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HPP and SGQR peptides from silkworm pupae protein hydrolysates regulated biosynthesis of cholesterol in HepG2 cell line. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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2
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Zhao X, Li J, Tang X, Liu R, Xu J, Xu L, Jiang L, Huang K, Tian J, Feng X, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang D, Sun K, Xu B, Zhao W, Hui R, Gao R, Song L, Yuan J. Association of NPC1L1 and HMGCR Gene Polymorphisms with Major Adverse Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events in Patients with Three-Vessel Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:581-588. [PMID: 33167740 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-vessel disease (TVD) is a severe coronary heart disease (CHD) with poor prognosis. Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) is a transporter protein for exogenous cholesterol absorption, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is a rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. We aimed to investigate the association between NPC1L1 and HMGCR gene polymorphisms and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with TVD. A total of 342 TVD patients were consecutively enrolled and followed up for 1-year MACCE (a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, revascularization, readmission, and stroke) as TVD event group, and 344 patients without CHD were control group. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs11763759, rs4720470, rs2072183, and rs2073547, on NPC1L1 gene and four SNPs, rs12916, rs2303151, rs2303152, and rs4629571, on HMGCR gene were genotyped. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that rs4720470 of NPC1L1 was associated with higher risk of TVD with MACCE in codominant model (odds ratio [OR]: 1.315; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.007-1.716, p = 0.044), and that rs2303151 of HMGCR was associated with higher in recessive (OR: 3.383; 95% CI: 1.040-10.998, p = 0.043) and codominant (OR: 1.458; 95% CI: 1.038-2.047, p = 0.030) model, respectively. Patients with both variant rs4720470 in codominant model and variant rs2303151 in recessive model related to a higher risk (OR: 6.772, CI: 1.338-34.280; p = 0.021). We reported for the first time that the rs4720470 on NPC1L1 gene and rs2303151 on HMGCR gene were associated with risk of 1-year MACCE in TVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Keyong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rutai Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runlin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinqing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Pang J, Chan DC, Watts GF. The Knowns and Unknowns of Contemporary Statin Therapy for Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2020; 22:64. [PMID: 32870376 PMCID: PMC7459268 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-020-00884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Statins are first-line therapy for lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), particularly in heterozygous patients. We review advances and new questions on the use of statins in FH. RECENT FINDINGS Cumulative evidence from registry data and sub-analyses of clinical trials mandates the value of statin therapy for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in FH. Statins are safe in children and adolescents with FH, with longer term cardiovascular benefits. The potentially toxic effects of statins in pregnancy need to be considered, but no association has been reported in prospective cohort studies with birth defects. There is no rationale for discontinuation of statins in elderly FH unless indicated by adverse events. FH is undertreated, with > 80% of statin-treated FH patients failing to attain LDL cholesterol treatment targets. This may relate to adherence, tolerability, and genetic differences in statin responsiveness. Statin treatment from childhood may reduce the need for stringent cholesterol targets. Combination of statins with ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors significantly improves the efficacy of treatment. Whether statin use could improve the clinical course of FH patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory infections remains an unsolved issue for future research. Statins are the mainstay for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD in FH. Sustained long-term optimal statin treatment from an early age can effectively prevent ASCVD over decades of life. Despite their widespread use, statins merit further investigation in FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Lipid Disorders Clinic, Cardiometabolic Services, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, GPO Box X2213, Perth, WA, 6847, Australia.
