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Ma M, Xie Y, Liu J, Wu L, Liu Y, Qin X. Biological effects of IL-21 on immune cells and its potential for cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111154. [PMID: 37977064 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is one of the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune system. Produced by various immune cells, IL-21 has pleiotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune responses via regulation of natural killer, T, and B cells. An anti-tumor role of IL-21 has also been reported in the literature, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the tumor cell. Anti-tumor effect of IL-21 enhances when combined with other agents that target tumor cells, immune regulatory circuits, or other immune-enhancing molecules. Therefore, understanding the biology of IL-21 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and reducing its systemic toxic and side effects is crucial to ensure the maximum benefits of anti-tumor treatment strategies. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the biological functions, roles in tumors, and the recent advances in preclinical and clinical research of IL-21 in tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lina Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaosong Qin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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2
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Boosting In-Vivo Anti-Tumor Immunity with an Oral Microparticulate Breast Cancer Vaccine and Low-Dose Cyclophosphamide. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030543. [PMID: 36992127 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells express antigens that should induce immune-mediated rejection; however, spontaneous rejection of established tumors is rare. Recent evidence suggests that patients suffering from cancer exhibit an elevation in regulatory T cells population, a subset of CD4+ T cells, which suppress tumor recognition and elimination by cytotoxic T cells. This study investigates immunotherapeutic strategies to overcome the immunosuppressive effects exerted by regulatory T cells. A novel immunotherapeutic strategy was developed by simultaneous administration of oral microparticulate breast cancer vaccines and cyclophosphamide, a regulatory T cell inhibitor. Breast cancer vaccine microparticles were prepared by spray drying, and administered orally to female mice inoculated with 4TO7 murine breast cancer cells in combination with a low dose of intraperitoneally administered cyclophosphamide. Mice receiving the combination of vaccine microparticles and cyclophosphamide exhibited maximal tumor regression and the highest survival rate compared with the control groups. This study highlights the importance of cancer vaccination along with regulatory T cell depletion in cancer therapy, and suggests that a low dose of cyclophosphamide that specifically and significantly depletes regulatory T cells may be a highly effective immunotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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3
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Zheng B, Peng W, Gan L, Guo M, Wang S, Zhang XD, Ming D. Sendai virus-based immunoadjuvant in hydrogel vaccine intensity-modulated dendritic cells activation for suppressing tumorigenesis. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3879-3891. [PMID: 33937591 PMCID: PMC8076650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional immunoadjuvants in vaccine have weak effect on stimulating antigen presentation and activating anti-tumor immunity. Unexpectedly, we discovered that non-pathogenic Sendai virus (SeV) could activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) represented by dendritic cells (DCs). Here, we designed an injectable SeV-based hydrogel vaccine (SHV) to execute multi-channel recruitment and stimulation of DCs for boosting the specific immune response against tumors. After the release of the NIR-triggered antigens from tumor cells, dendritic cells around the vaccine efficiently transport the antigens to lymph nodes and present them to T lymphocytes, thereby inducing systemic anti-tumor immune memory. Our findings demonstrated that the SHV with excellent universality, convenience and flexibility has achieved better immune protection effects in inhibiting the occurrence of melanoma and breast cancer. In conclusion, the SHV system might serve as the next generation of personalized anti-tumor vaccines with enhanced features over standard vaccination regimens, and represented an alternative way to suppress tumorigenesis. SeV served as immuneadjuvant can activate APCs through TLR7/8 and TLR3 pathways. Non-pathogenic SeV in the injectable hydrogel vaccine recruit and activate DCs. Tumor cells acted as an “antigen library” to release all antigens by NIR-trigger. Fragmented DNA from tumor cells after photothermal damage activated STING pathway. The synergy effect of SHV and aOX40 greatly enhanced anti-tumor immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Wenchang Peng
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Corresponding author. Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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4
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Wang M, Ping Y, Li Z, Li J, Zhang Z, Yue D, Chen X, Wang L, Huang L, Huang J, Yang L, Zhao X, Yang S, Li H, Shi J, Li J, Zhang Y. Polarization of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells by hepatitis C core protein is mediated via IL-10/STAT3 signalling. J Viral Hepat 2019; 26:246-257. [PMID: 30339295 PMCID: PMC7379525 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been described as suppressors of T-cell function in many malignancies. Impaired T-cell responses have been observed in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (CHC), which is reportedly associated with the establishment of persistent HCV infection. Therefore, we hypothesized that MDSCs also play a role in chronic HCV infection. MDSCs in the peripheral blood of 206 patients with CHC and 20 healthy donors were analyzed by flow cytometry. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy donors cultured with hepatitis C virus core protein (HCVc) were stimulated with or without interleukin 10 (IL-10). Compared to healthy donors and certain CHC patients with sustained viral response (SVR), CHC patients without SVR presented with a dramatic elevation of G-MDSCs with the HLA-DR-/low CD33+ CD14- CD11b+ phenotype in peripheral blood. The frequency of G-MDSCs in CHC patients was positively correlated with serum HCVc, and G-MDSCs were induced from healthy PBMCs by adding exogenous HCVc. Furthermore, we revealed a potential mechanism by which HCVc mediates G-MDSC polarization; activation of ERK1/2 resulting in IL-10 production and IL-10-activated STAT3 signalling. Finally, we confirmed that HCVc-induced G-MDSCs suppress the proliferation and production of IFN-γ in autologous T-cells. We also found that the frequency of G-MDSCs in serum was associated with CHC prognosis. HCVc maintains immunosuppression by promoting IL-10/STAT3-dependent differentiation of G-MDSCs from PBMCs, resulting in the impaired functioning of T-cells. G-MDSCs may thus be a promising biomarker for predicting prognosis of CHC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yu Ping
