1
|
Orozco RC, Marquardt K, Pratumchai I, Shaikh AF, Mowen K, Domissy A, Teijaro JR, Sherman LA. Autoimmunity-associated allele of tyrosine phosphatase gene PTPN22 enhances anti-viral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012095. [PMID: 38512979 PMCID: PMC10987006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The 1858C>T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 is present in 5-10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Although research has been done to define how this allele potentiates autoimmunity, the influence PTPN22 and its pro-autoimmune allele has in anti-viral immunity remains poorly defined. Here, we use single cell RNA-sequencing and functional studies to interrogate the impact of this pro-autoimmune allele on anti-viral immunity during Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus clone 13 (LCMV-cl13) infection. Mice homozygous for this allele (PEP-619WW) clear the LCMV-cl13 virus whereas wildtype (PEP-WT) mice cannot. This is associated with enhanced anti-viral CD4 T cell responses and a more immunostimulatory CD8α- cDC phenotype. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that PEP-619WW enhanced anti-viral CD4 T cell function through virus-specific CD4 T cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Taken together, our data show that the pro-autoimmune allele of Ptpn22 drives a beneficial anti-viral immune response thereby preventing what is normally a chronic virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin C. Orozco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Isaraphorn Pratumchai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Anam Fatima Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kerri Mowen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alain Domissy
- Genomics Core, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Orozco RC, Marquardt K, Mowen K, Sherman LA. Proautoimmune Allele of Tyrosine Phosphatase, PTPN22, Enhances Tumor Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1662-1671. [PMID: 34417261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 1858C>T allele of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22 (causing amino acid substitution R620W in encoded protein lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase) is present in 5-10% of the North American population and is strongly associated with numerous autoimmune diseases. Although much research has been done to define how this allele potentiates autoimmunity, the influence PTPN22 and its proautoimmune allele have in tumor immunity is poorly defined. To interrogate the role this allele may have in the antitumor immune response, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mice in which the ortholog of lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase, PEST domain-enriched protein (PEP), is mutated at position 619 to produce the relevant proautoimmune mutation (R619W). Results of this study show that mice homozygous for this alteration (PEP-619WW) resist tumor growth as compared with wild-type mice. Consistent with these results, tumors from PEP-619WW mice have more CD45 infiltrates containing more activated CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells. In addition, there are more conventional dendritic cell type 1 (cDC1) cells and fewer myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumors from PEP-619WW mice. Interestingly, the tumor-infiltrating PEP-619WW cDC1 cells have decreased PD-L1 expression compared with cDC1 cells from PEP-wild-type mice. Taken together, our data show that the proautoimmune allele of Ptpn22 drives a strong antitumor response in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in superior control of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin C Orozco
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kristi Marquardt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kerri Mowen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Linda A Sherman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prada-Medina CA, Peron JPS, Nakaya HI. Immature neutrophil signature associated with the sexual dimorphism of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1319-1327. [PMID: 32794262 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ma0720-015rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a group of inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology whose incidence is sex dependent. Although several studies have attempted to identify JIA-related gene signatures, none have systematically assessed the impact of sex on the whole blood transcriptomes of JIA patients. By analyzing over 400 unique pediatric gene expression profiles, we characterized the sexual differences in leukocyte composition of systemic JIA patients and identified sex-specific gene signatures that were related to immature neutrophils. Female systemic JIA patients presented higher activation of immature neutrophil-related genes compared to males, and these genes were associated with the response to IL-1 receptor blockade treatment. Also, we found that this immature neutrophil signature is sexually dimorphic across human lifespan and in adults with rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. These results suggest that neutrophil maturation is sexually dimorphic in rheumatic inflammation, and that this may impact disease progression and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Prada-Medina
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Pierre Schatzmann Peron