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Yu Q, Ma X, Wang Y, Shi H, An J, Wang Y, Dong Z, Lu Y, Ge J, Liu G, Xian X, Sun A. Dietary Cholesterol Exacerbates Statin-Induced Hepatic Toxicity in Syrian Golden Hamsters and in Patients in an Observational Cohort Study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:367-380. [PMID: 32860619 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is involved in cholesterol synthesis. The major side effects of statins include muscle- and liver-related toxicity. Muscle toxicity is highly associated with polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs), as predicted by pharmacogenomics. However, the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity are not well understood. Due to differences in cholesterol metabolism, statins are well tolerated in mice. In contrast, hamsters exhibit metabolic traits similar to humans and are suitable for studying the hepatotoxicity of statins. METHODS We investigated the effect of rosuvastatin (RSV) on liver damage in wild-type (WT) hamsters fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and LDLR knockout (LDLR-/-) hamsters that developed spontaneous hypercholesterolemia. Two cohorts of clinical subjects (clinical registry number: 2017001) taking atorvastatin (ATV) were recruited for direct (assessment of cholesterol intake individually, n = 44) and indirect (celebratory meals/holiday season, n = 1993) examination of dietary cholesterol intake and liver damage, as indicated by elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). RESULTS RSV at a dose of 10 mg/kg caused fatal liver damage only in HCD-fed WT hamsters, while LDLR-/- hamsters with the same cholesterol levels were resistant to this toxic effect. In the human studies, we observed that the incidence of hepatic toxicity in patients receiving long-term ATV treatment was higher in patients with greater dietary cholesterol intake and in patients who consumed more food during Chinese holidays. CONCLUSION Our results propose, for the first time, that dietary cholesterol significantly contributes to statin-related hepatotoxicity, providing valuable insight into the clinical use of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyang Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiurui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Cardiology,, Shan Xi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Yunan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haozhe Shi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jian An
- Department of Cardiology,, Shan Xi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Hebei Invivo Biotech Co, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases and Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Academy of Medical Sciences Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Yi A, Sim D, Lee YJ, Sarangthem V, Park RW. Development of elastin-like polypeptide for targeted specific gene delivery in vivo. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:15. [PMID: 31952530 PMCID: PMC6969399 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The successful deliveries of siRNA depend on their stabilities under physiological conditions because greater in vivo stability enhances cellular uptake and enables endosomal escape. Viral-based systems appears as most efficient approaches for gene delivery but often compromised in terms of biocompatibility, patient safety and high cost scale up process. Here we describe a novel platform of gene delivery by elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) based targeting biopolymers. Results For better tumor targeting and membrane penetrating characteristics, we designed various chimeric ELP-based carriers containing a cell penetrating peptide (Tat), single or multiple copies of AP1 an IL-4 receptor targeting peptide along with coding sequence of ELP and referred as Tat-A1E28 or Tat-A4V48. These targeted polypeptides were further analyzed for its ability to deliver siRNA (Luciferase gene) in tumor cells in comparison with non-targeted controls (Tat-E28 or E28). The positively charged amino acids of these polypeptides enabled them to readily complex with negatively charged nucleic acids. The complexation of nucleic acid with respective polypeptides facilitated its transfection efficiency as well as stability. The targeted polypeptides (Tat-A1E28 or Tat-A4V48) selectively delivered siRNA into tumor cells in a receptor-specific fashion, achieved endosomal and lysosomal escape, and released gene into cytosol. The target specific delivery of siRNA by Tat-A1E28 or Tat-A4V48 was further validated in murine breast carcinoma 4T1 allograft mice model. Conclusion The designed delivery systems efficiently delivered siRNA to the target site of action thereby inducing significant gene silencing activity. The study shows Tat and AP1 functionalized ELPs constitute a novel gene delivery system with potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aena Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Sim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijaya Sarangthem
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | - Rang-Woon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell & Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Hajighasemi S, Mahdavi Gorabi A, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Banach M, Ahmadi Tafti H, Reiner Ž, Sahebkar A. A review of gene- and cell-based therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:119-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rodriguez-Calvo R, Masana L. Review of the scientific evolution of gene therapy for the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: past, present and future perspectives. J Med Genet 2019; 56:711-717. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a devastating genetic disease that leads to extremely high cholesterol levels and severe cardiovascular disease, mainly caused by mutations in any of the main genes involved in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) uptake. Among these genes, mutations in the LDL receptor (LDLR) are responsible for 80%–90% of the FH cases. The severe homozygous variety (HoFH) is not successfully treated with standard cholesterol-lowering therapies, and more aggressive strategies must be considered to mitigate the effects of this disease, such as weekly/biweekly LDL apheresis. However, development of new therapeutic approaches is needed to cure HoFH. Because HoFH is mainly due to mutations in theLDLR, this disease has been proposed as an ideal candidate for gene therapy. Several preclinical studies have proposed that the transference of functional copies of theLDLRgene reduces circulating LDL-C levels in several models of HoFH, which has led to the first clinical trials in humans. Additionally, the recent development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated 9 technology for genome editing has opened the door to therapies aimed at directly correcting the specific mutation in the endogenousLDLRgene. In this article, we review the genetic basis of the FH disease, paying special attention to the severe HoFH as well as the challenges in its diagnosis and clinical management. Additionally, we discuss the current therapies for this disease and the new emerging advances in gene therapy to target a definitive cure for this disease.
