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Reinscheid RK, Ruzza C. Pharmacology, Physiology and Genetics of the Neuropeptide S System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050401. [PMID: 33922620 PMCID: PMC8146834 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neuropeptide S (NPS) system is a rather ‘young’ transmitter system that was discovered and functionally described less than 20 years ago. This review highlights the progress that has been made in elucidating its pharmacology, anatomical distribution, and functional involvement in a variety of physiological effects, including behavior and immune functions. Early on, genetic variations of the human NPS receptor (NPSR1) have attracted attention and we summarize current hypotheses of genetic linkage with disease and human behaviors. Finally, we review the therapeutic potential of future drugs modulating NPS signaling. This review serves as an introduction to the broad collection of original research papers and reviews from experts in the field that are presented in this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer K. Reinscheid
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07747 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische-Wilhelms University, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.K.R.); (C.R.)
| | - Chiara Ruzza
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.K.R.); (C.R.)
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Interaction of NPSR1 genotypes and probiotics in the manifestation of atopic eczema in early childhood. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:560-7. [PMID: 24439655 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropeptide S Receptor (NPSR1) gene has been associated with multiple allergic phenotypes in several patient populations. OBJECTIVE We analysed the effect of the NPSR1 genotypes in the development of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, or food allergy in children randomly receiving either probiotic or placebo treatment. METHODS 796 children born to families at high risk for allergic diseases were examined by a paediatrician at the age of three months, six months, two years, and five years. Asthma, rhinitis, eczema, and food allergy were diagnosed according to international guidelines. Treatment with probiotics (double-blinded and placebo controlled) was begun with mothers at 35 weeks of gestation age and continued after the birth of infants up to the age of six months. Association and additive inheritance models were used in genetic analyses. RESULTS Distribution of the hopo546333 was suggestive in the group of patients with atopic eczema at two years. The hopo546333_G was found more often in those with eczema in the placebo group (p=0.048, after Bonferroni correction) and the hopo546333_A was found more often in those with eczema and probiotics compared to those with eczema and placebo treatment. None of the NPSR1 tagging SNPs was associated with asthma, IgE-mediated asthma, or sensitisation. Allergic disease in both parents doubled the risk for IgE-mediated allergic disease (OR 2.1). CONCLUSIONS The NPSR1 gene SNP hopo546333 showed a suggestive association for high IgE-associated atopic eczema at two years.
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Kim JH, Cheong HS, Park JS, Jang AS, Uh ST, Kim YH, Kim MK, Choi IS, Cho SH, Choi BW, Bae JS, Park CS, Shin HD. A genome-wide association study of total serum and mite-specific IgEs in asthma patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71958. [PMID: 23967269 PMCID: PMC3742455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is one of the central players in asthma and allergic diseases. Although the serum IgE level, a useful endophenotype, is generally increased in patients with asthma, genetic factors influencing IgE regulation in asthma are still not fully understood. To identify the genetic variations associated with total serum and mite-specific IgEs in asthmatics, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 657,366 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed in 877 Korean asthmatics. This study found that several new genes might be associated with total IgE in asthmatics, such as CRIM1 (rs848512, P = 1.18×10−6; rs711254, P = 6.73×10−6), ZNF71 (rs10404342, P = 7.60×10−6), TLN1 (rs4879926, P = 7.74×10−6), and SYNPO2 (rs1472066, P = 8.36×10−6; rs1038770, P = 8.66×10−6). Regarding the association of specific IgE to house dust mites, it was observed that intergenic SNPs nearby to OPRK1 and LOC730217 might be associated with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D.p.) and Dermatophagoides farinae (D.f.) in asthmatics, respectively. In further pathway analysis, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and adherens junction pathways were estimated to play a role in the regulation of total IgE levels in asthma. Although functional evaluations and replications of these results in other populations are needed, this GWAS of serum IgE in asthmatics could facilitate improved understanding of the role of the newly identified genetic variants in asthma and its related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sub Cheong
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sook Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Soo Jang
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Taek Uh
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Disease, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Kim
- Division of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseon S. Choi
- Department of Allergy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Heon Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Whui Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Yongsan Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seol Bae
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HDS); (CSP)
| | - Hyoung Doo Shin
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, SNP Genetics Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HDS); (CSP)
