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Flaherty SE, Bezy O, Paulhus BL, Song L, Piper M, Pang J, Park Y, Asano S, Lien YC, Griffin JD, Robertson A, Opsahl A, Shanthappa DH, Ahn Y, Pashos E, Simmons RA, Birnbaum MJ, Wu Z. SPAG7 deletion causes intrauterine growth restriction, resulting in adulthood obesity and metabolic dysfunction. eLife 2024; 12:RP91114. [PMID: 39056292 PMCID: PMC11281781 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From a forward mutagenetic screen to discover mutations associated with obesity, we identified mutations in the Spag7 gene linked to metabolic dysfunction in mice. Here, we show that SPAG7 KO mice are born smaller and develop obesity and glucose intolerance in adulthood. This obesity does not stem from hyperphagia, but a decrease in energy expenditure. The KO animals also display reduced exercise tolerance and muscle function due to impaired mitochondrial function. Furthermore, SPAG7-deficiency in developing embryos leads to intrauterine growth restriction, brought on by placental insufficiency, likely due to abnormal development of the placental junctional zone. This insufficiency leads to loss of SPAG7-deficient fetuses in utero and reduced birth weights of those that survive. We hypothesize that a 'thrifty phenotype' is ingrained in SPAG7 KO animals during development that leads to adult obesity. Collectively, these results indicate that SPAG7 is essential for embryonic development and energy homeostasis later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Bezy
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - LouJin Song
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Mary Piper
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Jincheng Pang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yoson Park
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Shoh Asano
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Yu-Chin Lien
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - John D Griffin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Andrew Robertson
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer IncGrotonUnited States
| | - Alan Opsahl
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer IncGrotonUnited States
| | | | | | - Evanthia Pashos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | | | - Zhidan Wu
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer IncCambridgeUnited States
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Kapustova L, Banovcin P, Bobcakova A, Jurkova Malicherova E, Kapustova D, Petrovicova O, Slenker B, Markocsy A, Oleksak F, Vorcakova K, Jesenak M. The use of ketotifen as long-term anti-inflammatory prophylaxis in children with PFAPA syndrome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1302875. [PMID: 38143757 PMCID: PMC10748580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis syndrome (PFAPA) is the most frequent periodic fever syndrome in children. Its pathogenesis is still unknown, but some disease-modifying factors were observed. Several medications were tested for the long-term prophylaxis of inflammatory flares; however, none are standardly used. Methods This prospective clinical trial enrolled 142 children (71 girls, 50%) meeting diagnostic criteria for PFAPA syndrome. We analysed selected clinical characteristics and compared laboratory parameters during the flare and attack-free period (at least two weeks after the attack). Moreover, we assessed the possible therapeutic effect of ketotifen on the duration of attack free-periods and clinical picture. Results The mean age of patients was 6.81 ± 3.03 years and the mean age of onset of symptoms was 2.31 ± 2.02 years. No significant differences were observed between genders.We recorded a positive family history for PFAPA in 31.69% of patients. Attacks lasted for 2.8 ± 1.2 days, with intervals between attacks of 4 ± 1 weeks. We administered ketotifen in 111 (77.8%) patients, and a positive effect was observed in 86 (77.5%) of patients. We observed prolonged attack-free intervals in patients treated with ketotifen (14.7 ± 8.9 days in comparison with 4.4 ± 1.9 days before the treatment; p<0.001). The used dose of ketotifen was 0.08 ± 0.01 mg/kg/day. Mild side effects were observed in four patients (restlessness, irritability, agitation and constipation). Discussion Our data supports the use of ketotifen for long-term prophylaxis in children with PFAPA syndrome with positive effects on the attenuation of disease activity and the prolongation of attack-free periods. Further well-designed studies should confirm the preliminary data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kapustova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Peter Banovcin
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Anna Bobcakova
- Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Jurkova Malicherova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Kapustova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Otilia Petrovicova
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Slenker
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Adam Markocsy
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Filip Oleksak
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Karolina Vorcakova
- Clinic of Dermatovenerology, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Centre for Periodic Fever Syndromes, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Pneumology and Phthisiology, University Hospital in Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine of Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital in Martin, Martin, Slovakia