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Infectious DiseasesThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jieyao Li
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Dongli Yue
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xinfeng Chen
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lan Huang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jianmin Huang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Li Yang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Shuangning Yang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Hong Li
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jijing Shi
- The First People's Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Department of OncologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina,Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and BiotherapyZhengzhouHenanChina
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5
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Hargadon KM. Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Melanoma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1594. [PMID: 29209327 PMCID: PMC5702020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive form of skin cancer that frequently metastasizes to vital organs, where it is often difficult to treat with traditional therapies such as surgery and radiation. In such cases of metastatic disease, immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as an exciting treatment option for melanoma patients. Despite unprecedented successes with immune therapy in the clinic, many patients still experience disease relapse, and others fail to respond at all, thus highlighting the need to better understand factors that influence the efficacy of antitumor immune responses. At the heart of antitumor immunity are dendritic cells (DCs), an innate population of cells that function as critical regulators of immune tolerance and activation. As such, DCs have the potential to serve as important targets and delivery agents of cancer immunotherapies. Even immunotherapies that do not directly target or employ DCs, such as checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive cell transfer therapy, are likely to rely on DCs that shape the quality of therapy-associated antitumor immunity. Therefore, understanding factors that regulate the function of tumor-associated DCs is critical for optimizing both current and future immunotherapeutic strategies for treating melanoma. To this end, this review focuses on advances in our understanding of DC function in the context of melanoma, with particular emphasis on (1) the role of immunogenic cell death in eliciting tumor-associated DC activation, (2) immunosuppression of DC function by melanoma-associated factors in the tumor microenvironment, (3) metabolic constraints on the activation of tumor-associated DCs, and (4) the role of the microbiome in shaping the immunogenicity of DCs and the overall quality of anti-melanoma immune responses they mediate. Additionally, this review highlights novel DC-based immunotherapies for melanoma that are emerging from recent progress in each of these areas of investigation, and it discusses current issues and questions that will need to be addressed in future studies aimed at optimizing the function of melanoma-associated DCs and the antitumor immune responses they direct against this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M. Hargadon
- Hargadon Laboratory, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, VA, United States
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6
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Kim N, Nam YS, Im KI, Lim JY, Lee ES, Jeon YW, Cho SG. IL-21-Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent Lethal B-Cell Lymphoma Through Efficient Delivery of IL-21, Which Redirects the Immune System to Target the Tumor. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2808-21. [PMID: 26415081 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21, a proinflammatory cytokine, has been developed as an immunotherapeutic approach due to its effects on various lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells; however, the clinical success in cancer patients has been limited. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as vehicles for cancer gene therapy due to their inherent migratory abilities toward tumors. In the present study, we hypothesized that MSCs, genetically modified to express high levels of IL-21 (IL-21/MSCs), can enhance antitumor responses through localized delivery of IL-21. For tumor induction, BALB/c mice were injected intravenously with syngeneic A20 B-cell lymphoma cells to develop a disseminated B-cell lymphoma model. Then, 6 days following tumor induction, the tumor-bearing mice were treated with IL-21/MSCs weekly, four times. Systemic infusion of A20 cells led to hind-leg paralysis as well as severe liver metastasis in the control group. The IL-21/MSC-treated group showed delayed tumor incidence as well as improved survival, whereas the MSC- and recombinant adenovirus-expressing IL-21 (rAD/IL-21)-treated groups did not show significant differences from the untreated mice. These therapeutic effects were associated with high levels of IL-21 delivered to the liver, which prevented the formation of tumor nodules. Furthermore, the infusion of IL-21/MSCs led to induction of effector T and NK cells, while potently inhibiting immune suppressor cells. Our findings demonstrate that IL-21-expressing MSCs have the therapeutic potential to induce potent antitumor effects against disseminated B-cell lymphoma through localized IL-21 delivery and induction of systemic antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoun Kim
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease , Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Nam
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease , Seoul, Korea
| | - Keon-Il Im
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Lim
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease , Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Sol Lee
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease , Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jeon
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- 1 Institute for Translational Research and Molecular Imaging, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea.,2 Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology, Catholic Blood and Marrow Transplantation Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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7
