the molecular and cellular processes involved in its development, and the underestimation of its overall importance and its underlying causative mechanisms have largely been long ignored. The purpose of this article is to review the systemic disorders which are becoming increasingly associated with XFS. Reviews of epidemiology, genetics, biomarkers, molecular mechanisms of development, and ocular findings may be found elsewhere.

Amyloid β Peptides and Cognitive Functions in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate if there is any relation between the Alzheimer's peptides (amyloid β-40 and β-42) concentration in plasma and aqueous humor as well as cognitive functions with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX).

METHODS

One-hundred forty-two patients with PEX have been included for this study; median age: 75 years (Q1 = 71,5; Q3 = 80,0). Control group comprised 93 subjects aged 74 years (Q1 = 68,0; Q3 = 80,0). Amyloid β-40 and β-42 (Aβ-40, Aβ-42) concentrations were assessed in plasma in 73 PEX patients and 49 controls. Aβ-40 concentration in aqueous humor was measured in 31 patients from each group. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Tests were performed in 83 PEX patients and 36 controls.

RESULTS

The differences between amyloid concentrations both in plasma and in aqueous humor in PEX and control groups were not statistically significant. There were no differences in MMSE and Clock Drawing Tests between groups.

CONCLUSION

Our results do not indicate any relation between PEX and Alzheimer's amyloids or cognitive functions in cataract patients.

Serum Uric Acid, Alanine Aminotransferase, Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Count Levels in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Purpose. The pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation (PEX), the most common cause of secondary glaucoma, has not been clearly identified, but there is increasing evidence that points out the role of oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to evaluate some of the most commonly used blood parameters, hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell count (RBC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and uric acid (UA) levels, in subjects with PEX. Materials and Methods. This study is performed in a state hospital between November 2011 and December 2012. Retrospective chart review of subjects who underwent cataract surgery was performed. Thirty-one healthy subjects with PEX and 34 healthy subjects without PEX were evaluated. Hb, RBC, ALT, and UA levels were recorded. Student's t-test was used to compare the two groups. Results. The mean age was 73.6 ± 14.1 years in PEX group and 70.1 ± 12.7 in control group (p = 0.293). Hb, RBC, ALT, and UA levels did not show a statistically significant difference among PEX and control groups (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion. Serum levels of Hb, RBC, ALT, and UA levels were similar in subjects with and without PEX. Further studies are needed to clarify the precise role of Hb, RBC, ALT, and UA in the pathogenesis of PEX.

Ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome and life span

Background

To compare life span of persons with and without ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES).

Methods

The study is based on an epidemiological survey conducted in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway, in 1985–86. All inhabitants over 64 years of age (2109 individuals) were invited. Mortality information was obtained from The Norwegian Institute of Public Health in 2014, by which time 99% of the participants were deceased.

Results

When adjusting for age and gender, life span was not statistically different in persons with and without PES. Following the diagnosis of PES, patients' survival was up to, and beyond, 30 years.

Conclusions

Our observations suggest that, despite all the systemic aberrations reported in persons with ocular PES, none or only marginal functional changes are caused in extraocular organs and tissues. The present study supports the notion that systemic PES is not a life-threatening condition.

•

Over the years several attempts have been made to link pseudoexfoliation syndrome to a number of serious systemic diseases.

•

The present study shows no difference in life span between persons with and without pseudoexfoliation in our cohort.

Retinal vessel diameters and their correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

AIM

To compare retinal artery-vein diameters (RAVDs) of patients with pseudoexfoliation (PSX) syndrome with healthy controls and investigate the correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness parameters and RAVDs.

METHODS

Seventeen eyes with PSX and 17 eyes of age-matched controls were included in the study. All participants underwent routine ophthalmological examination, Humphrey visual field and RNFL examination by using Stratus OCT. Retinal images were obtained by using a retinal camera (Topcon 501X). RAVDs were measured from inferior nasal, inferior temporal, superior nasal and superior temporal arcuates by using IMAGEnet software. Superior, inferior, nasal, temporal and average RNFL thicknesses were recorded. RAVDs and RNFL parameters in groups and correlations were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Spearmann correlation tests.