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Expression of SPAG7 and its regulatory microRNAs in seminal plasma and seminal plasma-derived extracellular vesicles of patients with subfertility. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3645. [PMID: 36871032 PMCID: PMC9985644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma contains a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that deliver RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) molecules. However, the roles of these EVs along with their delivered RNAs and their interactions with male infertility are not clear. Sperm-associated antigen 7 (SPAG 7) is expressed in male germ cells and plays a crucial role in several biological functions associated with sperm production and maturation. In this study, we aimed to identify the post-transcriptional regulation of SPAG7 in seminal plasma (SF-Native) and seminal plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (SF-EVs) collected from 87 men undergoing infertility treatment. Among the multiple binding sites for miRNAs within its 3'UTR of SPAG7, we identified the binding of four miRNAs (miR-15b-5p, miR-195-5p, miR-424-5p, and miR-497-5p) to the 3'UTR of SPAG7 by the dual luciferase assays. Analyzing sperm, we found reduced mRNA expression levels of SPAG7 in SF-EVs and SF-Native samples from oligoasthenozoospermic men. By contrast, two miRNAs (miR-424-5p and miR-497-5p) form the SF-Native samples, and four miRNAs (miR-195-5p, miR-424-5p, miR-497-5p, and miR-6838-5p) from the SF-EVs samples showed significantly higher expression levels in oligoasthenozoospermic men. The expression levels of miRNAs and SPAG7 were significantly correlated with basic semen parameters. These findings contribute significantly to our understanding of regulatory pathways in male fertility by showing a direct link between upregulated miRNA, notably miR-424, and downregulated SPAG7 both in seminal plasma and in plasma-derived EVs likely contributing to oligoasthenozoospermia.
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Purrahman D, Poniatowski ŁA, Wojdasiewicz P, Fathi MR, Yousefi H, Lak E, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8061-8069. [PMID: 35320440 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07352-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As a recurrent disease, periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is characterized by episodes of febrile attacks and is often prominent in children under five years of age. However, the etiology of this condition has not been fully understood yet. MATERIALS AND METHODS The search in the extensive literature of peer-reviewed articles published from the inception to December 2021 was conducted to identify the relevant studies, using the electronic databases of MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. RESULTS The analysis of complex relationships indicates that inflammatory factors, such as various cytokines and acute-phase proteins (APPs), play leading roles in the pathogenesis of this disease. Accordingly, this article summarizes the current state of knowledge to explain the mechanisms involved in inflammatory responses among patients with PFAPA syndrome and investigate its role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, the possibilities for further implementation of new therapeutic strategies are pointed out. CONCLUSION It is concluded that some pathophysiological processes are associated with immune dysregulation, which itself may be secondary to environmental factors, genetic background, and underlying diseases, including latent infections that multiply inflammatory mediators. elevated inflammatory markers similarly play a significant part in the clinical outcomes of this condition, whose pyrogenic nature is the reason for the development of episodes of febrile attacks in the population of patients suffering from PFAPA syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Wojdasiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mohammad-Reza Fathi
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Homayon Yousefi
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elena Lak
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Fu L, Crawford L, Tong A, Luu N, Tanizaki Y, Shi YB. Sperm associated antigen 7 is activated by T3 during Xenopus tropicalis metamorphosis via a thyroid hormone response element within the first intron. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:48-58. [PMID: 34862790 PMCID: PMC8810736 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (T3) affects many diverse physiological processes such as metabolism, organogenesis, and growth. The two highly related frog species, diploid Xenopus tropicalis and pseudo tetraploid Xenopus laevis, have been used as models for analyzing the effects of T3 during vertebrate development. T3 regulates T3-inducible gene transcription through T3 receptor (TR)-binding to T3-response elements (TREs). We have previously identified sperm associated antigen 7 (spag7) as a candidate T3 target gene that is potentially involved in adult stem cell development and/or proliferation during intestinal metamorphosis. To investigate whether T3 regulates spag7 directly at the transcriptional level via TR, we first conducted qRT-PCR to analyze its expression during natural and T3-induced metamorphosis and found that spag7 was up-regulated during natural metamorphosis in the intestine, tail, brain and hindlimb, peaking at the climax of metamorphosis in all those organs, and upon T3 treatment of premetamorphic tadpoles. Next, we demonstrated that an intronic TRE in spag7, first identified through bioinformatic analysis, could bind to TR in vitro and in vivo during metamorphosis. A dual luciferase assay utilizing a reconstituted frog oocyte transcription system showed that the TRE could mediate promoter activation by liganded TR. These results indicate that spag7 expression is directly regulated by T3 through the TRE in the first intron during metamorphosis, implicating a role for spag7 early during T3-regulated tissue remodeling and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - LaTaijah Crawford
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Tong
