1
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Thompson EM, Kang KD, Stevenson K, Zhang H, Gromeier M, Ashley D, Brown M, Friedman GK. Elucidating cellular response to treatment with viral immunotherapies in pediatric high-grade glioma and medulloblastoma. Transl Oncol 2024; 40:101875. [PMID: 38183802 PMCID: PMC10809117 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
HSV G207, a double-stranded, DNA virus, and the polio:rhinovirus chimera, PVSRIPO, a single positive-strand RNA virus, are viral immunotherapies being used to treat pediatric malignant brain tumors in clinical trials. The purpose of this work is to elucidate general response patterns and putative biomarkers of response. Multiple pediatric high-grade glioma and medulloblastoma cell lines were treated with various multiplicities of infection of G207 or PVSRIPO. There was a significant inverse correlation between expression of one HSV cellular receptor, CD111, and the lethal dose of 50% of cells (LD50) of cells treated with G207 (r = -0.985, P<0.001) but no correlation between PVSRIPO cellular receptor expression (CD155) and LD50. RNA sequencing of control cells and cells treated for 8 and 24 h revealed that there were few shared differentially expressed (DE) genes between cells treated with PVSRIPO and G207: GCLM, LANCL2, and RBM3 were enriched whilst ADAMTS1 and VEGFA were depleted. Likewise, there were few shared DE genes enriched between medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma cell lines treated with G207: GPSM2, CHECK2, SEPTIN2, EIF4G2, GCLM, GDAP1, LANCL2, and PWP1. Treatment with G207 and PVSRIPO appear to cause disparate gene enrichment and depletion suggesting disparate molecular mechanisms in malignant pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hengshan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - David Ashley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Hong B, Sahu U, Mullarkey MP, Kaur B. Replication and Spread of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus in Solid Tumors. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010118. [PMID: 35062322 PMCID: PMC8778098 DOI: 10.3390/v14010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is a highly promising treatment for solid tumors. Intense research and development efforts have led to first-in-class approval for an oHSV for melanoma, but barriers to this promising therapy still exist that limit efficacy. The process of infection, replication and transmission of oHSV in solid tumors is key to obtaining a good lytic destruction of infected cancer cells to kill tumor cells and release tumor antigens that can prime anti-tumor efficacy. Intracellular tumor cell signaling and tumor stromal cells present multiple barriers that resist oHSV activity. Here, we provide a review focused on oncolytic HSV and the essential viral genes that allow for virus replication and spread in order to gain insight into how manipulation of these pathways can be exploited to potentiate oHSV infection and replication among tumor cells.
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3
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Quetglas JI, John LB, Kershaw MH, Alvarez-Vallina L, Melero I, Darcy PK, Smerdou C. Virotherapy, gene transfer and immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1344-1354. [PMID: 23243597 PMCID: PMC3518506 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells are susceptible to viral infection and consequent cell death. Virus-induced cell death is endowed with features that are known to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Thus danger signals emitted by cells succumbing to viral infection as well as viral nucleic acids are detected by specific receptors, and tumor cell antigens can be routed to professional antigen-presenting cells. The anticancer immune response triggered by viral infection is frequently insufficient to eradicate malignancy but may be further amplified. For this purpose, transgenes encoding cytokines as co-stimulatory molecules can be genetically engineered into viral vectors. Alternatively, or in addition, it is possible to use monoclonal antibodies that either block inhibitory receptors of immune effector cells, or act as agonists for co-stimulatory receptors. Combined strategies are based on the ignition of a local immune response at the malignant site plus systemic immune boosting. We have recently reported examples of this approach involving the Vaccinia virus or Semliki Forest virus, interleukin-12 and anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José I Quetglas
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy; Center for Applied Medical Research; University of Navarra; Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Malfitano AM, Di Somma S, Iannuzzi CA, Pentimalli F, Portella G. Virotherapy: From single agents to combinatorial treatments. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113986. [PMID: 32330494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virotherpay is emerging as a promising strategy against cancer, and three oncolytic viruses (OVs) have gained approval in different countries for the treatment of several cancer types. Beyond the capability to selectively infect, replicate and lyse cancer cells, OVs act through a multitude of events, including modification of the tumour micro/macro-environment as well as a complex modulation of the anti-tumour immune response by activation of danger signals and immunogenic cell death pathways. Most OVs show limited effects, depending on the viral platform and the interactions with the host. OVs used as monotherapy only in a minority of patients elicited a full response. Better outcomes were obtained using OVs in combination with other treatments, such as immune therapy or chemotherapy, suggesting that the full potential of OVs can be unleashed in combination with other treatment modalities. Here, we report the main described combination of OVs with conventional chemotherapeutic agents: platinum salts, mitotic inhibitors, anthracyclines and other antibiotics, anti-metabolites, alkylating agents and topoisomerase inhibitors. Additionally, our work provides an overview of OV combination with targeted therapies: histone deacetylase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, inhibitors of DNA repair, inhibitors of the proteasome complex and statins that demonstrated enhanced OV anti-neoplastic activity. Although further studies are required to assess the best combinations to translate the results in the clinic, it is clear that combined therapies, acting with complementary mechanisms of action might be useful to target cancer lesions resistant to currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Malfitano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | - Sarah Di Somma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Portella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università Federico II Napoli, Italy.
