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Czuppon P, Billiard S. Revisiting the number of self-incompatibility alleles in finite populations: From old models to new results. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1296-1308. [PMID: 35852940 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Under gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI), plants are heterozygous at the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) and can only be fertilized by pollen with a different allele at that locus. The last century has seen a heated debate about the correct way of modelling the allele diversity in a GSI population that was never formally resolved. Starting from an individual-based model, we derive the deterministic dynamics as proposed by Fisher (The genetical theory of natural selection - A complete, Variorum edition, Oxford University Press, 1958) and compute the stationary S-allele frequency distribution. We find that the stationary distribution proposed by Wright (Evolution, 18, 609, 1964) is close to our theoretical prediction, in line with earlier numerical confirmation. Additionally, we approximate the invasion probability of a new S-allele, which scales inversely with the number of resident S-alleles. Lastly, we use the stationary allele frequency distribution to estimate the population size of a plant population from an empirically obtained allele frequency spectrum, which complements the existing estimator of the number of S-alleles. Our expression of the stationary distribution resolves the long-standing debate about the correct approximation of the number of S-alleles and paves the way for new statistical developments for the estimation of the plant population size based on S-allele frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Czuppon
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Cresti M, Ciampolini F, Pacini E, Sree Ramulu K, Devreux M. GAMMA IRRADIATION OF PRUNUS AVIUM L. FLOWER BUDS: EFFECTS ON STYLAR DEVELOPMENT - AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1978.tb00264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cresti
- Istituto di Botanica, Università di Siena Via Mattioli 4; 53100 SIENA Italy
| | - F. Ciampolini
- Istituto di Botanica, Università di Siena Via Mattioli 4; 53100 SIENA Italy
| | - E. Pacini
- Istituto di Botanica, Università di Siena Via Mattioli 4; 53100 SIENA Italy
| | | | - M. Devreux
- Biology Group, D.G. XII, C.C.R.; Ispra Italy
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Hanada T, Watari A, Kibe T, Yamane H, Wünsch A, Gradziel TM, Sasabe Y, Yaegaki H, Yamaguchi M, Tao R. Two Novel Self-compatible S Haplotypes in Peach (Prunus persica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2503/jjshs1.ch-099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic system found in some hermaphrodite plants. Recognition of pollen by pistils expressing cognate specificities at two linked genes leads to rejection of self pollen and pollen from close relatives, i.e., to avoidance of self-fertilization and inbred matings, and thus increased outcrossing. These genes generally have many alleles, yet the conditions allowing the evolution of new alleles remain mysterious. Evolutionary changes are clearly necessary in both genes, since any mutation affecting only one of them would result in a nonfunctional self-compatible haplotype. Here, we study diversification at the S-locus (i.e., a stable increase in the total number of SI haplotypes in the population, through the incorporation of new SI haplotypes), both deterministically (by investigating analytically the fate of mutations in an infinite population) and by simulations of finite populations. We show that the conditions allowing diversification are far less stringent in finite populations with recurrent mutations of the pollen and pistil genes, suggesting that diversification is possible in a panmictic population. We find that new SI haplotypes emerge fastest in populations with few SI haplotypes, and we discuss some implications for empirical data on S-alleles. However, allele numbers in our simulations never reach values as high as observed in plants whose SI systems have been studied, and we suggest extensions of our models that may reconcile the theory and data.