RESULTS

Only inferior quadrant and average RNFL thickness were detected thinner in the PSX group compared with control group (P=0.009, P=0.038, respectively). No statistically significant difference regarding RAVDs was found between two groups.

CONCLUSION

RAVDs seems to be comparable in the PSX and control group. RNFL is thinner in the inferior quadrant in the PSX group. RNFL thickness and RAVDs show significant correlations in both groups. This correlation doesn't seem to be specific to PSX.

Is Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome a Risk Factor for Cerebro Vascular Disease?

PURPOSE

To determine the relationship between cerebro vascular disease and pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional case control study consisted of 50 patients with ischemic-type cerebro vascular disease and 50 control subjects. All subjects were investigated for diabetes mellitus and hypertension status and underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination. A diagnosis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome was made if characteristic greyish particulate matter was found on the anterior lens capsule after pupillary dilatation by slit-lamp examination. All subjects were compared in terms of pseudoexfoliation syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Pearson Chi Square and Student's t test were used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analyses of the risk factors between groups were also made.

RESULTS

The presence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome was significantly higher in patients with cerebro vascular disease when compared to the control subjects (p = 0.02). The frequency of diabetes mellitus was similar between the two groups. Arterial hypertension was significantly more frequent in the patient group when compared to the control subjects (p < 0.01). The logistic regression analysis showed that both pseudoexfoliation syndrome and hypertension were significantly associated with cerebro vascular disease.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, we found that pseudoexfoliation syndrome frequency was found to be higher in patients with cerebro vascular disease than in control subjects. A slit-lamp examination of the eye could be an important marker that indicates the risk of cerebro vascular disease. We recommend an evaluation of all subjects with pseudoexfoliation syndrome for the presence of cerebro vascular disease. Longitudinal studies with larger populations are needed to confirm this relationship.

Clinical Signs and Characteristics of Exfoliation Syndrome and Exfoliative Glaucoma in Northern China

PURPOSE

To investigate the frequency and clinical features of exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and exfoliative glaucoma (XFG) in northern China.

DESIGN

A retrospective medical chart review.

METHODS

The review was conducted in Beijing Tongren Hospital. Using diagnosis codes, all consecutive patients with XFS/XFG were included in the study. Exfoliation syndrome was diagnosed if the patient had exfoliationmaterial (XFM) on the pupillary margin or anterior lens capsule.

RESULTS

Of 73,976 inpatient records, 45 patients (75 eyes) with XFS/XFG were identified (27 men, 18 women). Exfoliation syndrome/XFG accounted for 0.55% (45/8205) of hospitalized patients with cataract aged 60 years or older. The mean (SD) age of the inpatients was 72.1 (8.1) years (range, 47-85 years). Thirty-six patients had XFG, comprising 4.3% (36/838) of hospitalized patients with open-angle glaucoma. The presence of XFM on the pupillary margin (66.7%) and anterior lens surface (65.3%) were the most common features. Loss of pupillary ruff (13.3%) was uncommon. Increased pigmentation (49.3%) and flecks of XFM (9.3%) were seen on the trabecular meshwork, and 25 eyes (33.3%) had narrow angles. For those with bilateral XFS/XFG (66.7%, 30/45), 7 patients had bilateral XFS, 15 patients had bilateral XFG, and 8 patients had XFS in 1 eye but XFG in another eye. Twenty-two patients (44.4%) had hypertension, and 7 (15.6%) had ischemic heart diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

Exfoliation syndrome/XFG is still uncommon in the northern Chinese population. Its major clinical characteristics are the deposit of XFM on the pupil rim or anterior lens surface and increased trabecular meshwork pigmentation.