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Jin G, Zhao J, Yang YI, Liu K, Jiang Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Lu J, Dong Z. JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway mediates endothelial-like differentiation of immature dendritic cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3471-3477. [PMID: 26788152 PMCID: PMC4665379 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-like differentiation (ELD) of dendritic cells (DCs) is a poorly understood phenomenon. The present study evaluated the effect on the ELD of DCs by using human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells with high or poor differentiation. The results demonstrated that KYSE450 (highly differentiated) and KYSE70 (poorly differentiated) cell supernatants induce the differentiation of immature DCs (iDCs), derived from healthy adult volunteers, away from the DC pathway and towards an endothelial cell (EC) fate. This effect was strongest in the cells treated with the KYSE70 supernatant. During the ELD of iDCs, sustained activation of JAK (janus tyrosine kinase)/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling was detected. Incubation of iDCs with the JAK inhibitor, AG490 blocked JAK/STAT3 phosphorylation and iDC differentiation. These results suggested that the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway mediates ELD of iDCs. Furthermore, the poorly differentiated ESCC cells may have a greater effect on the ELD of iDCs than highly differentiated ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguo Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Y I Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Youtian Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ziming Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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8
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IL-21: a pleiotropic cytokine with potential applications in oncology. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:696578. [PMID: 25961061 PMCID: PMC4413888 DOI: 10.1155/2015/696578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin- (IL-) 21 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the activity of both innate and specific immunity. Indeed, it costimulates T and natural killer (NK) cell proliferation and function and regulates B cell survival and differentiation and the function of dendritic cells. In addition, IL-21 exerts divergent effects on different lymphoid cell leukemia and lymphomas, as it may support cell proliferation or on the contrary induce growth arrest or apoptosis of the neoplastic lymphoid cells. Several preclinical studies showed that IL-21 has antitumor activity in different tumor models, through mechanism involving the activation of NK and T or B cell responses. Moreover, IL-21's antitumor activity can be potentiated by its combination with other immune-enhancing molecules, monoclonal antibodies recognizing tumor antigens, chemotherapy, or molecular targeted agents. Clinical phase I-II studies of IL-21 in cancer patients showed immune stimulatory properties, acceptable toxicity profile, and antitumor effects in a fraction of patients. In view of its tolerability, IL-21 is also suitable for combinational therapeutic regimens with other agents. This review will summarize the biological functions of IL-21, and address its role in lymphoid malignancies and preclinical and clinical studies of cancer immunotherapy.
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Zhang R, Liu TY, Senju S, Haruta M, Hirosawa N, Suzuki M, Tatsumi M, Ueda N, Maki H, Nakatsuka R, Matsuoka Y, Sasaki Y, Tsuzuki S, Nakanishi H, Araki R, Abe M, Akatsuka Y, Sakamoto Y, Sonoda Y, Nishimura Y, Kuzushima K, Uemura Y. Generation of mouse pluripotent stem cell-derived proliferating myeloid cells as an unlimited source of functional antigen-presenting cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:668-77. [PMID: 25672396 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of dendritic cells (DC) to prime tumor-associated antigen-specific T-cell responses provides a promising approach to cancer immunotherapy. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) can differentiate into functional DCs, thus providing an unlimited source of DCs. However, the previously established methods of generating practical volumes of DCs from pluripotent stem cells (PSC) require a large number of PSCs at the start of the differentiation culture. In this study, we generated mouse proliferating myeloid cells (pMC) as a source of antigen-presenting cells (APC) using lentivirus-mediated transduction of the c-Myc gene into mouse PSC-derived myeloid cells. The pMCs could propagate almost indefinitely in a cytokine-dependent manner, while retaining their potential to differentiate into functional APCs. After treatment with IL4 plus GM-CSF, the pMCs showed impaired proliferation and differentiated into immature DC-like cells (pMC-DC) expressing low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I, MHC-II, CD40, CD80, and CD86. In addition, exposure to maturation stimuli induced the production of TNFα and IL12p70, and enhanced the expression of MHC-II, CD40, and CD86, which is thus suggestive of typical DC maturation. Similar to bone marrow-derived DCs, they stimulated a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction. Furthermore, the in vivo transfer of pMC-DCs pulsed with H-2K(b)-restricted OVA257-264 peptide primed OVA-specific cytotoxic T cells and elicited protection in mice against challenge with OVA-expressing melanoma. Overall, myeloid cells exhibiting cytokine-dependent proliferation and DC-like differentiation may be used to address issues associated with the preparation of DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tian-Yi Liu
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan. Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Miwa Haruta
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Narumi Hirosawa
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Division of Analytical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoharu Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Minako Tatsumi
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihiro Ueda
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maki
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nakatsuka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Matsuoka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tsuzuki
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayao Nakanishi
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoko Araki
- Transcriptome Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masumi Abe
- Transcriptome Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Akatsuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sakamoto
- Department of Biomedical Research Center, Division of Analytical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sonoda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nishimura
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kuzushima
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan.
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