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5
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First-in-Human Intravenous Seprehvir in Young Cancer Patients: A Phase 1 Clinical Trial. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1930-1938. [PMID: 31570234 PMCID: PMC6838937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seprehvir (HSV1716) is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) previously demonstrated to be well tolerated in pediatric patients when administered intratumorally. To determine the safety of administering Seprehvir systemically, we conducted the first-in-human phase I trial of intravenous injection in young patients with relapsed or refractory extra-cranial solid cancers. We delivered a single dose of 5 × 104 infectious units (iu)/kg (maximum dose of 2 × 106) or 2.5 × 105 iu/kg (maximum dose of 1 × 107 iu) of Seprehvir via the peripheral vein, monitored adverse events, and measured tumor responses by imaging. We monitored HSV-1 serology as well as viremia and shedding by PCR and culture. We administered a single dose of Seprehvir to seven patients and multiple doses to two patients. We did not observe any dose-limiting toxicities. All five HSV-1 seronegative patients seroconverted by day 28. Four of nine patients had detectable HSV-1 genomes in peripheral blood appearing on day +4 consistent with de novo virus replication. Two patients had stable disease in response to Seprehvir. Intravenous Seprehvir is well tolerated without viral shedding in children and young adults with late-stage cancer. Viremia consistent with virus replication holds promise for future Seprehvir studies at higher doses and/or in combination with other anti-neoplastic therapies.
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6
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Hutzen B, Ghonime M, Lee J, Mardis ER, Wang R, Lee DA, Cairo MS, Roberts RD, Cripe TP, Cassady KA. Immunotherapeutic Challenges for Pediatric Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:38-48. [PMID: 31650024 PMCID: PMC6804520 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors contain a mixture of malignant cells and non-malignant infiltrating cells that often create a chronic inflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironment that restricts immunotherapeutic approaches. Although childhood and adult cancers share some similarities related to microenvironmental changes, pediatric cancers are unique, and adult cancer practices may not be wholly applicable to our pediatric patients. This review highlights the differences in tumorigenesis, viral infection, and immunologic response between children and adults that need to be considered when trying to apply experiences from experimental therapies in adult cancer patients to pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutzen
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mohammed Ghonime
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joel Lee
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ruoning Wang
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Diseases Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Infection Diseases, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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7
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Melcher A. Oncolytic Virotherapy: Single Cycle Cures or Repeat Treatments? (Repeat Dosing Is Crucial!). Mol Ther 2018; 26:1875-1876. [PMID: 30017879 PMCID: PMC6094867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, London, UK.