Serum Levels of Omentin in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

PURPOSE

Omentin, a member of the adipocytokines family, is derived from adipose tissue and a lower level of serum omentin is considered as a metabolic risk factor. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the serum levels of omentin in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PES).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients without any systemic or ocular disease other than PES were included in the study. Age-matched and sex-matched healthy volunteers without PES were accepted as a control group. After detailed ophthalmologic examination, blood samples were obtained from a forearm vein. Serum levels of omentin were determined by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

The mean age of the PES group (12 females, 12 males, n=24) was 75.2 ± 8.4 years, and the control group (10 females, 10 males, n=20) was 75 ± 6.7 years. There was no difference between the groups in terms of age (P=0.93) and sex (P=0.9). The mean serum levels of omentin in the PES group were 801.5 ± 317.1 ng/mL and in the control group were 1150.1 ± 584.1 ng/mL. The mean serum omentin levels were significantly lower in patients with PES (P=0.016).

CONCLUSION

Lower levels of serum omentin in patients with PES compared with healthy subjects may support the theory of systemic nature of the disease.

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and cardiovascular diseases

Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is a well-recognized late-onset disease caused by a generalized fibrillopathy. It is linked to a broad spectrum of ocular complications including glaucoma and perioperative problems during cataract surgery. Apart from the long-known intraocular manifestations, PEX deposits have been found in a variety of extraocular locations and they appear to represent a systemic process associated with increased cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity. However, as published results are inconsistent, the clinical significance of the extraocular PEX deposits remains controversial. Identification of PEX deposits in the heart and the vessel wall, epidemiologic studies, as well as, similarities in pathogenetic mechanisms have led to the hypothesis of a possible relation between fibrillar material and cardiovascular disease. Recent studies suggest that PEX syndrome is frequently linked to impaired heart and blood vessels function. Systemic and ocular blood flow changes, altered parasympathetic vascular control and baroreflex sensitivity, increased vascular resistance and decreased blood flow velocity, arterial endothelial dysfunction, high levels of plasma homocysteine and arterial hypertension have all been demonstrated in PEX subjects. Common features in the pathogenesis of both atherosclerosis and PEX, like oxidative stress and inflammation and a possible higher frequency of abdominal aorta aneurysm in PEX patients, could imply that these grey-white deposits and cardiovascular disorders are related or reflect different manifestations of the same process.

Cardiovascular repercussions of the pseudoexfoliation syndrome

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a primarily ophthalmological disorder caused by deposition of whitish-gray protein on the lens, iris, and multiple other eye tissues. There is increasing evidence over the previous years that pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a systemic disorder with various extraocular manifestations and has recently been linked to several cardiovascular disorders. The present article aims to summarize the current knowledge on cardiovascular implications of this well-described clinical entity.

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome and coronary artery ectasia

AIMS

To determine whether pseudoexfoliation syndrome is associated with coronary artery ectasia or not.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was undertaken at Bulent Ecevit University's Ophthalmology Department with the participation of the Cardiology Department. Eighty consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography and were classified into two groups-those diagnosed with a normal coronary artery (n=40) and those diagnosed with coronary artery ectasia (n=40)-were included in the study. Pseudoexfoliation was diagnosed if typical exfoliation material was found to be present on the anterior surface of the lens, the iris, or at the pupillary border on slit-lamp examination. Age, sex, presence of pseudoexfoliation material, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia rates, cigarette smoking history, and family history of coronary artery disease were compared between the two groups. The continuous variables were compared by using the independent sample t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test, and the categorical variables were compared using Pearson's χ(2)-test or Fisher's Exact χ(2)-test for the two groups.

RESULTS

There was no difference in demographic data of both groups. The presence of pseudoexfoliation material was more common in patients with coronary ectasia compared with controls [(n=21 (52.5%) vs n=8 (20%), P=0.005)]. In all patients, there was a higher glaucoma rate in the patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome [n=7 (24.1%), 6 CAE (+), 1 CAE (-)] than in the normal patients [n=2 (3.9%), 2 CAE (-)] (P=0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we found a possible association of pseudoexfoliation and coronary artery ectasia. Coronary artery ectasia patients had higher prevalence of pseudoexfoliation.

Ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome and vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

Many studies have assessed the association between ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and vascular disease and produced controversial results. We performed a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies to evaluate this relationship.

