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Lentiviral Vectors for Delivery of Gene-Editing Systems Based on CRISPR/Cas: Current State and Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071288. [PMID: 34372494 PMCID: PMC8310029 DOI: 10.3390/v13071288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas technology has revolutionized the fields of the genome- and epigenome-editing by supplying unparalleled control over genomic sequences and expression. Lentiviral vector (LV) systems are one of the main delivery vehicles for the CRISPR/Cas systems due to (i) its ability to carry bulky and complex transgenes and (ii) sustain robust and long-term expression in a broad range of dividing and non-dividing cells in vitro and in vivo. It is thus reasonable that substantial effort has been allocated towards the development of the improved and optimized LV systems for effective and accurate gene-to-cell transfer of CRISPR/Cas tools. The main effort on that end has been put towards the improvement and optimization of the vector’s expression, development of integrase-deficient lentiviral vector (IDLV), aiming to minimize the risk of oncogenicity, toxicity, and pathogenicity, and enhancing manufacturing protocols for clinical applications required large-scale production. In this review, we will devote attention to (i) the basic biology of lentiviruses, and (ii) recent advances in the development of safer and more efficient CRISPR/Cas vector systems towards their use in preclinical and clinical applications. In addition, we will discuss in detail the recent progress in the repurposing of CRISPR/Cas systems related to base-editing and prime-editing applications.
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Miterko LN, Lin T, Zhou J, van der Heijden ME, Beckinghausen J, White JJ, Sillitoe RV. Neuromodulation of the cerebellum rescues movement in a mouse model of ataxia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1295. [PMID: 33637754 PMCID: PMC7910465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) relieves motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease, and other movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate the potential benefits of DBS in a model of ataxia by targeting the cerebellum, a major motor center in the brain. We use the Car8 mouse model of hereditary ataxia to test the potential of using cerebellar nuclei DBS plus physical activity to restore movement. While low-frequency cerebellar DBS alone improves Car8 mobility and muscle function, adding skilled exercise to the treatment regimen additionally rescues limb coordination and stepping. Importantly, the gains persist in the absence of further stimulation. Because DBS promotes the most dramatic improvements in mice with early-stage ataxia, we postulated that cerebellar circuit function affects stimulation efficacy. Indeed, genetically eliminating Purkinje cell neurotransmission blocked the ability of DBS to reduce ataxia. These findings may be valuable in devising future DBS strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Miterko
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XProgram in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Tao Lin
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Joy Zhou
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Meike E. van der Heijden
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Joshua J. White
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XProgram in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.416975.80000 0001 2200 2638Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDepartment of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA ,grid.39382.330000 0001 2160 926XDevelopment, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
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Rittiner JE, Moncalvo M, Chiba-Falek O, Kantor B. Gene-Editing Technologies Paired With Viral Vectors for Translational Research Into Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:148. [PMID: 32903507 PMCID: PMC7437156 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) have historically been among the most difficult to treat using conventional pharmacological approaches. This is due to a confluence of factors, including the limited regenerative capacity and overall complexity of the brain, problems associated with repeated drug administration, and difficulties delivering drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Viral-mediated gene transfer represents an attractive alternative for the delivery of therapeutic cargo to the nervous system. Crucially, it usually requires only a single injection, whether that be a gene replacement strategy for an inherited disorder or the delivery of a genome- or epigenome-modifying construct for treatment of CNS diseases and disorders. It is thus understandable that considerable effort has been put towards the development of improved vector systems for gene transfer into the CNS. Different viral vectors are of course tailored to their specific applications, but they generally should share several key properties. The ideal viral vector incorporates a high-packaging capacity, efficient gene transfer paired with robust and sustained expression, lack of oncogenicity, toxicity and pathogenicity, and scalable manufacturing for clinical applications. In this review, we will devote attention to viral vectors derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (lentiviral vectors; LVs) and adeno-associated virus (AAVs). The high interest in these viral delivery systems vectors is due to: (i) robust delivery and long-lasting expression; (ii) efficient transduction into postmitotic cells, including the brain; (iii) low immunogenicity and toxicity; and (iv) compatibility with advanced manufacturing techniques. Here, we will outline basic aspects of LV and AAV biology, particularly focusing on approaches and techniques aiming to enhance viral safety. We will also allocate a significant portion of this review to the development and use of LVs and AAVs for delivery into the CNS, with a focus on the genome and epigenome-editing tools based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas 9) and the development of novel strategies for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Edward Rittiner
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Malik Moncalvo
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Department of Neurology, Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Boris Kantor
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Durham, NC, United States
