1
|
Carmagnola D, Pellegrini G, Dellavia C, Rimondini L, Varoni E. Tissue engineering in periodontology: Biological mediators for periodontal regeneration. Int J Artif Organs 2019; 42:241-257. [DOI: 10.1177/0391398819828558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Teeth and the periodontal tissues represent a highly specialized functional system. When periodontal disease occurs, the periodontal complex, composed by alveolar bone, root cementum, periodontal ligament, and gingiva, can be lost. Periodontal regenerative medicine aims at recovering damaged periodontal tissues and their functions by different means, including the interaction of bioactive molecules, cells, and scaffolds. The application of growth factors, in particular, into periodontal defects has shown encouraging effects, driving the wound healing toward the full, multi-tissue periodontal regeneration, in a precise temporal and spatial order. The aim of the present comprehensive review is to update the state of the art concerning tissue engineering in periodontology, focusing on biological mediators and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carmagnola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Pellegrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Dellavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro,” Novara, Italy
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune & Allergic Diseases, CAAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro,” Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Varoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmed MF, El-Sayed AK, Chen H, Zhao R, Jin K, Zuo Q, Zhang Y, Li B. Direct conversion of mouse embryonic fibroblast to osteoblast cells using hLMP-3 with Yamanaka factors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 106:84-95. [PMID: 30453092 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Large bone defects and bone loss after fractures remain significant challenges for orthopedic surgeons. Our study aims to find an available, applicable and biological treatment for bone regeneration overcoming the limitations in ESC/iPSC technology. We directly reprogrammed the mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) into osteoblast cells using different combinations of Yamanaka factors with human lim mineralization protein-3 (hLMP-3). LMP is an intracellular LIM-domain protein acting as an effective positive regulator of the osteoblast differentiation. After transduction, cells were cultured in osteogenic medium, and then examined for osteoblast formation. The expression of osteogenic markers (BMP2, Runx2 and Osterix) during reprogramming and in vitro mineralization assay revealed that the best reprogramming cocktail was (c-Myc - Oct4) with hLMP-3. In addition, both immunofluorescent staining and western blot analysis confirmed that osteocalcin (OCN) expression increased in the cells treated with the c-Myc/Oct4/hLMP3 cocktail than using hLMP-3 alone. Furthermore, this reprogramming cocktail showed efficient healing in an induced femoral bone defect in rat animal model one month after transplantation. In the present study, we reported for the first time the effect of combining Yamanaka factors with hLMP-3 to induce osteoblast cells from MEF both in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Provience, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Provience, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Provience, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Provience, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Provience, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Provience, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the recent advances in gene therapy as a treatment for bone regeneration. While most fractures heal spontaneously, patients who present with fracture nonunion suffer from prolonged pain, disability, and often require additional operations to regain musculoskeletal function. RECENT FINDINGS In the last few years, BMP gene delivery by means of electroporation and sonoporation resulted in repair of nonunion bone defects in mice, rats, and minipigs. Ex vivo transfection of porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) resulted in bone regeneration following implantation in vertebral defects of minipigs. Sustained release of VEGF gene from a collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffold to the mandible of a human patient was shown to be safe and osteoinductive. In conclusion, gene therapy methods for bone regeneration are systematically becoming more efficient and show proof-of-concept in clinically relevant animal models. Yet, on the pathway to clinical use, more investigation is needed to determine the safety aspects of the various techniques in terms of biodistribution, toxicity, and tumorigenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Shapiro
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Lieber
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Gazit
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP-8304, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Gadi Pelled
- Skeletal Biotech Laboratory, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Ein Kerem, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP-8304, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang F, Song J, Zhang H, Huang E, Song D, Tollemar V, Wang J, Wang J, Mohammed M, Wei Q, Fan J, Liao J, Zou Y, Liu F, Hu X, Qu X, Chen L, Yu X, Luu HH, Lee MJ, He TC, Ji P. Wnt and BMP Signaling Crosstalk in Regulating Dental Stem Cells: Implications in Dental Tissue Engineering. Genes Dis 2016; 3:263-276. [PMID: 28491933 PMCID: PMC5421560 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth is a complex hard tissue organ and consists of multiple cell types that are regulated by important signaling pathways such as Wnt and BMP signaling. Serious injuries and/or loss of tooth or periodontal tissues may significantly impact aesthetic appearance, essential oral functions and the quality of life. Regenerative dentistry holds great promise in treating oral/dental disorders. The past decade has witnessed a rapid expansion of our understanding of the biological features of dental stem cells, along with the signaling mechanisms governing stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this review, we first summarize the biological characteristics of seven types of dental stem cells, including dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, dental follicle precursor cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and MSCs from gingiva. We then focus on how these stem cells are regulated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and/or Wnt signaling by examining the interplays between these pathways. Lastly, we analyze the current status of dental tissue engineering strategies that utilize oral/dental stem cells by harnessing the interplays between BMP and Wnt pathways. We also highlight the challenges that must be addressed before the dental stem cells may reach any clinical applications. Thus, we can expect to witness significant progresses to be made in regenerative dentistry in the coming decade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fugui Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jinglin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Enyi Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dongzhe Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Viktor Tollemar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Maryam Mohammed
