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Cideciyan AV, Jacobson SG, Sumaroka A, Swider M, Krishnan AK, Sheplock R, Garafalo AV, Guziewicz KE, Aguirre GD, Beltran WA, Matsui Y, Kondo M, Heon E. Photoreceptor function and structure in retinal degenerations caused by biallelic BEST1 mutations. Vision Res 2023; 203:108157. [PMID: 36450205 PMCID: PMC9825664 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The only approved retinal gene therapy is for biallelic RPE65 mutations which cause a recessive retinopathy with a primary molecular defect located at the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). For a distinct recessive RPE disease caused by biallelic BEST1 mutations, a pre-clinical proof-of-concept for gene therapy has been demonstrated in canine eyes. The current study was undertaken to consider potential outcome measures for a BEST1 clinical trial in patients demonstrating a classic autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) phenotype. Spatial distribution of retinal structure showed a wide expanse of abnormalities including large intraretinal cysts, shallow serous retinal detachments, abnormalities of inner and outer segments, and an unusual prominence of the external limiting membrane. Surrounding the central macula extending from 7 to 30 deg eccentricity, outer nuclear layer was thicker than expected from a cone only retina and implied survival of many rod photoreceptors. Co-localized however, were large losses of rod sensitivity despite preserved cone sensitivities. The dissociation of rod function from rod structure observed, supports a large treatment potential in the paramacular region for biallelic bestrophinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur V Cideciyan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Samuel G Jacobson
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander Sumaroka
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Malgorzata Swider
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arun K Krishnan
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca Sheplock
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra V Garafalo
- Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karina E Guziewicz
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William A Beltran
- Division of Experimental Retinal Therapies, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Elise Heon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2L3, Canada
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Clinical Features and Genetic Findings of Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071197. [PMID: 35885980 PMCID: PMC9320462 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) is a rare subtype of bestrophinopathy caused by biallelic mutations of the BEST1 gene. ARB is characterized by multifocal subretinal deposits accompanied by macular edema or subretinal fluid, hyperopia, co-existing narrow angle, and a marked decrease in electrooculogram. However, little is known about the genetic variants and specific clinical features of ARB. This is an observational case series of patients with a clinical and genetic diagnosis of ARB who underwent multimodal imaging. We describe ten patients from nine unrelated families with six known variants and three novel missense variants: c.236C→T, p.(Ser79Phe); C.452C→T, p.(Leu151Pro); and c.650C→T, p.(Trp217Met). The most common variant was c.584C→T, p.(Ala195Val), observed in six patients, without correlation to the severity of the phenotype. All patients manifested bilateral multifocal subretinal deposits and subretinal fluid throughout the follow-up period, while intraretinal fluid was found in approximately half of the eyes. The extent or chronicity of the fluid collection did not correlate with visual acuity. Angle-closure glaucoma was present in five eyes. Three patients had a genetically confirmed family history of ARB, and one patient had a clinically suspected family history. This study reveals novel mutations in the BEST1 gene and adds to the spectrum of clinical presentations of ARB.
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Pfister TA, Zein WM, Cukras CA, Sen HN, Maldonado RS, Huryn LA, Hufnagel RB. Phenotypic and Genetic Spectrum of Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy and Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:22. [PMID: 34015078 PMCID: PMC8142704 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) and vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) are distinct phenotypes, typically inherited through recessive and dominant patterns, respectively. Recessively inherited VMD (arVMD) has been reported, suggesting that dominant and recessive BEST1-related retinopathies represent a single disease spectrum. This study compares adVMD, arVMD, and ARB to determine whether a continuum exists and to define clinical and genetic features to aid diagnosis and management. Methods One arVMD patient and nine ARB patients underwent standard ophthalmic examination, imaging, electrophysiology, and genetic assessments. A meta-analysis of reported BEST1 variants was compiled, and clinical parameters were analyzed with regard to inheritance and phenotype. Results Among 10 patients with biallelic BEST1 variants, three novel ARB variants (p.Asp118Ala, p.Leu224Gln, p.Val273del) were discovered. A patient with homozygous p.Glu35Lys was clinically unique, presenting with VMD, including hyperautofluorescence extending beyond the macula, peripheral punctate lesions, and shortened axial-length. A tritan-axis color vision deficit was seen in three of six (50%) of ARB patients. Attempts to distinguish recessively-inherited ARB and dominantly-inherited VMD genotypically, by variant frequency and residue location, did not yield significant differences. Literature meta-analysis with principle component analysis of clinical features demonstrated a spectrum of disease with arVMD falling between adVMD and ARB. Conclusions This study suggests that arVMD is part of a continuum of autosomal recessive and dominant BEST1-related retinopathies. Detailed clinical and molecular assessments of this cohort and the literature are corroborated by unsupervised analysis, highlighting the overlapping heterogeneity among BEST1-associated clinical diagnoses. Tritan-axis color vision deficit is a previously unreported finding associated with ARB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wadih M Zein
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Hatice N Sen
- National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ramiro S Maldonado
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
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Lee JH, Oh JO, Lee CS. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Modeling of Best Disease and Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:816-825. [PMID: 32882766 PMCID: PMC7471084 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.9.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the pathophysiology of Best disease (BD) and autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) by establishing an in vitro model using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Human iPSC lines were generated from mononuclear cells in peripheral blood of one ARB patient, one autosomal dominant BD patient, and two normal controls. Immunocytochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in iPSC lines were conducted to demonstrate the pluripotent markers. After the differentiation of iPSC into functional retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), morphological characteristics of the RPE were evaluated using confocal microscopy and immunocytochemistry. The rates of fluid flow across iPSC-RPE monolayer were measured to compare apical to basal fluid transports by RPE. RNA sequencing was performed on iPSC-RPE to identify the differences in gene expression profiles, and specific gene sets were tested using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS Morphological characteristics, gene expression, and epithelial integrity of ARB iPSC were comparable to those of BD patient or normal control. Fluid transport from apical to basal was significantly decreased in ARB iPSC-RPE compared with BD iPSC-RPE or control iPSC-RPE. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis confirmed that ARB iPSC-RPE exhibited significant enrichments of epithelial-mesenchymal transition gene set and TNF-α signaling via NF-κB gene set compared to control iPSC-RPE or BD iPSC-RPE. CONCLUSION A human iPSC model of ARB showed a functional deficiency rather than anatomical defects. ARB may be caused by RPE dysfunction following BEST1 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hwan Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ok Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Christopher Seungkyu Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Clinical and Mutation Analysis of Patients with Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy or Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy in Chinese Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4582816. [PMID: 30498755 PMCID: PMC6220750 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4582816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene BEST1 usually cause bestrophinopathies, such as the rare progressive diseases Best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD) and autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB). This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with BVMD or ARB carrying BEST1 mutations. A total of 12 probands including 9 patients with a clinical diagnosis of BVMD and 3 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ARB were recruited for genetics analysis. All patients underwent detailed ophthalmic examination. All coding exons of the BEST1 gene were screened by PCR-based DNA sequencing. Programs of PolyPhen-2, SIFT, and MutationTaster were used to analyze the potential pathogenicity of the mutations in BEST1. In the 9 unrelated patients with BVMD, one heterozygous BEST1 mutation was revealed in 8 patients and two compound heterozygous mutations in 1 patient. In the 3 unrelated patients with ARB, two compound heterozygous mutations were revealed in 2 patients and three compound heterozygous mutations in 1 patient. Molecular analyses identified a total of 15 mutations, including 3 novel mutations (c.424A>G p.S142G, c.436G>A p.A146T, and c.155T>C p.L52P). Antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs were given to two affected eyes, especially those also exhibiting choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and no serious adverse events occurred. Our study indicates that there is wide genotypic and phenotypic variability in patients with BVMD or ARB in China. The screening of BEST1 gene is significant for the precise diagnosis of BVMD and ARB.
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Hardin JS, Schaefer GB, Sallam AB, Williams MK, Uwaydat S. A unique case series of autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy exhibiting multigenerational inheritance. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 38:570-574. [PMID: 28481155 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1318926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB) is a retinal disease caused by biallelic mutations of the BEST1 gene. It has a variable phenotype with white flecks in the retina, multifocal yellow subretinal deposits, macular edema, choroidal neovascularization, hyperopia, and electrophysiological abnormalities. We describe a family with ARB and multigenerational inheritance. METHODS Three generations of a Middle Eastern family (a woman, one son, and two grandchildren) were evaluated by our ocular genetics team. Eye examinations, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed. Genetic testing was obtained on examined patients and available relatives. RESULTS The proband demonstrated counting fingers vision and white flecks in the retinal periphery, with macular subretinal fluid (SRF), loss of outer photoreceptor segments, and epiretinal membrane (ERM) on OCT. Two grandchildren demonstrated decreased vision, multifocal yellow subretinal deposits, and SRF on OCT. Two grandchildren examined elsewhere were reported to be similarly affected. A son's examination was normal except for extra-macular scars (from prior toxoplasmosis) and ERM. Genetic history revealed consanguinity and testing showed homozygosity for BEST1 mutations in the proband and two grandchildren c.473G>A/c.473G>A (R218H /R218H) and heterozygosity in two unaffected sons and two unaffected daughters-in-law c.473G>A/WT (p.R218H/WT). DISCUSSION We present a consanguineous family of five affected individuals with ARB and four confirmed carriers. Their pedigree was consistent with dominant inheritance and incomplete penetrance. Genetic testing clarified the diagnosis and mode of inheritance. We describe the genetic findings, phenotypic variability, and recessive inheritance of an often dominantly inherited mutation as notable elements in their case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Hardin
- a Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - G Bradley Schaefer
- b Section of Genetics and Metabolism , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Ahmed B Sallam
- a Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - M Kathryn Williams
- b Section of Genetics and Metabolism , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
| | - Sami Uwaydat
- a Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas , USA
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López Mendoza S, Díaz Zapien AI, Nuño Suárez MA. Enfermedad de Best o distrofia macular viteliforme. A propósito de un caso. REVISTA MEXICANA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mexoft.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE To report the ocular phenotype in patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy and carriers, and to describe novel BEST1 mutations. METHODS Patients with clinically suspected and subsequently genetically proven autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy underwent full ophthalmic examination and investigation with fundus autofluorescence imaging, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, and electrooculography. Mutation analysis of the BEST1 gene was performed through direct Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Five affected patients from four families were identified. Mean age was 16 years (range, 6-42 years). All affected patients presented with reduced visual acuity and bilateral, hyperautofluorescent subretinal yellowish deposits within the posterior pole. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated submacular fluid and subretinal vitelliform material in all patients. A cystoid maculopathy was seen in all but one patient. In 1 patient, the location of the vitelliform material was seen to change over a follow-up period of 3 years despite relatively stable vision. Visual acuity and fundus changes were unresponsive to topical and systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and systemic steroids. Carriers had normal ocular examinations including normal fundus autofluorescence. Three novel mutations were detected. CONCLUSION Three novel BEST1 mutations are described, suggesting that many deleterious variants in BEST1 resulting in haploinsufficiency are still unknown. Mutations causing autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy are mostly located outside of the exons that usually harbor vitelliform macular dystrophy-associated dominant mutations.