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur-USP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Three-dimensional assessment of facial morphology in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and moderate to severe TMJ involvement using 3D surface scans. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:799-807. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Desai MK, Brinton RD. Autoimmune Disease in Women: Endocrine Transition and Risk Across the Lifespan. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:265. [PMID: 31110493 PMCID: PMC6501433 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Women have a higher incidence and prevalence of autoimmune diseases than men, and 85% or more patients of multiple autoimmune diseases are female. Women undergo sweeping endocrinological changes at least twice during their lifetime, puberty and menopause, with many women undergoing an additional transition: pregnancy, which may or may not be accompanied by breastfeeding. These endocrinological transitions exert significant effects on the immune system due to interactions between the hormonal milieu, innate, and adaptive immune systems as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and thereby modulate the susceptibility of women to autoimmune diseases. Conversely, pre-existing autoimmune diseases themselves impact endocrine transitions. Concentration-dependent effects of estrogen on the immune system; the role of progesterone, androgens, leptin, oxytocin, and prolactin; and the interplay between Th1 and Th2 immune responses together maintain a delicate balance between host defense, immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. In this review, multiple autoimmune diseases have been analyzed in the context of each of the three endocrinological transitions in women. We provide evidence from human epidemiological data and animal studies that endocrine transitions exert profound impact on the development of autoimmune diseases in women through complex mechanisms. Greater understanding of endocrine transitions and their role in autoimmune diseases could aid in prediction, prevention, and cures of these debilitating diseases in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maunil K. Desai
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Roberta Diaz Brinton
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zazara DE, Arck PC. Developmental origin and sex-specific risk for infections and immune diseases later in life. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 41:137-151. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
7
|
Venkateswaran S, Prince J, Cutler DJ, Marigorta UM, Okou DT, Prahalad S, Mack D, Boyle B, Walters T, Griffiths A, Sauer CG, LeLeiko N, Keljo D, Markowitz J, Baker SS, Rosh J, Pfefferkorn M, Heyman MB, Patel A, Otley A, Baldassano R, Noe J, Rufo P, Oliva-Hemker M, Davis S, Zwick ME, Gibson G, Denson LA, Hyams J, Kugathasan S. Enhanced Contribution of HLA in Pediatric Onset Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:829-838. [PMID: 29562276 PMCID: PMC6350448 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izx084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic contributions to pediatric onset ulcerative colitis (UC), characterized by severe disease and extensive colonic involvement, are largely unknown. In adult onset UC, Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) has identified numerous loci, most of which have a modest susceptibility risk (OR 0.84-1.14), with the exception of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region on Chromosome 6 (OR 3.59). METHOD To study the genetic contribution to exclusive pediatric onset UC, a GWAS was performed on 466 cases with 2099 healthy controls using UK Biobank array. SNP2HLA was used to impute classical HLA alleles and their corresponding amino acids, and the results are compared with adult onset UC. RESULTS HLA explained the almost entire association signal, dominated with 191 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (p = 5 x 10-8 to 5 x 10-10). Although very small effects, established SNPs in adult onset UC loci had similar direction and magnitude in pediatric onset UC. SNP2HLA imputation identified HLA-DRB1*0103 (odds ratio [OR] = 6.941, p = 1.92*10-13) as the most significant association for pediatric UC compared with adult onset UC (OR = 3.59). Further conditioning showed independent effects for HLA-DRB1*1301 (OR = 2.25, p = 7.92*10-9) and another SNP rs17188113 (OR = 0.48, p = 7.56*10-9). Two HLA-DRB1 causal alleles are shared with adult onset UC, while at least 2 signals are unique to pediatric UC. Subsequent stratified analyses indicated that HLA-DRB1*0103 has stronger association for extensive disease (E4: OR = 8.28, p = 4.66x10-10) and female gender (OR = 8.85, p = 4.82x10-13). CONCLUSION In pediatric onset UC, the HLA explains almost the entire genetic associations. In addition, the HLA association is approximately twice as strong in pediatric UC compared with adults, due to a combination of novel and shared effects. We speculate the paramount importance of antigenic stimulation either by infectious or noninfectious stimuli as a causal event in pediatric UC onset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Venkateswaran
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, GA
| | - Jarod Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, GA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Urko M Marigorta
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - David T Okou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, GA
| | - Sampath Prahalad
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, GA
| | - David Mack
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario IBD Centre and University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brendan Boyle
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, OH
| | - Thomas Walters
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anne Griffiths
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cary G Sauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, GA
| | - Neal LeLeiko
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Liver Diseases, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - David Keljo
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James Markowitz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of NY, New Hyde Park, NY
| | - Susan S Baker
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Joel Rosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Marian Pfefferkorn