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiaming Fan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junyi Liao
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yulong Zou
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xue Hu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiangyang Qu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liqun Chen
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xinyi Yu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hue H Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael J Lee
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China.,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, and the Affiliated Hospitals of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, and the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin Z, Rios HF, Cochran DL. Emerging regenerative approaches for periodontal reconstruction: a systematic review from the AAP Regeneration Workshop. J Periodontol 2016; 86:S134-52. [PMID: 25644297 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 30 years have passed since the first successful application of regenerative therapy for treatment of periodontal diseases. Despite being feasible, periodontal regeneration still faces numerous challenges, and complete restoration of structure and function of the diseased periodontium is often considered an unpredictable task. This review highlights developing basic science and technologies for potential application to achieve reconstruction of the periodontium. A comprehensive search of the electronic bibliographic database PubMed was conducted to identify different emerging therapeutic approaches reported to influence either biologic pathways and/or tissues involved in periodontal regeneration. Each citation was assessed based on its abstract, and the full text of potentially eligible reports was retrieved. Based on the review of the full papers, their suitability for inclusion in this report was determined. In principle, only reports from scientifically well-designed studies that presented preclinical in vivo (animal studies) or clinical (human studies) evidence for successful periodontal regeneration were included. Hence, in vitro studies, namely those conducted in laboratories without any live animals, were excluded. In case of especially recent and relevant reviews with a narrow focus on specific regenerative approaches, they were identified as such, and thereby the option of referring to them to summarize the status of a specific approach, in addition to or instead of listing each separately, was preserved. Admittedly, the presence of subjectivity in the selection of studies to include in this overview cannot be excluded. However, it is believed that the contemporary approaches described in this review collectively represent the current efforts that have reported preclinical or clinical methods to successfully enhance regeneration of the periodontium. Today's challenges facing periodontal regenerative therapy continue to stimulate important research and clinical development, which, in turn, shapes the current concept of periodontal tissue engineering. Emerging technologies--such as stem cell therapy, bone anabolic agents, genetic approaches, and nanomaterials--also offer unique opportunities to enhance the predictability of current regenerative surgical approaches and inspire development of novel treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Lin
- Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Larsson L, Decker AM, Nibali L, Pilipchuk SP, Berglundh T, Giannobile WV. Regenerative Medicine for Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases. J Dent Res 2015; 95:255-66. [PMID: 26608580 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515618887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between bone resorption and bone formation is vital for maintenance and regeneration of alveolar bone and supporting structures around teeth and dental implants. Tissue regeneration in the oral cavity is regulated by multiple cell types, signaling mechanisms, and matrix interactions. A goal for periodontal tissue engineering/regenerative medicine is to restore oral soft and hard tissues through cell, scaffold, and/or signaling approaches to functional and aesthetic oral tissues. Bony defects in the oral cavity can vary significantly, ranging from smaller intrabony lesions resulting from periodontal or peri-implant diseases to large osseous defects that extend through the jaws as a result of trauma, tumor resection, or congenital defects. The disparity in size and location of these alveolar defects is compounded further by patient-specific and environmental factors that contribute to the challenges in periodontal regeneration, peri-implant tissue regeneration, and alveolar ridge reconstruction. Efforts have been made over the last few decades to produce reliable and predictable methods to stimulate bone regeneration in alveolar bone defects. Tissue engineering/regenerative medicine provide new avenues to enhance tissue regeneration by introducing bioactive models or constructing patient-specific substitutes. This review presents an overview of therapies (e.g., protein, gene, and cell based) and biomaterials (e.g., resorbable, nonresorbable, and 3-dimensionally printed) used for alveolar bone engineering around teeth and implants and for implant site development, with emphasis on most recent findings and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Larsson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A M Decker
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Nibali
- Periodontology Unit and Department of Clinical Research, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - S P Pilipchuk
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - W V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suárez-López del Amo F, Monje A, Padial-Molina M, Tang Z, Wang HL. Biologic Agents for Periodontal Regeneration and Implant Site Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:957518. [PMID: 26509173 PMCID: PMC4609805 DOI: 10.1155/2015/957518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of molecular mediators or biologic agents has increased tremendously during the last decade in periodontology and dental implantology. Implant site development and reconstruction of the lost periodontium represent main fields in which these molecular mediators have been employed and investigated. Different growth factors trigger different reactions in the tissues of the periodontium at various cellular levels. Proliferation, migration, and differentiation constitute the main target areas of these molecular mediators. It was the purpose of this comprehensive review to describe the origin and rationale, evidence, and the most current understanding of the following biologic agents: Recombinant Human Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB), Enamel Matrix Derivate (EMD), Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF), Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (rhFGF-2), Bone Morphogenic Proteins (BMPs, BMP-2 and BMP-7), Teriparatide PTH, and Growth Differential Factor-5 (GDF-5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Monje
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Miguel Padial-Molina
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - ZhiHui Tang