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Asna Ashari K, Rezaei N. PFAPA (periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis) syndrome: an overview of genetic background. Clin Rheumatol 2021; 40:4437-4444. [PMID: 34014414 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-021-05770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is an autoinflammatory disorder with an uncertain origin. PFAPA manifestations occur in the form of regular attacks accompanied by a rise in inflammatory markers. Regarding the family clustering of PFAPA and its similarities with other autoinflammatory disorders such as familial Mediterranean fever, a genetic basis is suggested for the disease. Studies have conducted genome analysis in order to find possible gene variants in PFAPA. Associations with variations in several genes such as MEFV, NLRP, TNFRSF1A, CARD15/NOD2, and MVK have been suggested and analyzed. Inflammasomes, intracellular proteins that are members of innate immunity and activate interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and IL-18, are proposed to be involved in PFAPA pathogenesis. The investigations show that a single gene cannot be found in association with PFAPA, and that it might have a multifactorial or polygenic basis, in which an environmental trigger can provoke inflammasome activation and activate PFAPA flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Asna Ashari
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, 14194, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Rare missense variants in the ALPK1 gene may predispose to periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1361-1368. [PMID: 31053777 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PFAPA is an autoinflammatory syndrome characterized by periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, sterile pharingitis, and adenitis, with an onset usually before the age of five. While the condition is most commonly sporadic, a few cases are familial and are usually compatible with an autosomal dominant (AD) transmission pattern, with reduced penetrance in some pedigrees. We performed exome analysis in a family where PFAPA was present in three relatives in two generations showing apparent AD segregation, identifying several rare and/or novel heterozygous variants in genes involved in the autoinflammatory pathway. Following segregation analysis of candidate variants, only one, c. 2770T>C p.(S924P) in the ALPK1 gene, was found to be consistently present in affected family members. ALPK1 is broadly expressed in different tissues and its protein is the intracellular kinase activated by the bacterial ADP-heptose bisphosphate that phosphorylates and activates TRAF-Interacting protein with Forkhead-Associated domain (TIFA) and triggers the immediate response to Gram-negative bacterial invasion. Sequencing analysis of 13 additional sporadic cases and 10 familial PFAPA cases identified two additional heterozygous missense variants c.1024G>C p.(D342H) and c.710C>T p.(T237M) in two sporadic patients, suggesting that rare variants in ALPK1 may represent a predisposing factor for recurrent periodic fever in a pediatric population.
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Noble PA, Pozhitkov AE. Cryptic sequence features in the active postmortem transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:675. [PMID: 30217147 PMCID: PMC6137749 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study found that more than 500 transcripts significantly increased in abundance in the zebrafish and mouse several hours to days postmortem relative to live controls. The current literature suggests that most mRNAs are post-transcriptionally regulated in stressful conditions. We rationalized that the postmortem transcripts must contain sequence features (3- to 9- mers) that are unique from those in the rest of the transcriptome and that these features putatively serve as binding sites for proteins and/or non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation. RESULTS We identified 5117 and 2245 over-represented sequence features in the mouse and zebrafish, respectively, which represents less than 1.5% of all possible features. Some of these features were disproportionately distributed along the transcripts with high densities in the 3' untranslated regions of the zebrafish (0.3 mers/nt) and the open reading frames of the mouse (0.6 mers/nt). Yet, the highest density (2.3 mers/nt) occurred in the open reading frames of 11 mouse transcripts that lacked 3' or 5' untranslated regions. These results suggest the transcripts with high density of features might serve as 'molecular sponges' that sequester RNA binding proteins and/or microRNAs, and thus indirectly increase the stability and gene expression of other transcripts. In addition, some of the features were identified as binding sites for Rbfox and Hud proteins that are also involved in increasing transcript stability and gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that transcripts involved in responding to extreme stress, such as organismal death, have sequence features that make them different from the rest of the transcriptome. Some of these features serve as putative binding sites for proteins and non-coding RNAs that determine transcript stability and fate. A small number of the transcripts have high density sequence features, which are presumably involved in sequestering RNA binding proteins and microRNAs and thus preventing regulatory interactions among other transcripts. Our results provide baseline data on post-transcriptional regulation in stressful conditions that has implications for regulation in disease, starvation, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Noble
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Box 357444, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Alexander E. Pozhitkov
- City of Hope, Information Sciences - Beckman Research Institute, 4920 Rivergrade Rd., Irwindale, CA 91706 USA
