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Mazurov D, Herschhorn A. Ultrasensitive quantification of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission in primary human CD4 + T cells measures viral sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies. mBio 2024; 15:e0242823. [PMID: 38063394 PMCID: PMC10790777 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02428-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV-1 can efficiently transmit from one cell to another but accurate quantification of this mode of transmission is still challenging. Here, we developed an ultrasensitive assay to measure HIV-1 transmission between cells and to evaluate HIV-1 escape from broadly neutralizing antibodies in primary human T cells. This assay will contribute to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission, allow evaluation of pre-existing or acquired HIV-1 resistance in clinical trials, and can be adapted to study the biology of other retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Mazurov
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alon Herschhorn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Engineering in Medicine, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- The College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Sequence Determinants in Gammaretroviral Env Cytoplasmic Tails Dictate Virus-Specific Pseudotyping Compatibility. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02172-18. [PMID: 30894464 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02172-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses can incorporate foreign glycoproteins to form infectious particles through a process known as pseudotyping. However, not all glycoproteins are compatible with all viruses. Despite the fact that viral pseudotyping is widely used, what makes a virus/glycoprotein pair compatible is poorly understood. To study this, we chose to analyze a gammaretroviral glycoprotein (Env) whose compatibility with different viruses could be modulated through small changes in its cytoplasmic tail (CT). One form of this glycoprotein is compatible with murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles but incompatible with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles, while the second is compatible with HIV-1 particles but not with MLV particles. To decipher the factors affecting virus-specific Env incompatibility, we characterized Env incorporation, maturation, cell-to-cell fusogenicity, and virus-to-cell fusogenicity of each Env. The HIV-1 particle incompatibility correlated with less efficient cleavage of the R peptide by HIV-1 protease. However, the MLV particle incompatibility was more nuanced. MLV incompatibility appeared to be caused by lack of incorporation into particles, yet incorporation could be restored by further truncating the CT or by using a chimeric MLV Gag protein containing the HIV-1 MA without fully restoring infectivity. The MLV particle incompatibility appeared to be caused in part by fusogenic repression in MLV particles through an unknown mechanism. This study demonstrates that the Env CT can dictate functionality of Env within particles in a virus-specific manner.IMPORTANCE Viruses utilize viral glycoproteins to efficiently enter target cells during infection. How viruses acquire viral glycoproteins has been studied to understand the pathogenesis of viruses and develop safer and more efficient viral vectors for gene therapies. The CTs of viral glycoproteins have been shown to regulate various stages of glycoprotein biogenesis, but a gap still remains in understanding the molecular mechanism of glycoprotein acquisition and functionality regarding the CT. Here, we studied the mechanism of how specific mutations in the CT of a gammaretroviral envelope glycoprotein distinctly affect infectivity of two different viruses. Different mutations caused failure of glycoproteins to function in a virus-specific manner due to distinct fusion defects, suggesting that there are virus-specific characteristics affecting glycoprotein functionality.
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3
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Zhang P, Raju J, Ullah MA, Au R, Varelias A, Gartlan KH, Olver SD, Samson LD, Sturgeon E, Zomerdijk N, Avery J, Gargett T, Brown MP, Coin LJ, Ganesamoorthy D, Hutchins C, Pratt GR, Kennedy GA, Morton AJ, Curley CI, Hill GR, Tey SK. Phase I Trial of Inducible Caspase 9 T Cells in Adult Stem Cell Transplant Demonstrates Massive Clonotypic Proliferative Potential and Long-term Persistence of Transgenic T Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:1749-1755. [PMID: 30765390 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) is a cellular safety switch that can make T-cell therapy safer. The purpose of this phase I trial was to investigate the use of iCasp9-transduced T-cell addback in adult patients undergoing haploidentical stem cell transplantation for high-risk hematologic malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients undergoing myeloablative, CD34-selected haploidentical stem cell transplantation were treated with 0.5-1.0 × 106/kg donor-derived iCasp9-transduced T cells on day +25 or 26 post-transplant, with additional doses allowed for disease relapse, infection, or mixed chimerism. RESULTS Three patients were enrolled. iCasp9-transduced T cells were readily detectable by 4 weeks post-infusion in all patients and remained at high level (114 cells/μL, 11% of T cells) in 1 patient alive at 3.6 years. One patient developed donor-derived Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (EBV-PTLD), which was followed by a marked expansion of iCasp9 T cells and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). These iCasp9-transduced T cells infiltrated the affected lymph nodes and secreted IFNγ and IL-10. They peaked at 1,848 cells/μL and were found to be monoclonal by T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotype and oligoclonal by viral integrant analysis, representing a 6-log in vivo expansion of the dominant T-cell clone. These T cells were not autonomous and contracted with the resolution of EBV-PTLD, which did not recur. CONCLUSIONS iCasp9-transduced T cells could persist long-term. They retained very high in vivo clonotypic proliferative capacity and function, and could cause CRS in response to de novo lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyothy Raju