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Wivestad Jansson R, Berland S, Bredrup C, Austeng D, Andréasson S, Wittström E. Biallelic Mutations in the BEST1 Gene: Additional Families with Autosomal Recessive Bestrophinopathy. Ophthalmic Genet 2015; 37:183-93. [PMID: 26333019 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2015.1020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the genotype and phenotype of patients with autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (ARB), and heterozygous carriers. METHODS The members of three unrelated ARB families were investigated. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on 11 members of these families. Ten members were examined clinically; including visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, biomicroscopy, fundus photography, and Goldmann applanation tonometry. Measurements were also made of the anterior chamber depth and axial length, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), electrooculography (EOG), and full-field electroretinography (full-field ERG) were performed. Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) was performed on eight members of these families. RESULTS Two novel combinations of missense mutations in the BEST1 gene were identified: p.R141H/p.M325T in three patients with ARB in two unrelated Norwegian families, and p.R141H/p.I201T was found in an ARB patient in a Swedish family. All four patients with ARB had clinical and electrophysiological features of ARB. All the heterozygous carriers of the p.R141H mutation were clinically normal, and showed normal OCT, EOG and full-field ERG findings, but had mildly abnormal mfERG results. Only one heterozygous carrier of the p.M325T mutation was studied and he was clinically normal, showing normal OCT and full-field ERG results, but subnormal EOG and mfERG findings. The heterozygous carrier of the p.I201T mutation was clinically normal, showing normal OCT, EOG and full-field ERG results, but subnormal mfERG results. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that the two novel combinations of compound heterozygous mutations p.R141H/p.M325T and p.R141H/p.I201T in the BEST1 gene can also lead to the ARB phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Wivestad Jansson
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , Section of Ophthalmology, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway .,b Department of Ophthalmology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Siren Berland
- c Department of Pathology , Section of Clinical Genetics, St. Olav's Hospital , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Cecilie Bredrup
- b Department of Ophthalmology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Dordi Austeng
- d Department of Ophthalmology , Trondheim University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway , and
| | - Sten Andréasson
- e Department of Ophthalmology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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Lin Y, Gao H, Liu Y, Liang X, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang W, Chen J, Lin Z, Huang X, Liu Y. Two novel mutations in the bestrophin-1 gene and associated clinical observations in patients with best vitelliform macular dystrophy. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2584-8. [PMID: 25936525 PMCID: PMC4464449 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the 11 bestrophin-1 (BEST1) exons in patients with best vitelliform macular dystrophy (BVMD), and to characterize the associated clinical features. Complete ophthalmic examinations were conducted on two families, and two family members were diagnosed with BVMD. Genomic DNA was extracted from the leukocytes of peripheral blood collected from the patients and their family members, in addition to 100 unrelated control subjects recruited from the same population. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a total of 11 exons of the BEST1 gene, which were directly sequenced. Ophthalmic examinations, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, fundus examination, fundus photography and fluorescein angiography imaging, as well as anterior segment analysis with Pentacam and optical coherence tomography, were conducted. The patients exhibited yellowish lesions in the macular area. A heterozygous mutation c.910_912delGAT (p.304del Asp) in exon 7 was identified in Case 1. A heterozygous BEST1 missense mutation c.685T>G (p.Trp229Gly) in exon 5 was identified in Case 2, but not in any of the unaffected family members or normal controls. Although BEST1 gene mutations and polymorphisms have previously been reported in various ethnic groups, the current study identified, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, two novel BEST1 gene mutations in patients with BVMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Occupational Diseases Prevention and Treatment, Guangdong Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xuanwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jiangna Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhuoling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Pasquay C, Wang LF, Lorenz B, Preising MN. Bestrophin 1 – Phenotypes and Functional Aspects in Bestrophinopathies. Ophthalmic Genet 2013; 36:193-212. [DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2013.863945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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