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Unraveling the pathogenesis of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis through genetic, immunologic, and microbiologic discoveries: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2017; 29:493-499. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Ali NS, Sartori-Valinotti JC, Bruce AJ. Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome. Clin Dermatol 2016; 34:482-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The Pathogenesis of Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Cervical Adenitis Syndrome: A Review of Current Research. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:563876. [PMID: 26457006 PMCID: PMC4589634 DOI: 10.1155/2015/563876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. PFAPA syndrome is a chronic disease that is characterized by recurrent episodes of high fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis. Knowledge regarding the etiology of PFAPA is limited. Objectives. To provide up-to-date information considering etiology of PFAPA syndrome, by summarizing what has been explored and established in this area so far. Materials and Methods. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for pertinent reports. Eventually 19 articles were selected. The results were classified into categories regarding three areas of interest: familial occurrence, genetic basis, and immunological mechanisms of PFAPA. Results. Recent findings suggest that there is a familial tendency to PFAPA but the level of evidence does not warrant definite conclusions. The absence of a clear monogenic trait indicates a heterogenous, polygenic, or complex inheritance of PFAPA syndrome. As two mutations with a possible functional effect on the inflammasomes (MEFV E148Q and NLRP3 Q703K) have been found in several PFAPA cohorts, the role of inflammasome-related genes in PFAPA pathogenesis cannot be excluded. Immunological mechanisms of PFAPA involve an abnormal, IL-1β dependent innate immune response to an environmental trigger, which leads to Th1-driven inflammation expressed by recruitment of T-cells to the periphery.
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Ombrello MJ. Advances in the genetically complex autoinflammatory diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:403-6. [PMID: 26077134 PMCID: PMC4559483 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic diseases usually demonstrate Mendelian inheritance and are caused by highly penetrant genetic variants of a single gene. In contrast, genetically complex diseases arise from a combination of multiple genetic and environmental factors. The concept of autoinflammation originally emerged from the identification of individual, activating lesions of the innate immune system as the molecular basis of the hereditary periodic fever syndromes. In addition to these rare, monogenic forms of autoinflammation, genetically complex autoinflammatory diseases like the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome, chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), Behçet's disease, and systemic arthritis also fulfill the definition of autoinflammatory diseases-namely, the development of apparently unprovoked episodes of inflammation without identifiable exogenous triggers and in the absence of autoimmunity. Interestingly, investigations of these genetically complex autoinflammatory diseases have implicated both innate and adaptive immune abnormalities, blurring the line between autoinflammation and autoimmunity. This reinforces the paradigm of concerted innate and adaptive immune dysfunction leading to genetically complex autoinflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1560 Building 10, Room 10C101C, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1560, USA,
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Di Gioia SA, Bedoni N, von Scheven-Gête A, Vanoni F, Superti-Furga A, Hofer M, Rivolta C. Analysis of the genetic basis of periodic fever with aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10200. [PMID: 25988833 PMCID: PMC4437314 DOI: 10.1038/srep10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PFAPA syndrome is the most common autoinflammatory syndrome in children from Western countries. In spite of its strong familial clustering, its genetic basis and inheritance pattern are still unknown. We performed a comprehensive genetic study on 68 individuals from 14 families. Linkage analysis suggested a susceptibility locus on chromosome 8, but direct molecular sequencing did not support this initial statistical finding. Exome sequencing revealed the absence of any gene that was mutated in all patients. Exhaustive screening of genes involved in other autoinflammatory syndromes or encoding components of the human inflammasome showed no DNA variants that could be linked to PFAPA molecular pathology. Among these, the previously-reported missense mutation V198M in the NLRP3 gene was clearly shown not to co-segregate with PFAPA. Our results on this relatively large cohort indicate that PFAPA syndrome is unlikely to be a monogenic condition. Moreover, none of the several genes known to be involved in inflammation or in autoinflammatory disorders seem to be relevant, alone, to its etiology, suggesting that PFAPA results from oligogenic or complex inheritance of variants in multiple disease genes and/or non-genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Bedoni
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annette von Scheven-Gête
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit of Western Switzerland, Department of Pediatrics, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Vanoni
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit of Western Switzerland, Department of Pediatrics, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michaël Hofer
- 1] Pediatric Rheumatology Unit of Western Switzerland, Department of Pediatrics, CHUV, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Pediatrics, HUG, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Rivolta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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