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Ashik Ullah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Raymond Au
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Antiopi Varelias
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kate H Gartlan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart D Olver
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luke D Samson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elise Sturgeon
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nienke Zomerdijk
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judy Avery
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tessa Gargett
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lachlan J Coin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Devika Ganesamoorthy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheryl Hutchins
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary R Pratt
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glen A Kennedy
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - A James Morton
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cameron I Curley
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Siok-Keen Tey
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Pasquier A, Alais S, Roux L, Thoulouze MI, Alvarez K, Journo C, Dutartre H, Mahieux R. How to Control HTLV-1-Associated Diseases: Preventing de Novo Cellular Infection Using Antiviral Therapy. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:278. [PMID: 29593659 PMCID: PMC5859376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five to ten million individuals are infected by Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1). HTLV-1 is transmitted through prolonged breast-feeding, by sexual contacts and by transmission of infected T lymphocytes through blood transfusion. One to ten percent of infected carriers will develop a severe HTLV-1-associated disease: Adult-T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), or a neurological disorder named Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM). In vivo, HTLV-1 is mostly detected in CD4+ T-cells, and to a lesser extent in CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells. There is a strong correlation between HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and clinical status of infected individuals. Thus, reducing PVL could be part of a strategy to prevent or treat HTLV-1-associated diseases among carriers. Treatment of ATLL patients using conventional chemotherapy has very limited benefit. Some chronic and acute ATLL patients are, however, efficiently treated with a combination of interferon α and zidovudine (IFN-α/AZT), to which arsenic trioxide is added in some cases. On the other hand, no efficient treatment for TSP/HAM patients has been described yet. It is therefore crucial to develop therapies that could either prevent the occurrence of HTLV-1-associated diseases or at least block the evolution of the disease in the early stages. In vivo, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity is low in infected cells, which is correlated with a clonal mode of viral replication. This renders infected cells resistant to nucleoside RT inhibitors such as AZT. However, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) associated to AZT efficiently induces viral expression and prevent de novo cellular infection. In asymptomatic STLV-1 infected non-human primates, HDACi/AZT combination allows a strong decrease in the PVL. Unfortunately, rebound in the PVL occurs when the treatment is stopped, highlighting the need for better antiviral compounds. Here, we review previously used strategies targeting HTLV-1 replication. We also tested a series of HIV-1 RT inhibitors in an in vitro anti-HTLV-1 screen, and report that bis-POM-PMEA (adefovir dipivoxil) and bis-POC-PMPA (tenofovir disoproxil) are much more efficient compared to AZT to decrease HTLV-1 cell-to-cell transmission in vitro. Our results suggest that revisiting already established antiviral drugs is an interesting approach to discover new anti-HTLV-1 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Pasquier
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Loic Roux
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Maria-Isabel Thoulouze
- "Biofilm and Viral Transmission" Team, Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- CNRS UMR 7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Journo
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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Shunaeva A, Potashnikova D, Pichugin A, Mishina A, Filatov A, Nikolaitchik O, Hu WS, Mazurov D. Improvement of HIV-1 and Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Replication-Dependent Vectors via Optimization of Reporter Gene Reconstitution and Modification with Intronic Short Hairpin RNA. J Virol 2015; 89:10591-601. [PMID: 26269177 PMCID: PMC4580202 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01940-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell-to-cell transmission is an efficient mechanism to disseminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). However, it has been challenging to quantify the level of cell-to-cell transmission because the virus-producing cells cannot be easily distinguished from infected target cells. We have previously described replication-dependent vectors that can quantify infection events in cocultured cells. These vectors contain an antisense-oriented promoter and reporter