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Andiappan AK, Nilsson D, Halldén C, Yun WD, Säll T, Cardell LO, Tim CF. Investigating highly replicated asthma genes as candidate genes for allergic rhinitis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:51. [PMID: 23663310 PMCID: PMC3653682 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma genetics has been extensively studied and many genes have been associated with the development or severity of this disease. In contrast, the genetic basis of allergic rhinitis (AR) has not been evaluated as extensively. It is well known that asthma is closely related with AR since a large proportion of individuals with asthma also present symptoms of AR, and patients with AR have a 5-6 fold increased risk of developing asthma. Thus, the relevance of asthma candidate genes as predisposing factors for AR is worth investigating. The present study was designed to investigate if SNPs in highly replicated asthma genes are associated with the occurrence of AR. METHODS A total of 192 SNPs from 21 asthma candidate genes reported to be associated with asthma in 6 or more unrelated studies were genotyped in a Swedish population with 246 AR patients and 431 controls. Genotypes for 429 SNPs from the same set of genes were also extracted from a Singapore Chinese genome-wide dataset which consisted of 456 AR cases and 486 controls. All SNPs were subsequently analyzed for association with AR and their influence on allergic sensitization to common allergens. RESULTS A limited number of potential associations were observed and the overall pattern of P-values corresponds well to the expectations in the absence of an effect. However, in the tests of allele effects in the Chinese population the number of significant P-values exceeds the expectations. The strongest signals were found for SNPs in NPSR1 and CTLA4. In these genes, a total of nine SNPs showed P-values <0.001 with corresponding Q-values <0.05. In the NPSR1 gene some P-values were lower than the Bonferroni correction level. Reanalysis after elimination of all patients with asthmatic symptoms excluded asthma as a confounding factor in our results. Weaker indications were found for IL13 and GSTP1 with respect to sensitization to birch pollen in the Swedish population. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in the majority of the highly replicated asthma genes were not associated to AR in our populations which suggest that asthma and AR could have less in common than previously anticipated. However, NPSR1 and CTLA4 can be genetic links between AR and asthma and associations of polymorphisms in NPSR1 with AR have not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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Anedda F, Zucchelli M, Schepis D, Hellquist A, Corrado L, D'Alfonso S, Achour A, McInerney G, Bertorello A, Lördal M, Befrits R, Björk J, Bresso F, Törkvist L, Halfvarson J, Kere J, D'Amato M. Multiple polymorphisms affect expression and function of the neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR1). PLoS One 2011; 6:e29523. [PMID: 22216302 PMCID: PMC3244468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor NPSR1 act along the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to modulate anxiety, fear responses, nociception and inflammation. The importance of the NPS-NPSR1 signaling pathway is highlighted by the observation that, in humans, NPSR1 polymorphism associates with asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, panic disorders, and intermediate phenotypes of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Because of the genetic complexity at the NPSR1 locus, however, true causative variations remain to be identified, together with their specific effects on receptor expression or function. To gain insight into the mechanisms leading to NPSR1 disease-predisposing effects, we performed a thorough functional characterization of all NPSR1 promoter and coding SNPs commonly occurring in Caucasians (minor allele frequency >0.02). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS we identified one promoter SNP (rs2530547 [-103]) that significantly affects luciferase expression in gene reporter assays and NPSR1 mRNA levels in human leukocytes. We also detected quantitative differences in NPS-induced genome-wide transcriptional profiles and CRE-dependent luciferase activities associated with three NPSR1 non-synonymous SNPs (rs324981 [Ile107Asn], rs34705969 [Cys197Phe], rs727162 [Arg241Ser]), with a coding variant exhibiting a loss-of-function phenotype (197Phe). Potential mechanistic explanations were sought with molecular modelling and bioinformatics, and a pilot study of 2230 IBD cases and controls provided initial support to the hypothesis that different cis-combinations of these functional SNPs variably affect disease risk. SIGNIFICANCE these findings represent a first step to decipher NPSR1 locus complexity and its impact on several human conditions NPS antagonists have been recently described, and our results are of potential pharmacogenetic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Anedda
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Neurogenetics and Neuropharmacology - CNR, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Marco Zucchelli
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danika Schepis
- Department of Microbiology Tumor Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Hellquist
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lucia Corrado
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont and IRCAD, Novara, Italy
| | - Adnane Achour
- Department of Microbiology Tumor Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald McInerney
- Department of Microbiology Tumor Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Lördal
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ragnar Befrits
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Björk
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Bresso