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8
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Jiang L, Wang LY, Cheng XS. Novel Approaches for the Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Current Status and Future Challenges. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 25:665-673. [PMID: 29899171 PMCID: PMC6099065 DOI: 10.5551/jat.43372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal-dominant disorder that is characterized by high plasma lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Despite the use of high-dose statins and the recent addition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors as a treatment option, many patients with homozygous FH fail to achieve optimal reductions of LDL-c levels. Gene therapy has become one of the most promising research directions for contemporary life sciences and is a potential treatment option for FH. Recent studies have confirmed the efficacy of a recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 vector expressing the human LDL-c receptor gene in a mouse model, and this vector is currently in phase 2 clinical trials. Much progress has also been achieved in the fields of antisense oligonucleotide- and small interfering RNA-based gene therapies, which are in phase 1–2 clinical trials. In addition, novel approaches, such as the use of minicircle DNA vectors, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system, have shown great potential for FH therapy. However, the delivery system, immunogenicity, accuracy, and specificity of gene therapies limit their clinical applications. In this article, we discuss the current status of gene therapy and recent advances that will likely affect the clinical application of gene therapy for the treatment of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
| | - Lu-Ya Wang
- Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases
| | - Xiao-Shu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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9
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Lipid Metabolism and Emerging Targets for Lipid-Lowering Therapy. Can J Cardiol 2017; 33:872-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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10
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Kerr AG, Tam LC, Hale AB, Cioroch M, Douglas G, Channon KM, Wade-Martins R. Episomal Nonviral Gene Therapy Vectors Slow Progression of Atherosclerosis in a Model of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e383. [PMID: 27824334 PMCID: PMC5155321 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a life-threatening genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). Current attempts at gene therapy for FH have been limited by the use of strong heterologous promoters which lack genomic DNA elements essential for regulated expression. Here, we have combined a mini-gene vector expressing the human LDLR cDNA from a 10 kb native human LDLR locus genomic DNA promoter element, with an efficient miRNA targeting 3-hydroxy-3-methylgutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (Hmgcr), to further enhance LDLR expression. We show that the combined vector suppresses endogenous Hmgcr transcripts in vivo, leading to an increase in LDLR transgene expression. In a diet-induced Ldlr-/- mouse model of FH, we show that administration of the combined vector reduces atherogenic plasma lipids by ~32%. Finally, we demonstrate that our episomal nonviral vectors are able to reduce atherosclerosis by ~40% after 12 weeks in vivo. Taken together, the vector system we describe exploits the normal cellular regulation of the LDLR to provide prolonged expression of LDLR through targeted knockdown of Hmgcr. This novel gene therapy system could act alone, or in synergy with current therapies that modulate intracellular cholesterol, such as statins, greatly enhancing its therapeutic application for FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair G Kerr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lawrence Cs Tam
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashley B Hale
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Milena Cioroch