- Bronson Pediatric Gastroenterology, Bronson Children’s Hospital, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Melvin B Heyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anthony Otley
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert Baldassano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joshua Noe
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Paul Rufo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Oliva-Hemker
- Department of Pediatrics, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sonia Davis
- Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Greg Gibson
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lee A Denson
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jeffrey Hyams
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT
| | - Subra Kugathasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, GA,Address correspondence to: Subra Kugathasan, MD, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive, W427, Atlanta, GA 30322. E-mail: Tel: 404 727 4542; Fax: 404 727 4069
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chavez-Valencia RA, Chiaroni-Clarke RC, Martino DJ, Munro JE, Allen RC, Akikusa JD, Ponsonby AL, Craig JM, Saffery R, Ellis JA. The DNA methylation landscape of CD4 + T cells in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Autoimmun 2017; 86:29-38. [PMID: 28969936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is presumed to be driven by an adverse combination of genes and environment. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, act as a conduit through which the environment can regulate gene activity. Altered DNA methylation has been associated with adult autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, but studies are lacking for paediatric autoimmune rheumatic diseases including JIA. Here, we performed a genome-scale case-control analysis of CD4+ T cell DNA methylation from 56 oligoarticular JIA (oJIA) cases and 57 age and sex matched controls using Illumina HumanMethylation450 arrays. DNA methylation at each array probe was tested for association with oJIA using RUV (Remove Unwanted Variation) together with a moderated t-test. Further to this 'all-inclusive' analysis, we stratified by age at diagnosis (≤6yrs, >6yrs) and by sex as potential sources of heterogeneity. Following False Discovery Rate (FDR) adjustment, no probes were associated with oJIA in the all-inclusive, >6yrs-diagnosed, or sex-stratified analyses, and only one probe was associated with oJIA in the ≤6yrs-diagnosed analysis. We attempted technical validation and replication of 14 probes (punadj<0.01) at genes of known/potential relevance to disease. At VPS53, we demonstrated a regional shift towards higher methylation in oJIA (all-inclusive) compared to controls. At REEP3, where polymorphism has been previously associated with JIA, we demonstrated higher DNA methylation in male oJIA compared to male controls. This is the most comprehensive JIA case-control analysis of DNA methylation to date. While we have generated some evidence of altered methylation in oJIA, substantial differences are not apparent in CD4+ T cells. This may indicate a lesser relevance of DNA methylation levels in childhood, compared to adult, rheumatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul A Chavez-Valencia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel C Chiaroni-Clarke
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - David J Martino
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia; In-FLAME, the International Inflammation Network, World Universities Network (WUN), Australia
| | - Jane E Munro
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
| | - Roger C Allen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Akikusa
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia
| | - Justine A Ellis
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cattalini M, Soliani M, Caparello MC, Cimaz R. Sex Differences in Pediatric Rheumatology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 56:293-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-017-8642-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Sex bias in paediatric autoimmune disease – Not just about sex hormones? J Autoimmun 2016; 69:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Association of juvenile idiopathic arthritis with PTPN22 rs2476601 is specific to females in a Greek population. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2016; 14:25. [PMID: 27107590 PMCID: PMC4842296 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-016-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by persistent chronic arthritis. Disease risk is believed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. It is well established that the PTPN22 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2476601 is associated with JIA susceptibility. It was recently reported in an Australian study that this association is restricted to females and is not observed in males. A significant source of inconsistency amongst the literature on autoimmune disease susceptibility genes stems from an inability to replicate genetic findings across different racial or ethnic groups. We therefore attempted to generate further evidence of the female-specific association of rs2476601 in a homogeneous Greek population. FINDINGS We genotyped rs2476601 in 128 Caucasian JIA patients (70.3 % female) and 221 healthy controls (28.1 % female) from Northern Greece. Overall, PTPN22 was associated with increased risk of JIA in this Greek sample (OR = 2.3, 95 % CI 1.1 - 5.1, p = 0.038). Sex-stratified analyses showed that, once again, the risk association was restricted to females (Female: OR = 19.9, 95 % CI 1.2 - 342, p = 0.0016; Male: OR = 1.1, 95 % CI 0.3 - 3.1, p = 0.94) supporting the prior findings. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrates that this sex-specific pattern of association is broadly applicable to different populations, and provides further impetus to undertake mechanistic studies to understand the impact of sex on PTPN22 in JIA.
Collapse
|