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8
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Lacroix J, Kis Z, Josupeit R, Schlund F, Stroh-Dege A, Frank-Stöhr M, Leuchs B, Schlehofer JR, Rommelaere J, Dinsart C. Preclinical Testing of an Oncolytic Parvovirus in Ewing Sarcoma: Protoparvovirus H-1 Induces Apoptosis and Lytic Infection In Vitro but Fails to Improve Survival In Vivo. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060302. [PMID: 29865280 PMCID: PMC6024310 DOI: 10.3390/v10060302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
About 70% of all Ewing sarcoma (EWS) patients are diagnosed under the age of 20 years. Over the last decades little progress has been made towards finding effective treatment approaches for primarily metastasized or refractory Ewing sarcoma in young patients. Here, in the context of the search for novel therapeutic options, the potential of oncolytic protoparvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) to treat Ewing sarcoma was evaluated, its safety having been proven previously tested in adult cancer patients and its oncolytic efficacy demonstrated on osteosarcoma cell cultures. The effects of viral infection were tested in vitro on four human Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Notably evaluated were effects of the virus on the cell cycle and its replication efficiency. Within 24 h after infection, the synthesis of viral proteins was induced. Efficient H-1PV replication was confirmed in all four Ewing sarcoma cell lines. The cytotoxicity of the virus was determined on the basis of cytopathic effects, cell viability, and cell lysis. These in vitro experiments revealed efficient killing of Ewing sarcoma cells by H-1PV at a multiplicity of infection between 0.1 and 5 plaque forming units (PFU)/cell. In two of the four tested cell lines, significant induction of apoptosis by H-1PV was observed. H-1PV thus meets all the in vitro criteria for a virus to be oncolytic towards Ewing sarcoma. In the first xenograft experiments, however, although an antiproliferative effect of intratumoral H-1PV injection was observed, no significant improvement of animal survival was noted. Future projects aiming to validate parvovirotherapy for the treatment of pediatric Ewing sarcoma should focus on combinatorial treatments and will require the use of patient-derived xenografts and immunocompetent syngeneic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Lacroix
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- Present address: Department of Pediatrics, Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital, Moltkestraße 90, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Zoltán Kis
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Rafael Josupeit
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schlund
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Stroh-Dege
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Monika Frank-Stöhr
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Leuchs
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Jörg R Schlehofer
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Christiane Dinsart
- Division of Tumor Virology, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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9
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Currier MA, Sprague L, Rizvi TA, Nartker B, Chen CY, Wang PY, Hutzen BJ, Franczek MR, Patel AV, Chaney KE, Streby KA, Ecsedy JA, Conner J, Ratner N, Cripe TP. Aurora A kinase inhibition enhances oncolytic herpes virotherapy through cytotoxic synergy and innate cellular immune modulation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17412-17427. [PMID: 28147331 PMCID: PMC5392259 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and neuroblastoma models respond to the investigational small molecule Aurora A kinase inhibitor, alisertib. We previously reported that MPNST and neuroblastomas are also susceptible to oncolytic herpes virus (oHSV) therapy. Herein, we show that combination of alisertib and HSV1716, a virus derived from HSV-1 and attenuated by deletion of RL1, exhibits significantly increased antitumor efficacy compared to either monotherapy. Alisertib and HSV1716 reduced tumor growth and increased survival in two xenograft models of MPNST and neuroblastoma. We found the enhanced antitumor effect was due to multiple mechanisms that likely each contribute to the combination effect. First, oncolytic herpes virus increased the sensitivity of uninfected cells to alisertib cytotoxicity, a process we term virus-induced therapeutic adjuvant (VITA). Second, alisertib increased peak virus production and slowed virus clearance from tumors, both likely a consequence of it preventing virus-mediated increase of intratumoral NK cells. We also found that alisertib inhibited virus-induced accumulation of intratumoral myeloid derived suppressor cells, which normally are protumorigenic. Our data suggest that clinical trials of the combination of oHSV and alisertib are warranted in patients with neuroblastoma or MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Les Sprague
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tilat A Rizvi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Brooke Nartker
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian J Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Meghan R Franczek
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ami V Patel
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine E Chaney
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Keri A Streby
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics, Ltd, Biocity, Scotland, Newhouse, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Hutzen B, Chen CY, Wang PY, Sprague L, Swain HM, Love J, Conner J, Boon L, Cripe TP. TGF-β Inhibition Improves Oncolytic Herpes Viroimmunotherapy in Murine Models of Rhabdomyosarcoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 7:17-26. [PMID: 29034312 PMCID: PMC5633823 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are an emerging class of cancer therapeutics that couple cytotoxicity with the induction of an anti-tumor immune response. Host-virus interactions are complex and modulated by a tumor microenvironment whose immunosuppressive activities can limit the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies. In an effort to improve this aspect of oncolytic virotherapy, we combined the oncolytic herpes virus HSV1716 with the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGF-βR1) inhibitor A8301 to treat syngeneic models of murine rhabdomyosarcoma. Mice that received HSV1716 or A8301 alone showed little to no benefit in efficacy and survival over controls. Conversely, mice given combination therapy exhibited tumor stabilization throughout the treatment regimen, which was reflected in significantly prolonged survival times including some complete responses. In vitro cell viability and virus replication assays showed that the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines were generally insensitive to HSV1716 and A8301. Likewise, in vivo virus replication assays showed that HSV1716 titers moderately decreased in the presence of A8301. The enhanced efficacy instead appears to be dependent on the generation of an improved anti-tumor T cell response as determined by its loss in athymic nude mice and following in vivo depletion of either CD4+ or CD8+ cells. These data suggest TGF-β inhibition can augment the immunotherapeutic efficacy of oncolytic herpes virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Les Sprague