- 2nd Clinical Division, Peking University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Hom-Lay Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Rose L, Uludağ H. Realizing the potential of gene-based molecular therapies in bone repair. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:2245-62. [PMID: 23553878 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of osteogenesis at genetic and biochemical levels is yielding new molecular entities that can modulate bone regeneration and potentially act as novel therapies in a clinical setting. These new entities are motivating alternative approaches for bone repair by utilizing DNA-derived expression systems, as well as RNA-based regulatory molecules controlling the fate of cells involved in osteogenesis. These sophisticated mediators of osteogenesis, however, pose unique delivery challenges that are not obvious in deployment of conventional therapeutic agents. Viral and nonviral delivery systems are actively pursued in preclinical animal models to realize the potential of the gene-based medicines. This article will summarize promising bone-inducing molecular agents on the horizon as well as provide a critical review of delivery systems employed for their administration. Special attention was paid to synthetic (nonviral) delivery systems because they are more likely to be adopted for clinical testing because of safety considerations. We present a comparative analysis of dose-response relationships, as well as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of various approaches, with the purpose of clearly defining the current frontier in the field. We conclude with the authors' perspective on the future of gene-based therapy of bone defects, articulating promising research avenues to advance the field of clinical bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xia D, Sumita Y, Liu Y, Tai Y, Wang J, Uehara M, Agata H, Kagami H, Fan Z, Asahina I, Wang S, Tran SD. GDFs promote tenogenic characteristics on human periodontal ligament-derived cells in culture at late passages. Growth Factors 2013; 31:165-73. [PMID: 24079397 DOI: 10.3109/08977194.2013.830611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tendon/ligament injures are leading disabilities worldwide. The periodontal ligament (PDL) connects teeth to bone, and is comparable to a tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion. PDL-derived cells (PDLCs) express both osteo/cementogenesis and teno/ligamentogenesis genes. However, an efficient method to induce a tenogenic differentiation of PDLCs has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, this study tested if growth/differentiation factors (GDFs) enhanced tenogenic characteristics of human PDLCs, as a potential cell source for tendon/ligament engineering. Results demonstrated recombinant GDF-5/GDF-7 inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of PDLCs from passage 3 to 6, while GDF-5 enhanced ALP in dental pulp-derived cells and mesenchymal stem cells. GDF-5 (particularly at 10 ng/ml concentration) induced high expression of both early (scleraxis) and mature (tenomodulin, aggrecan, collagen3) tenogenic genes in P4-6 PDLCs, while inhibiting expression of specific transcription-factors for osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Exogenous GDFs might lead PDLCs being expanded in culture during several passages to highly useful cell source for tendon/ligament engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengsheng Xia
- Salivary Gland Disease Center and Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy & Tooth Regeneration, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology , Beijing , China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rao SM, Ugale GM, Warad SB. Bone morphogenetic proteins: periodontal regeneration. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:161-8. [PMID: 23626951 PMCID: PMC3632019 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.109175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease that results in attachment loss and bone loss. Regeneration of the periodontal tissues entails de novo formation of cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Several different approaches are currently being explored to achieve complete, reliable, and reproducible regeneration of periodontal tissues. The therapeutic management of new bone formation is one of the key issues in successful periodontal regeneration. Bone morphogenetic proteins form a unique group of proteins within the transforming growth factor superfamily of genes and have a vital role in the regulation in the bone induction and maintenance. The activity of bone morphogenetic proteins was first identified in the 1960s, but the proteins responsible for bone induction were unknown until the purification and cloning of human bone morphogenetic proteins in the 1980s, because of their osteoinductive potential. Bone morphogenetic proteins have gained a lot of interest as therapeutic agents for treating periodontal defects. A systematic search for data related to the use of bone morphogenetic proteins for the regeneration of periodontal defects was performed to recognize studies on animals and human (PUBMED, MEDLINE, COCHRANE, and Google search). All the studies included showed noticeable regeneration of periodontal tissues with the use of BMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam M Rao
- Department of Periodontics, P M Nadagowda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim JY, Kim MR, Kim SJ. Modulation of osteoblastic/odontoblastic differentiation of adult mesenchymal stem cells through gene introduction: a brief review. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 39:55-62. [PMID: 24471019 PMCID: PMC3858145 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2013.39.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is one of the important therapeutic approaches to the regeneration of bones in the entire field of regeneration medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are actively discussed as material for bone tissue engineering due to their ability to differentiate into autologous bone. MSCs are able to differentiate into different lineages: osteo/odontogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic. The tissue of origin for MSCs defines them as bone marrow-derived stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and, among many others, dental stem cells. According to the tissue of origin, DSCs are further stratified into dental pulp stem cells, periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, dental follicle precursor cells, and dental papilla cells. There are numerous in vitro/in vivo reports suggesting successful mineralization potential or osteo/odontogenic ability of MSCs. Still, there is further need for the optimization of MSCs-based tissue engineering methods, and the introduction of genes related to osteo/odontogenic differentiation into MSCs might aid in the process. In this review, articles that reported enhanced osteo/odontogenic differentiation with gene introduction into MSCs will be discussed to provide a background for successful bone tissue engineering using MSCs with artificially introduced genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Youn Kim
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Myung-Rae Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mok-dong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Jong Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ewha Womans University Mok-dong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|