Methods

Eligible studies that reported the incidence of vascular disease among PEX and control groups were identified via computer searches and reviewing the reference lists of the key articles. The summary odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model. Meta-regression to assess heterogeneity by several covariates and a subgroup analysis on study design and population were performed. Publication bias was tested by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test.

Results

Sixteen eligible studies involving 8,533 PEX patients and 135,720 control patients were included in the meta-analysis. All studies were performed primarily in whites with a mean age between 54.7 and 77.1 years. The overall combined ORs for patients with PEX compared with the reference group were 1.72 (95% CI: 1.31 to 2.26) for any vascular disease, 1.61 (95% CI: 1.22 to 2.14) for coronary heart disease, 1.59 (95% CI: 1.12 to 2.23) for cerebrovascular disease, and 2.48 (95% CI: 1.30 to 4.72) for aortic aneurysm. There was evidence of statistical heterogeneity; however, subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed this result to be robust. No evidence of publication bias was observed.

Conclusions

The overall current literature suggests that PEX was associated with increased risk of vascular disease. Because of the limitations of the included studies and meta-analysis, the findings need to be confirmed in future research via well-designed cohort studies.

What is the effect of pseudoexfoliation syndrome on renal function in patients without glaucoma?

PURPOSE

To evaluate renal function in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study involved 49 patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) and 42 control subjects. Renal function was examined by biochemical parameters and Doppler ultrasonography. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urea levels, urine microalbumin level and creatinine clearance were measured. Renal volume, resistive index and pulsatility index were calculated using Doppler ultrasonography.

RESULTS

The mean laboratory values for both groups were as follows: Creatinine, PEX: 0.81 ± 0.28 mg/dL - Control: 0.79 ± 0.22 mg/dL; urea, PEX: 31.6 ± 9.7 mg/dL - Control: 32.2 ± 8.4 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen, PEX: 14.8 ± 4.6 mg/dL - Control: 15.1 ± 4.0 mg/dL; creatinine clearance, PEX: 89.1 ± 35.6 mL/min - Control: 99.0 ± 47.2 mL/min; microalbumin, PEX: 5.8 ± 22.7 mg/dL - Control: 2.7 ± 6.0 mg/dL. The differences between groups were not significant (p > 0.300). Renal volume, resistive index and pulsatility index values were similar in both groups (p > 0.200).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that pseudoexfoliation syndrome does not affect biochemical and ultrasonographic parameters associated with renal function.

Renal artery stenosis and abdominal aorta aneurysm in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome

PURPOSE

To evaluate the renal arteries and abdominal aorta in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX).

DESIGN

Prospective, case-control study.

METHODS

The study involved 49 patients with PEX and 42 control subjects. Abdominal aorta and renal arteries were examined by Doppler ultrasonography. In both renal arteries (proximal and distal portions) and abdominal aorta, the peak systolic velocity (PSV) was measured. Renal artery stenosis (RAS) was defined as the renal artery PSV >150 cm/s or renal-to-aortic ratio (RAR) >3.0. Patients who had an abdominal aortic diameter >3 cm were recorded. Computed tomographic angiography was performed to confirm these findings in patients with RAS and/or abdominal aorta aneurysm.

RESULTS

The mean PSV in the proximal renal artery was 88.3 cm/s in PEX group and 79.5 cm/s in control group (P=0.314); in distal renal artery was 91.7 cm/s in PEX group and 93.0 cm/s in control group (P=0.794); in abdominal aorta was 76.0 cm/s in PEX group and 65.2 cm/s in control group (P=0.046). RAS was observed in nine patients with PEX and in only one patient without PEX (P=0.017). Seven out of 10 patients with RAS (six patients in PEX group; one patient in control group) had hypertension. Abdominal aorta aneurysm was observed in four patients in PEX group but not in control group (P=0.061).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study has demonstrated that there is a significant association between PEX and RAS. The abdominal aorta aneurysm may be seen in patients with PEX.

Serum vitamin D deficiency and its association with systemic disease in exfoliation syndrome

PURPOSE

To determine the association of serum vitamin D levels with exfoliation syndrome (XFS) and evaluate its impact on co-associated systemic diseases.