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hayley M Swain
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Julia Love
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Streby KA, Geller JI, Currier MA, Warren PS, Racadio JM, Towbin AJ, Vaughan MR, Triplet M, Ott-Napier K, Dishman DJ, Backus LR, Stockman B, Brunner M, Simpson K, Spavin R, Conner J, Cripe TP. Intratumoral Injection of HSV1716, an Oncolytic Herpes Virus, Is Safe and Shows Evidence of Immune Response and Viral Replication in Young Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3566-3574. [PMID: 28495911 PMCID: PMC10546618 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: HSV1716 is an oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) studied in adults via injection into the brain and superficial tumors. To determine the safety of administering HSV1716 to pediatric patients with cancer, we conducted a phase I trial of image-guided injection in young patients with relapsed or refractory extracranial cancers.Experimental Design: We delivered a single dose of 105 to 107 infectious units of HSV1716 via computed tomography-guided intratumoral injection and measured tumor responses by imaging. Patients were eligible for up to three more doses if they achieved stable disease. We monitored HSV-1 serum titers and shedding by PCR and culture.Results: We administered a single dose of HSV1716 to eight patients and two doses to one patient. We did not observe any dose-limiting toxicities. Adverse events attributed to virus included low-grade fever, chills, and mild cytopenias. Six of eight HSV-1 seronegative patients at baseline showed seroconversion on day 28. Six of nine patients had detectable HSV-1 genomes by PCR in peripheral blood appearing on day +4 consistent with de novo virus replication. Two patients had transient focal increases in metabolic activity on 18fluorine-deoxyglucose PET, consistent with inflammatory reactions. In one case, the same geographic region that flared later appeared necrotic on imaging. No patient had an objective response to HSV1716.Conclusions: Intratumoral HSV1716 is safe and well-tolerated without shedding in children and young adults with late-stage, aggressive cancer. Viremia consistent with virus replication and transient inflammatory reactions hold promise for future HSV1716 studies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3566-74. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Streby
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James I Geller
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Patrick S Warren
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - John M Racadio
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alexander J Towbin
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michele R Vaughan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Melinda Triplet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kristy Ott-Napier
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Devon J Dishman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lori R Backus
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Beth Stockman
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marianne Brunner
- Translational Research Trials Office, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Robert Spavin
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Biocity, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Biocity, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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12
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Orienti I, Falconi M, Teti G, Currier MA, Wang J, Phelps M, Cripe TP. Preparation and Evaluation of a Novel Class of Amphiphilic Amines as Antitumor Agents and Nanocarriers for Bioactive Molecules. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2722-35. [PMID: 27457066 PMCID: PMC5040747 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We describe a novel class of antitumor amphiphilic amines (RCn) based on a tricyclic amine hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic linear alkyl tail of variable length. Methods We tested the lead compound, RC16, for cytotoxicity and mechanism of cell death in several cancer cell lines, anti tumor efficacy in mouse tumor models, and ability to encapsulate chemotherapy drugs. Results These compounds displayed strong cytotoxic activity against cell lines derived from both pediatric and adult cancers. The IC50 of the lead compound, RC16, for normal cells including human keratinocytes, human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells was tenfold higher than for tumor cells. RC16 exhibited significant antitumor effects in vivo using several human xenografts and a metastatic model of murine neuroblastoma by both intravenous and oral administration routes. The amphiphilic character of RC16 triggered a spontaneous molecular self-assembling in water with formation of micelles allowing complexation of Doxorubicin, Etoposide and Paclitaxel. These micelles significantly improved the in vitro antitumor activity of these drugs as the enhancement of their aqueous solubility also improved their biologic availability. Conclusions RC16 and related amphiphilic amines may be useful as a novel cancer treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-016-1999-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Orienti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via S. Donato 19/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirella Falconi
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriella Teti
- Department for Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, via Irnerio 48, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mark A Currier
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Mitch Phelps
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Pharmaceutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA.