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gillian Douglas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ajufo E, Cuchel M. Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2016; 18:22. [PMID: 26980316 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a life-threatening Mendelian disorder with a mean life expectancy of 33 years despite maximally tolerated standard lipid-lowering therapies. This disease is an ideal candidate for gene therapy, and in the last few years, a number of exciting developments have brought this approach closer to the clinic than ever before. In this review, we discuss in detail the most advanced of these developments, a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) transgene which has recently entered phase 1/2a testing. We also review ongoing development of approaches to enhance transgene expression, improve the efficiency of hepatocyte transduction, and minimize the AAV capsid-specific adaptive immune response. We include a summary of key gene therapy approaches for HoFH in pre-clinical development, including RNA silencing of the gene encoding HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and induced pluripotent stem cell transplant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezim Ajufo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marina Cuchel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Xu W, Jafari M, Yuan F, Pan R, Chen B, Ding Y, Sheinin T, Chu D, Lu S, Yuan Y, Chen P. In vitro and in vivo therapeutic siRNA delivery induced by a tryptophan-rich endosomolytic peptide. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:6010-6019. [PMID: 32261853 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of medicine, gene therapy provides an effective way to treat a range of diseases by regulating defective genes at the root of the disease. Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) hold great promise as therapeutic agents in this domain; however, intracellular delivery remains a major obstacle to clinical applications of therapeutic siRNAs. Here we report a peptide designed to mediate siRNA delivery. This peptide, C6M1, is rationally designed to promote the endosomal escape ability of an existing peptide sequence. Formed C6M1-siRNA nanoscale complexes are able to deliver siRNA into cells and induce specific gene knockdown with low toxicity. The increased membrane disruption ability under acidic conditions of the peptide with tryptophan residue substitution may contribute to the enhanced gene silence efficacy. Intratumoral injection of the complexes results in a marked reduction of tumor growth through downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in mice. In addition, the C6M1-siRNA complex was proven safe at transfection concentration by cytotoxicity assay. These results demonstrate that the C6M1-siRNA complex is a potent system for efficient gene delivery in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Akadam-Teker B, Kurnaz O, Coskunpinar E, Daglar-Aday A, Kucukhuseyin O, Cakmak HA, Teker E, Bugra Z, Ozturk O, Yilmaz-Aydogan H. The effects of age and gender on the relationship between HMGCR promoter-911 SNP (rs33761740) and serum lipids in patients with coronary heart disease. Gene 2013; 528:93-8. [PMID: 23933271 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGCR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis. This enzyme is the target of the widely available cholesterol lowering statins. In this population-based case-control study, the frequencies of -911 C>A polymorphism (rs3761740) of the HMGCR gene in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and healthy subjects were investigated and the correlations between the different genotypes and hypercholesterolemia with cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed. METHODS The HMGCR genotypes were determined in 365 patients with CHD and 365 controls by PCR-RFLP assay. Anthropometric measurements were measured in all participants. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the genotype frequencies of the HMGCR polymorphism between the male subjects of both patient and control groups, however, the HMGCR-CC genotype was found to be more frequent in female patients with CHD than female controls (p=0.002). The HMGCR-CC genotype showed higher total-cholesterol (TC) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels than the CA+AA genotypes in male CHD patients (p=0.018). Due to this significant sex interaction, a multivariate analysis was conducted on the patient group. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the HMGCR-CC genotype was significantly associated with age<55 (OR=2.837, p=0.001) and TC ≥ 5.18 mmol/L (OR=1.970, p=0.027) in male subjects. However, this association was not observed in female patients (p>0.05). This analysis confirmed that the HMGCR-CC genotype was associated with elevated TC levels in male CHD patients with age<55 years. CONCLUSION These results suggest that age and sex modify the contribution of the HMGCR-911 polymorphism to fasting serum TC, LDL-C levels and risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Akadam-Teker
- Istanbul University, the Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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