METHODS

Forty patients with XFS and 40 control subjects without XFS were recruited for this study. Se-rum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH) D] were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH) D concentration of <20 ng/mL. A detailed medical history including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular stroke, autoimmune disease, and neurologic disorders such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease was recorded. Student t test and chi-square test was used for statistical evaluations.

RESULTS

The mean age of patients with XFS and control subjects was 69.6 ± 8.1 years (range 58-90 years) and 67.1 ± 6.3 years (range 60-86 years), respectively (p>0.05). Mean 25(OH) D levels did not differ between XFS (19.8 ± 8.3 ng/mL) and control (19.9 ± 10.3 ng/mL) groups (p = 0.978). Patients with XFS had higher prevalence of cerebrovascular (p = 0.026) and cardiovascular disease (p = 0.001). There was no association between the systemic disease status and serum vitamin D levels of patients with XFS.

CONCLUSIONS

Although vitamin D levels were similar between XFS and control subjects, the levels were found to be decreased in both groups. Patients with XFS had a significantly higher prevalence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease as compared to controls independent of their serum 25(OH) D levels. Low vitamin D level does not appear to be linked to XFS in the studied population.

Ocular pseudoexfoliation and cardiovascular disease: a national cross-section comparison study

BACKGROUND

Pseudoexfoliation is a systemic disorder characterized by the deposition of extracellular matrix material. The microfibrillar material that gives rise to the condition is visible clinically in the anterior segment of the eye, and is also found in other tissues, including blood vessels, skin, gallbladder, kidneys, lungs, and heart.

AIMS

The present study aims to determine whether ocular pseudoexfoliation is associated with selected cardiovascular diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cross-section comparison study was conducted with the help of the Veterans Health Administration databases, using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision, Clinical Modification for pseudoexfoliation of lens capsule and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Selected cardiovascular diseases and risk factors for cardiovascular disease were identified using the appropriate medical codes. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, chronic sinusitis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia served as the comparison groups. A logistic regression model was used to control for age, gender, race, and major cardiovascular risk factors.

RESULTS

There were 6,046 case patients with pseudoexfoliation; approximately half were diagnosed with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Various stages of ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and aortic aneurysm were significantly associated with ocular pseudoexfoliation, after controlling for age, gender, race, and major cardiovascular risk factors. Associations, in general, were less demonstrable relative to the primary open-angle glaucoma comparison group.

CONCLUSION

Associations of ocular pseudoexfoliation with cardiovascular diseases were generally fewer and less pronounced when compared to patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. These results add to the results of earlier studies, which suggest that open-angle glaucoma itself might be a risk factor for certain cardiovascular disorders.

Association of ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome with ischaemic heart disease, arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE

To determine the prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) in Lithuanian urban population and its association with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), arterial hypertension (AH) and diabetes mellitus (DM).

METHODS

In this population-based study, 1065 participants aged 45-72 years were randomly drawn from the population register of Kaunas, Lithuania. They were classified as having PEX if any pseudoexfoliation material was determined by a slit-lamp examination in at least one eye. The data were acquired from questionnaire; register of myocardial infarction, electrocardiogram, biochemical blood analyses and blood pressure measurement were used to determine IHD, AH, DM and smoking habits. Poststratification weights based on Kaunas population sex and age distribution were applied.

RESULTS

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome was estimated in 9% of a population. The AH rate was higher in PEX subjects than in non-PEX subjects (p=0.017) and the rates of IHD, DM and cholesterol levels did not differ statistically significantly. Chi-square linear-by-linear association test found higher AH rate in unilateral PEX subjects and even higher AH rate in bilateral PEX subjects than in non-PEX subjects (p=0.014). Pseudoexfoliation syndrome increased odds for AH by 1.8 times (p=0.021). Median of systolic blood pressure was higher in the PEX group than in non-PEX group (p=0.04). But all associations could not be confirmed after adjusting for age. Smoking duration increased age-adjusted odds for PEX. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome did not increase risk for IHD, AH or DM.

CONCLUSIONS

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome prevalence is high in Lithuania. No clear PEX association with IHD, AH and DM was proven after controlling for effect of age.