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13
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Tsun A, Miao XN, Wang CM, Yu DC. Oncolytic Immunotherapy for Treatment of Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:241-83. [PMID: 27240460 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy entails the treatment of disease by modulation of the immune system. As detailed in the previous chapters, the different modes of achieving immune modulation are many, including the use of small/large molecules, cellular therapy, and radiation. Oncolytic viruses that can specifically attack, replicate within, and destroy tumors represent one of the most promising classes of agents for cancer immunotherapy (recently termed as oncolytic immunotherapy). The notion of oncolytic immunotherapy is considered as the way in which virus-induced tumor cell death (known as immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD)) allows the immune system to recognize tumor cells and provide long-lasting antitumor immunity. Both immune responses toward the virus and ICD together contribute toward successful antitumor efficacy. What is now becoming increasingly clear is that monotherapies, through any of the modalities detailed in this book, are neither sufficient in eradicating tumors nor in providing long-lasting antitumor immune responses and that combination therapies may deliver enhanced efficacy. After the rise of the genetic engineering era, it has been possible to engineer viruses to harbor combination-like characteristics to enhance their potency in cancer immunotherapy. This chapter provides a historical background on oncolytic virotherapy and its future application in cancer immunotherapy, especially as a combination therapy with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsun
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - X N Miao
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - C M Wang
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China
| | - D C Yu
- Innovent Biologics, Inc., 168 Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, China.
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14
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Sokolowski NA, Rizos H, Diefenbach RJ. Oncolytic virotherapy using herpes simplex virus: how far have we come? Oncolytic Virother 2015; 4:207-19. [PMID: 27512683 PMCID: PMC4918397 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy exploits the properties of human viruses to naturally cytolysis of cancer cells. The human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV) has proven particularly amenable for use in oncolytic virotherapy. The relative safety of HSV coupled with extensive knowledge on how HSV interacts with the host has provided a platform for manipulating HSV to enhance the targeting and killing of human cancer cells. This has culminated in the approval of talimogene laherparepvec for the treatment of melanoma. This review focuses on the development of HSV as an oncolytic virus and where the field is likely to head in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas As Sokolowski
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Rizos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell J Diefenbach
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Pikor LA, Bell JC, Diallo JS. Oncolytic Viruses: Exploiting Cancer's Deal with the Devil. Trends Cancer 2015; 1:266-277. [PMID: 28741515 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells harbor tens to thousands of genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt cellular pathways, providing them with growth and survival advantages. However, these benefits come at a cost, with uncontrolled cell growth, defective apoptosis, sustained pathological angiogenesis, immune evasion, and a metastatic phenotype occurring at the expense of the antiviral response of the individual tumor cell. Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy that uses replication-competent viruses to selectivity kill cancer cells by exploiting their impaired antiviral response. In this review, we outline our understanding of the alterations in signaling pathways that simultaneously contribute to the malignant phenotype and virus-mediated killing of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A Pikor
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ONT, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ONT, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ONT, Canada.
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16
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Friedman GK, Beierle EA, Gillespie GY, Markert JM, Waters AM, Chen CY, Denton NL, Haworth KB, Hutzen B, Leddon JL, Streby KA, Wang PY, Cripe TP. Pediatric cancer gone viral. Part II: potential clinical application of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in children. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30018-3. [PMID: 26436134 PMCID: PMC4589754 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic engineered herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) possess many biologic and functional attributes that support their use in clinical trials in children with solid tumors. Tumor cells, in an effort to escape regulatory mechanisms that would impair their growth and progression, have removed many mechanisms that would have protected them from virus infection and eventual virus-mediated destruction. Viruses engineered to exploit this weakness, like mutant HSV, can be safely employed as tumor cell killers, since normal cells retain these antiviral strategies. Many preclinical studies and early phase trials in adults demonstrated that oncolytic HSV can be safely used and are highly effective in killing tumor cells that comprise pediatric malignancies, without generating the toxic side effects of nondiscriminatory chemotherapy or radiation therapy. A variety of engineered viruses have been developed and tested in numerous preclinical models of pediatric cancers and initial trials in patients are underway. In Part II of this review series, we examine the preclinical evidence to support the further advancement of oncolytic HSV in the pediatric population. We discuss clinical advances made to date in this emerging era of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alicia M Waters
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas L Denton
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kellie B Haworth
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Hutzen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer L Leddon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Keri A Streby
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Pediatric cancer gone viral. Part I: strategies for utilizing oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in children. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30017-1. [PMID: 26436135 PMCID: PMC4589755 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress for improving outcomes in pediatric patients with solid tumors remains slow. In addition, currently available therapies are fraught with numerous side effects, often causing significant life-long morbidity for long-term survivors. The use of viruses to kill tumor cells based on their increased vulnerability to infection is gaining traction, with several viruses moving through early and advanced phase clinical testing. The prospect of increased efficacy and decreased toxicity with these agents is thus attractive for pediatric cancer. In part I of this two-part review, we focus on strategies for utilizing oncolytic engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV) to target pediatric malignancies. We discuss mechanisms of action, routes of delivery, and the role of preexisting immunity on antitumor efficacy. Challenges to maximizing oncolytic HSV in children are examined, and we highlight how these may be overcome through various arming strategies. We review the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating safety of a variety of oncolytic HSVs. In Part II, we focus on the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic HSV in pediatric tumor types, pediatric clinical advances made to date, and future prospects for utilizing HSV in pediatric patients with solid tumors.