gene interrupted by a sense-oriented intron from the human gamma-globin gene. This strategy prevents expression of the reporter gene in the transfected cells but permits its expression in target cells after infection. However, the gamma-globin intron is not efficiently removed by splicing in the aforementioned vectors, thereby reducing the level of reporter gene expression after transduction into target cells. Here, we used two approaches to improve the replication-dependent vectors. First, we improved the splicing events that remove the gamma-globin intron by optimizing the intron insertion site within the reporter gene. Second, we improved the packaging of the spliced RNA without the gamma-globin intron by targeting the intron-containing RNA via microRNA 30 (miR30)-based short hairpin RNAs. Using two optimized fluorescent reporter vectors and flow cytometry, we determined that multiply HIV-1-infected cells were generated at a higher frequency in coculture than in cell-free infection; furthermore, this increase was dependent upon viruses bearing HIV-1 Env. Compared with previously described vectors, these improved vectors can quantify the infection in lymphocytes and in primary cells with a higher sensitivity and allow the detection and quantitation of multiply infected cells, providing better tools to study retroviral cell-mediated infection. IMPORTANCE The human-pathogenic retroviruses HTLV-1 and HIV-1 can be transmitted more efficiently in vivo via direct contact of infected cells with healthy target cells than through cell-free virion-mediated infection. Despite its importance, cell-to-cell transmission has been difficult to quantify because the previously infected cells and the newly infected cells are mixed together in the same culture. In the current study, we generated vectors that are significantly improved over the previously described replication-dependent vectors. As a result, these improved vectors can efficiently detect and quantify cell-to-cell transmission or new infection events in cells in mixed culture. These luciferase- or fluorescence protein-based reporter vectors can be used to quantify and study HIV-1 or HTLV-1 cell-mediated infection in a simple one-step transfection/infection assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olga Nikolaitchik
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei-Shau Hu
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Retrovirus glycoprotein functionality requires proper alignment of the ectodomain and the membrane-proximal cytoplasmic tail. J Virol 2013; 87:12805-13. [PMID: 24049172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01847-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonnative viral glycoproteins, including Friend murine leukemia virus envelope (F-MLV Env) are actively recruited to HIV-1 assembly sites by an unknown mechanism. Because interactions with the lipid microenvironment at budding sites could contribute to recruitment, we examined the contribution of the hydrophobicity of the F-MLV Env membrane-spanning domain (MSD) to its incorporation into HIV-1 particles. A series of F-MLV Env mutants that added or deleted one, two, or three leucines in the MSD were constructed. All six mutants retained the ability to be incorporated into HIV-1 particles, but the -1L, -2L, -3L, +1L, and +2L mutants were not capable of producing infectious particles. Surprisingly, the +3L Env glycoprotein was able to produce infectious particles and was constitutively fusogenic. However, when the cytoplasmic tail domains (CTDs) in the Env constructs were deleted, all six of the MSD mutants were able to produce infectious particles. Further mutational analyses revealed that the first 10 amino acids of the CTD is a critical regulator of infectivity. A similar phenotype was observed in HIV-1 Env upon addition of leucines in the MSD, with +1 and +2 leucine mutations greatly reducing Env activity, but +3 leucine mutations behaving similar to the wild type. Unlike F-MLV Env (+1L and +2L), HIV-1 Env (+1L and +2L) infectivity was not restored by deletion of the CTD. We hypothesize that the CTD forms a coiled-coil that disrupts the protein's functionality if it is not in phase with the trimer interface of the ectodomain.
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Hempel HA, Burns KH, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS. Infection of Xenotransplanted Human Cell Lines by Murine Retroviruses: A Lesson Brought Back to Light by XMRV. Front Oncol 2013; 3:156. [PMID: 23785669 PMCID: PMC3683812 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of xenotransplanted human cells by xenotropic retroviruses is a known phenomenon in the scientific literature, with examples cited since the early 1970s. However, arguably, until recently, the importance of this phenomenon had not been largely recognized. The emergence and subsequent debunking of Xenotropic Murine leukemia virus-Related Virus (XMRV) as a cell culture contaminant as opposed to a potential pathogen in several human diseases, notably prostate cancer and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, highlighted a potential problem of murine endogenous gammaretroviruses infecting commonly used human cell lines. Subsequent to the discovery of XMRV, many additional cell lines that underwent xenotransplantation in mice have been shown to harbor murine gammaretroviruses. Such retroviral infection poses the threat of not only confounding experiments performed in these cell lines via virus-induced changes in cellular behavior but also the potential infection of other cell lines cultured in the same laboratory. Thus, the possibility of xenotropic retroviral infection of cell lines may warrant additional precautions, such as periodic testing for retroviral sequences in cell lines cultured in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Hempel
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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