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leif Törkvist
- Department for Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Biosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Sunyer J, Basagaña X, González JR, Júlvez J, Guerra S, Bustamante M, de Cid R, Antó JM, Torrent M. Early life environment, neurodevelopment and the interrelation with atopy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 110:733-738. [PMID: 20701904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Both neurological and immunological systems are vulnerable to early life exposures. Neurological disorders and atopy have been related in animals and humans. Our main objective was to assess whether multiple exposures to early life determinants remain associated with neurodevelopment after considering the potential intermediate role of atopy. A second objective was to assess whether genes associated with atopy may inform about the potential neurotoxical mechanisms. Children were members of the AMICS birth cohort in Menorca (n=418, 87% of the recruited). General cognition was measured with the McCarthy Scales at age 4 and atopy through specific IgE at age 4 and prick test at age 6; 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 16 atopy and detoxification genes were genotyped. Among the 27 risk factors assessed, lower maternal social class, maternal smoking during pregnancy, being first born, shorter breastfeeding, higher DDT levels in cord blood, and higher indoor levels of NO2 (among the non-detoxifiers by GSTP1 polymorphism) were independently associated with poorer cognition. These associations were apparently not mediated by the relation between atopy and general cognition. Among the candidate atopic genes, variants in NQ01 (a detoxification gene) and NPRS1 (related with affective disorders like anxiety and stress management) had a significant association with general cognition (p-value<0.001). However, adjustment for the corresponding SNPs did not change the association between the early life determinants and general cognition. Multiple environmental pre-natal exposures were associated with neurodevelopment independently of their role in the immunological system. Atopic genes related to neurodevelopment suggest some potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
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Sundman L, Saarialho-Kere U, Vendelin J, Lindfors K, Assadi G, Kaukinen K, Westerholm-Ormio M, Savilahti E, Mäki M, Alenius H, D'Amato M, Pulkkinen V, Kere J, Saavalainen P. Neuropeptide S receptor 1 expression in the intestine and skin--putative role in peptide hormone secretion. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:79-87, e30. [PMID: 19614867 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01366.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide S receptor 1 (NPSR1) was recently found to be genetically associated with inflammatory bowel disease in addition to asthma and related traits. Epithelia of several organs express NPSR1 isoforms A and B, including the intestine and the skin, and NPSR1 appears to be upregulated in inflammation. In this study, we used cell lines and tissue samples to characterize the expression of NPSR1 and its ligand neuropeptide S (NPS) in inflammation. We used polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to investigate the expression of NPS and NPSR1 in intestinal diseases, such as celiac disease and food allergy, and in cutaneous inflammatory disorders. We found that NPSR1-A was expressed by the enteroendocrine cells of the gut. Overall, the expression pattern of NPS was similar to its receptor suggesting an autocrine mechanism. In an NPSR1-A overexpressing cell model, stimulation with NPS resulted in a dose-dependent upregulation of glycoprotein hormone, alpha polypeptide (CGA), tachykinin 1 (TAC1), neurotensin (NTS) and galanin (GAL) encoding peptide hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells. Because NPSR1 was also expressed in macrophages, neutrophils, and intraepithelial lymphocytes, we demonstrated that stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma increased NPSR1 expression in the THP-1 monocytic cells. In conclusion, similar to other neuropeptides and their receptors, NPSR1 signalling might play a dual role along the gut-brain axis. The NPS/NPSR1 pathway may participate in the regulation of the peptide hormone production in enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sundman
- Department of Medical Genetics and Research Program for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Markovic D, Challiss RAJ. Alternative splicing of G protein-coupled receptors: physiology and pathophysiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3337-52. [PMID: 19629391 PMCID: PMC11115665 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0093-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a superfamily of transmembrane receptors that have a broad distribution and can collectively recognise a diverse array of ligands. Activation or inhibition of GPCR signalling can affect many (patho)physiological processes, and consequently they are a major target for existing and emerging drug therapies. A common observation has been that the pharmacological, signalling and regulatory properties of GPCRs can differ in a cell- and tissue-specific manner. Such "phenotypic" diversity might be attributable to post-translational modifications and/or association of GPCRs with accessory proteins, however, post-transcriptional mechanisms are also likely to contribute. Although approximately 50% of GPCR genes are intronless, those that possess introns can undergo alternative splicing, generating GPCR subtype isoforms that may differ in their pharmacological, signalling and regulatory properties. In this review we shall highlight recent research into GPCR splice variation and discuss the potential consequences this might have for GPCR function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Markovic
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Leicester, UK.