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18
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Martinez-Velez N, Xipell E, Jauregui P, Zalacain M, Marrodan L, Zandueta C, Vera B, Urquiza L, Sierrasesúmaga L, Julián MS, Toledo G, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Torre W, Lecanda F, Patiño-García A, Alonso MM. The oncolytic adenovirus Δ24-RGD in combination with cisplatin exerts a potent anti-osteosarcoma activity. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:2287-96. [PMID: 24737304 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. The presence of metastases and the lack of response to conventional treatment are the major adverse prognostic factors. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new treatment strategies that overcome both of these problems. Our purpose was to elucidate whether the use of the oncolytic adenovirus Δ24-RGD alone or in combination with standard chemotherapy would be effective, in vitro and in vivo, against osteosarcoma. Our results showed that Δ24-RGD exerted a potent antitumor effect against osteosarcoma cell lines that was increased by the addition of cisplatin. Δ24-RGD osteosarcoma treatment resulted in autophagy in vitro that was further enhanced when combined with cisplatin. Of importance, administration of Δ24-RGD and/or cisplatin, in novel orthotopic and two lung metastatic models in vivo resulted in a significant reduction of tumor burden meanwhile maintaining a safe toxicity profile. Together, our data underscore the potential of Δ24-RGD to become a realistic therapeutic option for primary and metastatic pediatric osteosarcoma. Moreover, this study warrants a future clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Δ24-RGD for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Martinez-Velez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Nguyen A, Ho L, Wan Y. Chemotherapy and Oncolytic Virotherapy: Advanced Tactics in the War against Cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:145. [PMID: 24967214 PMCID: PMC4052116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a traitorous archenemy that threatens our survival. Its ability to evade detection and adapt to various cancer therapies means that it is a moving target that becomes increasingly difficult to attack. Through technological advancements, we have developed sophisticated weapons to fight off tumor growth and invasion. However, if we are to stand a chance in this war against cancer, advanced tactics will be required to maximize the use of our available resources. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are multi-functional cancer-fighters that can be engineered to suit many different strategies; in particular, their retooling can facilitate increased capacity for direct tumor killing (oncolytic virotherapy) and elicit adaptive antitumor immune responses (oncolytic immunotherapy). However, administration of these modified OVs alone, rarely induces successful regression of established tumors. This may be attributed to host antiviral immunity that acts to eliminate viral particles, as well as the capacity for tumors to adapt to therapeutic selective pressure. It has been shown that various chemotherapeutic drugs with distinct functional properties can potentiate the antitumor efficacy of OVs. In this review, we summarize the chemotherapeutic combinatorial strategies used to optimize virally induced destruction of tumors. With a particular focus on pharmaceutical immunomodulators, we discuss how specific therapeutic contexts may alter the effects of these synergistic combinations and their implications for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Louisa Ho
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University , Hamilton, ON , Canada
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20
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Tumor Restrictions to Oncolytic Virus. Biomedicines 2014; 2:163-194. [PMID: 28548066 PMCID: PMC5423468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has advanced since the days of its conception but therapeutic efficacy in the clinics does not seem to reach the same level as in animal models. One reason is premature oncolytic virus clearance in humans, which is a reasonable assumption considering the immune-stimulating nature of the oncolytic agents. However, several studies are beginning to reveal layers of restriction to oncolytic virotherapy that are present before an adaptive neutralizing immune response. Some of these barriers are present constitutively halting infection before it even begins, whereas others are raised by minute cues triggered by virus infection. Indeed, we and others have noticed that delivering viruses to tumors may not be the biggest obstacle to successful therapy, but instead the physical make-up of the tumor and its capacity to mount antiviral defenses seem to be the most important efficacy determinants. In this review, we summarize the constitutive and innate barriers to oncolytic virotherapy and discuss strategies to overcome them.