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Motor Performances of Spontaneous and Genetically Modified Mutants with Cerebellar Atrophy. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:615-634. [PMID: 30820866 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chance discovery of spontaneous mutants with atrophy of the cerebellar cortex has unearthed genes involved in optimizing motor coordination. Rotorod, stationary beam, and suspended wire tests are useful in delineating behavioral phenotypes of spontaneous mutants with cerebellar atrophy such as Grid2Lc, Grid2ho, Rorasg, Agtpbp1pcd, Relnrl, and Dab1scm. Likewise, transgenic or null mutants serving as experimental models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are phenotyped with the same tests. Among experimental models of autosomal dominant SCA, rotorod deficits were reported in SCA1 to 3, SCA5 to 8, SCA14, SCA17, and SCA27 and stationary beam deficits in SCA1 to 3, SCA5, SCA6, SCA13, SCA17, and SCA27. Beam tests are sensitive to experimental therapies of various kinds including molecules affecting glutamate signaling, mesenchymal stem cells, anti-oligomer antibodies, lentiviral vectors carrying genes, interfering RNAs, or neurotrophic factors, and interbreeding with other mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Department of Psychology, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, and Pathogens EA7300, and CHRU of Nancy, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Takeda K, Nagashima S, Shiiba I, Uda A, Tokuyama T, Ito N, Fukuda T, Matsushita N, Ishido S, Iwawaki T, Uehara T, Inatome R, Yanagi S. MITOL prevents ER stress-induced apoptosis by IRE1α ubiquitylation at ER-mitochondria contact sites. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100999. [PMID: 31368599 PMCID: PMC6669929 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress shifts the unfolded protein response signaling from cell survival to cell death, although the switching mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase (MITOL/MARCH5) inhibits ER stress-induced apoptosis through ubiquitylation of IRE1α at the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). MITOL promotes K63-linked chain ubiquitination of IRE1α at lysine 481 (K481), thereby preventing hyper-oligomerization of IRE1α and regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD). Therefore, under ER stress, MITOL depletion or the IRE1α mutant (K481R) allows for IRE1α hyper-oligomerization and enhances RIDD activity, resulting in apoptosis. Similarly, in the spinal cord of MITOL-deficient mice, ER stress enhances RIDD activity and subsequent apoptosis. Notably, unresolved ER stress attenuates IRE1α ubiquitylation, suggesting that this directs the apoptotic switch of IRE1α signaling. Our findings suggest that mitochondria regulate cell fate under ER stress through IRE1α ubiquitylation by MITOL at the MAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Shun Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Isshin Shiiba
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Aoi Uda
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Tokuyama
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Toshifumi Fukuda
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Nobuko Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of MicrobiologyHyogo College of MedicineNishinomiyaJapan
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Medical Research InstituteKanazawa Medical UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Medicinal PharmacologyGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical SciencesOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Ryoko Inatome
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesHachioji, TokyoJapan
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Alfranca A, Campanero MR, Redondo JM. New Methods for Disease Modeling Using Lentiviral Vectors. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:825-837. [PMID: 30213701 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) transduce quiescent cells and provide stable integration to maintain transgene expression. Several approaches have been adopted to optimize LV safety profiles. Similarly, LV targeting has been tailored through strategies including the modification of envelope components, the use of specific regulatory elements, and the selection of appropriate administration routes. Models of aortic disease based on a single injection of pleiotropic LVs have been developed that efficiently transduce the three aorta layers in wild type mice. This approach allows the dissection of pathways involved in aortic aneurysm formation and the identification of targets for gene therapy in aortic diseases. LVs provide a fast, efficient, and affordable alternative to genetically modified mice to study disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantzazu Alfranca
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel R Campanero
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are hereditary degenerative disorders of the nervous system that have remained, to this date, untreatable. Promisingly, investigation into their molecular etiology and the development of increasingly perfected tools have contributed to the design of novel strategies with therapeutic potential. Encouraging studies have explored gene therapy as a means to counteract cell demise and loss in this context. The current chapter addresses the two main focuses of research in the area: the characteristics of the systems used to deliver nucleic acids to cells and the molecular and cellular actions of the therapeutic agents. Vectors used in gene therapy have to satisfyingly reach the tissues and cell types of interest, while eliciting the lowest toxicity possible. Both viral and non-viral systems have been developed for the delivery of nucleic acids to the central nervous system, each with its respective advantages and shortcomings. Since each polyglutamine disease is caused by mutation of a single gene, many gene therapy strategies have tried to halt degeneration by silencing the corresponding protein products, usually recurring to RNA interference. The potential of small interfering RNAs, short hairpin RNAs and microRNAs has been investigated. Overexpression of protective genes has also been evaluated as a means of decreasing mutant protein toxicity and operate beneficial alterations. Recent gene editing tools promise yet other ways of interfering with the disease-causing genes, at the most upstream points possible. Results obtained in both cell and animal models encourage further delving into this type of therapeutic strategies and support the future use of gene therapy in the treatment of polyglutamine diseases.
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Goganau I, Blesch A. Gene Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Retrovirus-based vectors for transient and permanent cell modification. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 24:135-46. [PMID: 26433198 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Retroviral vectors are commonly employed for long-term transgene expression via integrating vector technology. However, three alternative retrovirus-based platforms are currently available that allow transient cell modification. Gene expression can be mediated from either episomal DNA or RNA templates, or selected proteins can be directly transferred through retroviral nanoparticles. The different technologies are functionally graded with respect to safety, expression magnitude and expression duration. Improvement of the initial technologies, including modification of vector designs, targeted increase in expression strength and duration as well as improved safety characteristics, has allowed maturation of retroviral systems into efficient and promising tools that meet the technological demands of a wide variety of potential application areas.
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Candlish M, Angelis RD, Götz V, Boehm U. Gene Targeting in Neuroendocrinology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1645-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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