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Litonjua AA, Murphy A. Replication of genes for asthma: the importance of well-designed studies. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1453-5. [PMID: 19954426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Marked international differences in rates of asthma and allergies and the importance of family history highlight the primacy of interactions between genetic variation and the environment in asthma etiology. Environmental tobacco smoke (or secondhand smoke), ambient air pollutants, and endotoxin and/or other pathogen-associated molecular patterns are the ambient exposures studied most frequently for interactions with genetic polymorphisms in asthma. To date, results from the literature remain inconclusive. Most published studies are underpowered to study interactions between genetic polymorphisms and ambient exposures, each with weak effects. Strategies to increase power include cooperation across studies to increase sample sizes and improve measures of both exposure and asthma phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies hold promise for identifying unexpected gene environment interactions, but given the statistical power issues, candidate gene association studies will remain important. New tools are enabling the study of epigenetic mechanisms for environmental interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J London
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Vergara C, Jiménez S, Acevedo N, Martínez B, Mercado D, Gusmão L, Rafaels N, Hand T, Barnes KC, Caraballo L. Association of G-protein-coupled receptor 154 with asthma and total IgE in a population of the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1558-68. [PMID: 19624525 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor 154 was described as an asthma susceptibility gene by positional cloning. It has been subsequently associated with asthma and other inflammatory diseases in several populations with different ethnic origin. Replication of associations adds reliability to these findings. OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of G protein-coupled receptor 154 with asthma and total and mite-specific IgE levels in a population of the Caribbean Coast of Colombia. METHODS We genotyped seven single nucleotide proteins (SNPs) in GPR154 in 475 asthmatics, 394 controls and 116 families from Cartagena, Colombia using either SnaPshot or TaqMan. Total and specific IgE against Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were determined by ELISA. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed and case-control and family-based analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the SNPs and their haplotypes and asthma and IgE. Association analyses in the case-control dataset were corrected by population stratification using 52 ancestry informative markers. RESULTS Allelic distribution was similar to that described in other populations. Two SNPs were associated with the same direction of the effect in both datasets. Allele A of Hopo546333 was protective for asthma (case-control OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-0.99, P=0.042; P=0.043; families Z score=-2,236; P=0.025). Similarly, allele C of rs740347 conferred low risk for asthma (OR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.28-0.70, P=0.00017; Pc=0.00037) and total IgE (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.09-0.88, P=0.015; Pc=0.030) in the case-control study and families (Z score=-3.207, P=0.0013; Z score=-3.182, P=0.0014, respectively). Haplotype CCAGGT was associated with total IgE (OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.14-2.71, P=0.006, Pc=0.007) in the case-controls group and CGCGGT with both phenotypes (P=0.044 and P=0.032, respectively) in families. Neither SNPs nor haplotypes were associated with levels of mite-specific IgE. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in a sample of asthmatics from Colombia suggest a relevant role of G protein-coupled receptor 154 in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vergara
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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