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21
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Braidwood L, Graham SV, Graham A, Conner J. Oncolytic herpes viruses, chemotherapeutics, and other cancer drugs. Oncolytic Virother 2013; 2:57-74. [PMID: 27512658 PMCID: PMC4918355 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s52601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are emerging as a potential new way of treating cancers. They are selectively replication-competent viruses that propagate only in actively dividing tumor cells but not in normal cells and, as a result, destroy the tumor cells by consequence of lytic infection. At least six different oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have undergone clinical trials worldwide to date, and they have demonstrated an excellent safety profile and intimations of efficacy. The first pivotal Phase III trial with an oHSV, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec [OncoVex(GM-CSF)]), is almost complete, with extremely positive early results reported. Intuitively, therapeutically beneficial interactions between oHSV and chemotherapeutic and targeted therapeutic drugs would be limited as the virus requires actively dividing cells for maximum replication efficiency and most anticancer agents are cytotoxic or cytostatic. However, combinations of such agents display a range of responses, with antagonistic, additive, or, perhaps most surprisingly, synergistic enhancement of antitumor activity. When synergistic interactions in cancer cell killing are observed, chemotherapy dose reductions that achieve the same overall efficacy may be possible, resulting in a valuable reduction of adverse side effects. Therefore, the combination of an oHSV with "standard-of-care" drugs makes a logical and reasonable approach to improved therapy, and the addition of a targeted oncolytic therapy with "standard-of-care" drugs merits further investigation, both preclinically and in the clinic. Numerous publications report such studies of oncolytic HSV in combination with other drugs, and we review their findings here. Viral interactions with cellular hosts are complex and frequently involve intracellular signaling networks, thus creating diverse opportunities for synergistic or additive combinations with many anticancer drugs. We discuss potential mechanisms that may lead to synergistic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Braidwood
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sheila V Graham
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Jarrett Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex Graham
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joe Conner
- Virttu Biologics Ltd, Department of Neurology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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22
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Angarita FA, Acuna SA, Ottolino-Perry K, Zerhouni S, McCart JA. Mounting a strategic offense: fighting tumor vasculature with oncolytic viruses. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:378-92. [PMID: 23540715 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood supply within a tumor drives progression and ultimately allows for metastasis. Many anticancer therapies target tumor vasculature, but their individual effectiveness is limited because they induce indirect cell death. Agents that disrupt nascent and/or established tumor vasculature while simultaneously killing cancer cells would certainly have a greater impact. Oncolytic virotherapy utilizes attenuated viruses that replicate specifically within a tumor. They induce cytotoxicity through a combination of direct cell lysis, antitumor immune stimulation, and recently identified antitumor vascular effects. This review summarizes the novel preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the antitumor vascular effects of oncolytic viruses, which include infection and lysis of tumor endothelial cells, natural or genetically engineered antiangiogenic properties, and combination therapy with clinically approved antivascular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Angarita
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M1 Canada
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23
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Currier MA, Eshun FK, Sholl A, Chernoguz A, Crawford K, Divanovic S, Boon L, Goins WF, Frischer JS, Collins MH, Leddon JL, Baird WH, Haseley A, Streby KA, Wang PY, Hendrickson BW, Brekken RA, Kaur B, Hildeman D, Cripe TP. VEGF blockade enables oncolytic cancer virotherapy in part by modulating intratumoral myeloid cells. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1014-23. [PMID: 23481323 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the host response to oncolytic viruses is important to maximize their antitumor efficacy. Despite robust cytotoxicity and high virus production of an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) in cultured human sarcoma cells, intratumoral (ITu) virus injection resulted in only mild antitumor effects in some xenograft models, prompting us to characterize the host inflammatory response. Virotherapy induced an acute neutrophilic infiltrate, a relative decrease of ITu macrophages, and a myeloid cell-dependent upregulation of host-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Anti-VEGF antibodies, bevacizumab and r84, the latter of which binds VEGF and selectively inhibits binding to VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) but not VEGFR1, enhanced the antitumor effects of virotherapy, in part due to decreased angiogenesis but not increased virus production. Neither antibody affected neutrophilic infiltration but both partially mitigated virus-induced depletion of macrophages. Enhancement of virotherapy-mediated antitumor effects by anti-VEGF antibodies could largely be recapitulated by systemic depletion of CD11b(+) cells. These data suggest the combined effect of oHSV virotherapy and anti-VEGF antibodies is in part due to modulation of a host inflammatory reaction to virus. Our data provide strong preclinical support for combined oHSV and anti-VEGF antibody therapy and suggest that understanding and counteracting the innate host response may help enable the full antitumor potential of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Currier
- Divison of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome for patients with relapsed and refractory pediatric sarcomas remains dismal. Novel agents are needed to improve overall survival in these patients. OBSERVATIONS We present 3 patients with relapsed/refractory sarcomas treated with gemcitabine, docetaxel, and bevacizumab in 3-week cycles. The combination was well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Two patients had a partial response and the third patient had stable disease for >6 months. CONCLUSIONS These results are limited by small patient numbers but this strategy should be evaluated in prospective clinical trials.
