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Quantitative PPARγ expression affects the balance between tolerance and immunity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26646. [PMID: 27221351 PMCID: PMC4879582 DOI: 10.1038/srep26646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ modulates energy metabolism and inflammation. However, its specific functions in the balance of immunity in vivo have been explored incompletely. In this study, by the age of 14 mo, PpargC/− mice with PPARγ expression at 25% of the normal level exhibited high autoantibody levels and developed mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, which resembled systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like autoimmune disease. These symptoms were preceded by splenomegaly at an early age, which was associated with increases in splenocyte accumulation and B-cell activation but not with relocation of hematopoiesis to the spleen. The mechanism of splenic lymphocyte accumulation involved reduced sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) expression and diminished migration toward S1P in the PpargC/− splenocytes, which impeded lymphocyte egression. Mechanistically, increased Th17 polarization and IL-17 signaling in the PpargC/− CD4+ T cells contributed to B-cell hyperactivation in the spleen. Finally, the activation of the remaining PPARγ in PpargC/− mice by pioglitazone increased S1P1 levels, reduced the Th17 population in the spleen, and ameliorated splenomegaly. Taken together, our data demonstrated that reduction of Pparg expression in T-helper cells is critical for spontaneous SLE-like autoimmune disease development; we also revealed a novel function of PPARγ in lymphocyte trafficking and cross talk between Th17 and B cells.
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Ren W, Lagerstedt K, Grimsholm O, Stern A, Sun JB, Fang Y, Xiang Z, Mårtensson IL. Uncoupling of natural IgE production and CD23 surface expression levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62851. [PMID: 23646151 PMCID: PMC3639908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD23, the low affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE), has been proposed to play a critical role in the regulation of IgE production, based on altered IgE levels in CD23-deficient mice and transgenic mouse models, as well as in mouse strains with mutations in the CD23 gene, e.g. 129 substrains. Here, we have investigated a mouse line termed LxT1 that expresses reduced CD23 surface levels on B cells, and its influence on natural IgE production. Extensive phenotypic analysis showed that CD23 surface expression was reduced in LxT1 compared to the control, without affecting B cell development in general. This CD23(low) surface level in LxT1 mice is not as a result of reduced CD23 mRNA expression levels or intracellular accumulation, but linked to a recessive locus, a 129-derived region spanning 28 Mb on chromosome 8, which includes the CD23 gene. Sequence analysis confirmed five mutations within the CD23 coding region in LxT1 mice, the same as those present in New Zealand Black (NZB) and 129 mice. However, this CD23(low) phenotype was not observed in all 129 substrains despite carrying these same CD23 mutations in the coding region. Moreover, serum IgE levels in LxT1 mice are as low as those in the C57BL/6 (B6) strain, and much lower than those in 129 substrains. These data indicate that the CD23 surface level and serum IgE level are uncoupled and that neither is directly regulated by the mutations within the CD23 coding region. This study suggests that caution should be taken when interpreting the immunological data derived from mice with different genetic background, especially if the gene of interest is thought to influence CD23 surface expression or serum IgE level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stern
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jia-Bin Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Sang A, Yin Y, Zheng YY, Morel L. Animal Models of Molecular Pathology. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 105:321-70. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394596-9.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors contribute in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus nephritis, the most common and severe manifestation of SLE, involves inflammation in the kidney leading to loss of renal function. However, it is not clear what controls the progression of lupus nephritis; this is an important research question, considering its implications in clinical treatment of lupus nephritis. Finding genes that underlie the development and progression of lupus nephritis will shed light on this question. NZM2328 is a spontaneous mouse model for SLE. Most NZM2328 female mice develop autoantibodies (e.g., antinuclear antibody and anti-dsDNA antibody), glomerulonephritis (GN), and severe proteinuria between 5 and 12 months of age. In contrast, C57L/J mice fail to exhibit similar signs of autoimmune disease. We used classical genetics to map and identify SLE genes in offspring generated by backcrossing C57L/J to NZM2328. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling acute (Agnz1 and Agnz2) and chronic (Cgnz1) GN features were uncovered by the analysis. To verify the Cgnz1 and Agnz1 on distal mouse chromosome 1, we produced the NZM23238.C57Lc1 (Lc1) congenic strain, which replaced NZM2328 Cgnz1 and Agnz1 alleles with those derived from C57L/J. The development of acute GN and chronic GN was markedly reduced in Lc1 mice, confirming the linkage findings. Further mapping by the generation of intrachromosomal recombinants of NZM2328.Lc1 support the thesis that acute GN and chronic GN are under separate genetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ge
- Department of Medicine and Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Boross P, Arandhara VL, Martin-Ramirez J, Santiago-Raber ML, Carlucci F, Flierman R, van der Kaa J, Breukel C, Claassens JWC, Camps M, Lubberts E, Salvatori D, Rastaldi MP, Ossendorp F, Daha MR, Cook HT, Izui S, Botto M, Verbeek JS. The Inhibiting Fc Receptor for IgG, FcγRIIB, Is a Modifier of Autoimmune Susceptibility. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1304-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Marín-Vidalled MJ, Bolívar A, Zubiaga A, López-Hoyos M. The combined effect of BCL-2 over-expression and E2F2 deficiency induces an autoimmune syndrome in non-susceptible mouse strain C57BL/6. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:111-20. [PMID: 20187704 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903214033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiple evidences support the notion that cell-cycle deregulation or apoptosis alterations can lead to autoimmune syndrome (AIS). Inactivation of the cell-cycle regulator E2F2 or over-expression of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein induces spontaneously an AIS in certain mouse strains. In the present study, we have examined the contribution of the genetic background on the development of autoimmunity after E2F2 gene inactivation, and the effect that a simultaneous inactivation of the E2F2 gene and over-expression of the Bcl-2 gene in B cells has on lymphoid homeostasis and autoimmunity. We show that E2F2(- / - ) mice carrying wild-type levels of Bcl-2 do not develop AIS when they are in a non-pro-autoimmune background (C57BL/6). However, mice harboring both genetic alterations concomitantly develop late AIS characterized by the presence of serum anti-nuclear antibodies, double and single strand anti-DNA antibodies, and the development of a mild glomerulonephritis with mesangial immunoglobulins, mainly IgA, deposits. These results suggest that alterations in cell-cycle and cell survival are critical contributing factors for the development of autoimmunity.
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Carlucci F, Fossati-Jimack L, Dumitriu IE, Heidari Y, Walport MJ, Szajna M, Baruah P, Garden OA, Cook HT, Botto M. Identification and characterization of a lupus suppressor 129 locus on chromosome 3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6256-65. [PMID: 20435933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 129-derived Sle16 is a susceptibility locus for systemic autoimmunity when present on the C57BL/6 (B6) background. Genetic analysis of a (129xB6)F2 cross identified a region from the B6 chromosome 3 (Sle18) with positive linkage to antinuclear Abs. In this study, we have generated a B6 congenic strain harboring the 129 allele of Sle18 and intercrossed this line with the lupus-prone B6.129-Sle16 strain. The presence of the 129-Sle18 allele in the B6.129-Sle16Sle18 double congenic mice suppressed the development of Sle16-mediated autoantibody production and ameliorated the renal pathology. The 129-Sle18 locus rectified the B cell abnormalities detected in the B6.129-Sle16 mice, such as the reduction in the percentage of marginal zone B and B1a cells and the increased number of germinal centers. The B6.129-Sle16Sle18 spleens still displayed an increased percentage of activated T and B cells. However, in the B6.129-Sle16Sle18 strain the percentage of naive T cells was equivalent to that in B6.129-Sle18 and B6 mice and these cells showed a reduced proliferative response to anti-CD3 stimulation compared with B6.129-Sle16 T cells. There was a significant increase in the percentage of CD4(+)FoxP3(+)regulatory T cells in all congenic strains. These cells had normal regulatory function when tested in vitro. Thus, 129-Sle18 represents a novel, non-MHC lupus-suppressor locus probably operating as a functional modifier of B cells that, in combination with other factors, leads to lupus resistance. Further characterization of this locus will help to uncover the immune mechanism(s) conferring protection against lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Carlucci
- Rheumatology Section, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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