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25
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Lettieri CK, Hingorani P, Kolb EA. Progress of oncolytic viruses in sarcomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:229-42. [PMID: 22316371 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has shown exciting promise for the treatment of many types of solid tumors. Pediatric sarcomas are an aggressive type of pediatric malignancy known to show limited responsiveness to current therapies, leading to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic viruses have only recently been used for the treatment of this challenging cancer, and results have been encouraging. Five clinical trials are currently open evaluating the use of oncolytic viruses in pediatric malignancies. Advances in genetic engineering of the viruses include improving the ability of the virus to infect tumor cells, engineering the virus with transgenes which improve the virus' ability to kill tumor cells and manipulating the virus to enhance concomitantly administered therapies. Further understanding of the antiviral immune response and a viral induced anti-tumor immune response will permit a maximization of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Lettieri
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
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26
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Antitumor efficacy of oncolytic herpes simplex virus adsorbed onto antigen-specific lymphocytes. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:292-8. [PMID: 22281756 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Bevacizumab with angiostatin-armed oHSV increases antiangiogenesis and decreases bevacizumab-induced invasion in U87 glioma. Mol Ther 2011; 20:37-45. [PMID: 21915104 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab (BEV) is an antiangiogenic drug approved for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. However, it does not increase survival and is associated with glioma invasion. Angiostatin is an antiangiogenic polypeptide that also inhibits migration of cancer cells, but is difficult to deliver. Oncolytic viruses (OV) can potentially spread throughout the tumor, reach isolated infiltrating cells, kill them and deliver anticancer agents to uninfected cells. We have tested a combination treatment of BEV plus an OV expressing angiostatin (G47Δ-mAngio) in mice-bearing human GBM. Using a vascular intracranial human glioma model (U87) in athymic mice, we performed histopathological analysis of tumors treated with G47Δ-mAngio or BEV alone or in combination, followed tumor response by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and assessed animal survival. Our results indicate that injection of G47Δ-mAngio during BEV treatment allows increased virus spread, tumor lysis, and angiostatin-mediated inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and of BEV-induced invasion markers (matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP2), MMP9, and collagen). This leads to increased survival and antiangiogenesis and decreased invasive phenotypes. We show for the first time the possibility of improving the antiangiogenic effect of BEV while decreasing the tumor invasive-like phenotype induced by this drug, and demonstrate the therapeutic advantage of combining systemic and local antiangiogenic treatments with viral oncolytic therapy.
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Hammill AM, Conner J, Cripe TP. Oncolytic virotherapy reaches adolescence. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 55:1253-63. [PMID: 20734404 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lytic viruses kill cells as a consequence of their normal replication life cycle. The idea of harnessing viruses to kill cancer cells arose over a century ago, before viruses were even discovered, from medical case reports of infections associated with cancer remissions. Since then, there has been no shortage of hype, hope, or fear regarding the prospect of oncolytic virotherapy for cancer. Early developments in the field included encouraging antitumor efficacy both in animal studies in the 1920s-1940s and in human clinical trials in the 1950s-1970s. Despite its long-standing history, oncolytic virotherapy was an idea ahead of its time. Without needed advances in molecular biology, virology, immunology, and clinical research ethics, early clinical trials resulted in infectious complications and were fraught with controversial research conduct, so that enthusiasm in the medical community waned. Oncolytic virotherapy is now experiencing a major growth spurt, having sustained numerous laboratory advances and undergone multiple encouraging adult clinical trials, and is now witnessing the emergence of pediatric trials. Here we review the history and salient biology of the field, including preclinical and clinical data, with a special emphasis on those agents now being tested in pediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M Hammill
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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