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Cici SZH, Van Acker RC. Gene flow in Prunus species in the context of novel trait risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSAFETY RESEARCH 2011; 9:75-85. [PMID: 21288463 DOI: 10.1051/ebr/2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Prunus species are important commercial fruit (plums, apricot, peach and cherries), nut (almond) and ornamental trees cultivated broadly worldwide. This review compiles information from available literature on Prunus species in regard to gene flow and hybridization within this complex of species. The review serves as a resource for environmental risk assessment related to pollen mediated gene flow and the release of transgenic Prunus. It reveals that Prunus species, especially plums and cherries show high potential for transgene flow. A range of characteristics including; genetic diversity, genetic bridging capacity, inter- and intra-specific genetic compatibility, self sterility (in most species), high frequency of open pollination, insect assisted pollination, perennial nature, complex phenotypic architecture (canopy height, heterogeneous crown, number of flowers produced in an individual plant), tendency to escape from cultivation, and the existence of ornamental and road side Prunus species suggest that there is a tremendous and complicated ability for pollen mediated gene movement among Prunus species. Ploidy differences among Prunus species do not necessarily provide genetic segregation. The characteristics of Prunu s species highlight the complexity of maintaining coexistence between GM and non-GM Prunus if there were commercial production of GM Prunus species. The results of this review suggest that the commercialization of one GM Prunus species can create coexistence issues for commercial non-GM Prunus production. Despite advances in molecular markers and genetic analysis in agroecology, there remains limited information on the ecological diversity, metapopulation nature, population dynamics, and direct measures of gene flow among different subgenera represented in the Prunus genus. Robust environmental impact, biosafety and coexistence assessments for GM Prunus species will require better understanding of the mechanisms of gene flow and hybridization among species within the Prunus species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zahra H Cici
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
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Lingren D. Sensitivity of premeiotic and meiotic stages to spontaneous and induced mutations in barley and maize. Hereditas 2009; 79:227-38. [PMID: 1141000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1975.tb01479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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QARAÉEN ARIFM. Pseudo-compatibility in Tradescantia paludosa. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Trans-specific S-RNase and SFB alleles in Prunus self-incompatibility haplotypes. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 279:95-106. [PMID: 17989997 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility in the genus Prunus is controlled by two genes at the S-locus, S-RNase and SFB. Both genes exhibit the high polymorphism and high sequence diversity characteristic of plant self-incompatibility systems. Deduced polypeptide sequences of three myrobalan and three domestic plum S-RNases showed over 97% identity with S-RNases from other Prunus species, including almond, sweet cherry, Japanese apricot and Japanese plum. The second intron, which is generally highly polymorphic between alleles was also remarkably well conserved within these S-allele pairs. Degenerate consensus primers were developed and used to amplify and sequence the co-adapted polymorphic SFB alleles. Sequence comparisons also indicated high degrees of polypeptide sequence identity between three myrobalan and the three domestic plum SFB alleles and the corresponding Prunus SFB alleles. We discuss these trans-specific allele identities in terms of S-allele function, evolution of new allele specificities and Prunus taxonomy and speciation.
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Saito A, Fukasawa-Akada T, Igarashi M, Sato T, Suzuki M. Self-compatibility of 3 Apple Cultivars and Identification of S-allele Genotypes in Their Self-pollinated Progenies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2503/hrj.6.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tsukamoto T, Hauck NR, Tao R, Jiang N, Iezzoni AF. Molecular characterization of three non-functional S-haplotypes in sour cherry (Prunus cerasus). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 62:371-83. [PMID: 16915517 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-006-9026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) exhibits a genotype-dependent loss of gametophytic self-incompatibility that is caused by the accumulation of non-functional S-haplotypes with disrupted pistil component (stylar-S) and/or pollen component (pollen-S) function. Genetic studies using diverse sour cherry germplasm identified non-functional S-haplotypes for which an equivalent wild-type S-haplotype was present in sweet cherry (Prunus avium), a diploid progenitor of sour cherry. In all cases, the non-functional S-haplotype resulted from mutations affecting the stylar component S-RNase or Prunus pollen component S-haplotype-specific F-box protein (SFB). This study determines the molecular bases of three of these S-haplotypes that confer unilateral incompatibility, two stylar-part mutants (S(6m2) and S(13m)) and one pollen-part mutant (S(13)'). Compared to their wild-type alleles, S(6m2)-RNase has a 1 bp deletion, S(13m) -RNase has a 23 bp deletion and SFB(13)' has a 1 bp substitution that lead to premature stop codons. Transcripts were identified for these three alleles, S(6m2)-RNase, S(13m)-RNase, and SFB(13)', however, these transcripts presumably result in altered proteins with a resulting loss of activity. Our characterization of natural pollen-part and stylar-part mutants in sour cherry along with other natural S-haplotype mutants identified in Prunus supports the view that loss of pollen specificity and stylar rejection evolve independently and are caused by structural alterations affecting the S-haplotype. The prevalence of non-functional S-haplotypes in sour cherry but not in sweet cherry (a diploid) suggests that polyploidization and gene duplication were indirectly responsible for the dysfunction of some S-haplotypes and the emergence of self-compatibility in sour cherry. This resembles the specific mode of evolution in yeast where accelerated evolution occurred to one member of the duplicated gene pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, USA
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Dunn LC, Gluecksohn-Schoenheimer S. Repeated Mutations in One Area of a Mouse Chromosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 36:233-7. [PMID: 16578330 PMCID: PMC1063172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.36.4.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bosković RI, Wolfram B, Tobutt KR, Cerović R, Sonneveld T. Inheritance and interactions of incompatibility alleles in the tetraploid sour cherry. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 112:315-26. [PMID: 16307228 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-0130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Three progenies of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) were analysed to correlate self-(in)compatibility status with S-RNase phenotype in this allotetraploid hybrid of sweet and ground cherry. Self-(in)compatibility was assessed in the field and by monitoring pollen tube growth after selfing. The S-RNase phenotypes were determined by isoelectric focusing of stylar proteins and staining for RNase activity and, for the parents, confirmed by PCR. Seedling phenotypes were generally consistent with disomic segregation of S-RNase alleles. The genetic arrangements of the parents were deduced to be 'Köröser' (self-incompatible) S1S4.S(B) S(D), 'Schattenmorelle' (self-compatible) S6S13.S(B)S(B), and clone 43.87 (self-compatible) S4S13.S(B)S(B), where "." separates the two homologous genomes. The presence of S4 and S6 alleles at the same locus led to self-incompatibility, whereas S13 and S(B) at homologous loci led to self-compatibility. The failure of certain heteroallelic genotypes in the three crosses or in the self-incompatible seedlings indicates that S4 and S6 are dominant to S(B). However, the success of S13S(B) pollen on styles expressing corresponding S-RNases indicates competitive interaction or lack of pollen-S components. In general, the universal compatibility of S13S(B) pollen may explain the frequent occurrence of S13 and S(B) together in sour cherry cultivars. Alleles S(B) and S(D), that are presumed to derive from ground cherry, and S13, presumably from sweet cherry, were sequenced. Our findings contribute to an understanding of inheritance of self-(in)compatibility, facilitate screening of progenies for self-compatibility and provide a basis for studying molecular interactions in heteroallelic pollen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Bosković
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK.
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Ikeda K, Ushijima K, Yamane H, Tao R, Hauck NR, Sebolt AM, Iezzoni AF. Linkage and physical distances between the S-haplotype S-RNase and SFB genes in sweet cherry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-004-0240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Genetic and molecular analysis in Cristobalina sweet cherry, a spontaneous self-compatible mutant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00497-004-0234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ushijima K, Yamane H, Watari A, Kakehi E, Ikeda K, Hauck NR, Iezzoni AF, Tao R. The S haplotype-specific F-box protein gene, SFB, is defective in self-compatible haplotypes of Prunus avium and P. mume. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 39:573-586. [PMID: 15272875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many Prunus species, including sweet cherry and Japanese apricot, of the Rosaceae, display an S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). The specificity of this outcrossing mechanism is determined by a minimum of two genes that are located in a multigene complex, termed the S locus, which controls the pistil and pollen specificities. SFB, a gene located in the S locus region, encodes an F-box protein that has appropriate S haplotype-specific variation to be the pollen determinant in the self-incompatibility reaction. This study characterizes SFBs of two self-compatible (SC) haplotypes, S(4') and S(f), of Prunus. S(4') of sweet cherry is a pollen-part mutant (PPM) that was produced by X-ray irradiation, while S(f) of Japanese apricot is a naturally occurring SC haplotype that is considered to be a PPM. DNA sequence analysis revealed defects in both SFB(4') and SFB(f). A 4 bp deletion upstream from the HVa coding region of SFB(4') causes a frame-shift that produces transcripts of a defective SFB lacking the two hypervariable regions, HVa and HVb. Similarly, the presence of a 6.8 kbp insertion in the middle of the SFB(f) coding region leads to transcripts for a defective SFB lacking the C-terminal half that contains HVa and HVb. As all reported SFBs of functional S haplotypes encode intact SFB, the fact that the partial loss-of-function mutations in SFB are present in SC mutant haplotypes of Prunus provides additional evidence that SFB is the pollen S gene in GSI in Prunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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SPARROW AH, MALDAWER M. Differential rejoining as a factor in apparent sensitivity of chromosomes to x-ray breakage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 36:636-43. [PMID: 14808153 PMCID: PMC1063259 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.36.11.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Uyenoyama MK, Zhang Y, Newbigin E. On the origin of self-incompatibility haplotypes: transition through self-compatible intermediates. Genetics 2001; 157:1805-17. [PMID: 11290732 PMCID: PMC1461586 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/157.4.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) in flowering plants entails the inhibition of fertilization by pollen that express specificities in common with the pistil. In species of the Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae, the inhibiting factor is an extracellular ribonuclease (S-RNase) secreted by stylar tissue. A distinct but as yet unknown gene (provisionally called pollen-S) appears to determine the specific S-RNase from which a pollen tube accepts inhibition. The S-RNase gene and pollen-S segregate with the classically defined S-locus. The origin of a new specificity appears to require, at minimum, mutations in both genes. We explore the conditions under which new specificities may arise from an intermediate state of loss of self-recognition. Our evolutionary analysis of mutations that affect either pistil or pollen specificity indicates that natural selection favors mutations in pollen-S that reduce the set of pistils from which the pollen accepts inhibition and disfavors mutations in the S-RNase gene that cause the nonreciprocal acceptance of pollen specificities. We describe the range of parameters (rate of receipt of self-pollen and relative viability of inbred offspring) that permits the generation of a succession of new specificities. This evolutionary pathway begins with the partial breakdown of SI upon the appearance of a mutation in pollen-S that frees pollen from inhibition by any S-RNase presently in the population and ends with the restoration of SI by a mutation in the S-RNase gene that enables pistils to reject the new pollen type.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Uyenoyama
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0338, USA.
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Uyenoyama MK. Mutational origin of new mating type specificities in flowering plants. Genes Genet Syst 2000; 75:305-11. [PMID: 11280004 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.75.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many hermaphroditic plants avoid self-fertilization by rejecting pollen that express genetically-determined specificities in common with the pistil. Self-incompatibility systems typically show extremely high genetic diversity, some maintaining hundreds of specificities. This article addresses the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms through which new mating specificities arise. Recent investigations of the genetic and physiological basis of self-incompatibility are reviewed. Two evolutionary pathways are considered: one which requires full expression of self-incompatibility in all intermediates and one in which new mating specificities arise through episodes of partial breakdown and restoration of self-incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Uyenoyama
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0338, USA.
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Harbord RM, Napoli CA, Robbins TP. Segregation distortion of T-DNA markers linked to the self-incompatibility (S) locus in Petunia hybrida. Genetics 2000; 154:1323-33. [PMID: 10757773 PMCID: PMC1460971 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/154.3.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants with a gametophytic self-incompatibility system the specificity of the pollen is determined by the haploid genotype at the self-incompatibility (S) locus. In certain crosses this can lead to the exclusion of half the gametes from the male parent carrying a particular S-allele. This leads to pronounced segregation distortion for any genetic markers that are linked to the S-locus. We have used this approach to identify T-DNA insertions carrying a maize transposable element that are linked to the S-locus of Petunia hybrida. A total of 83 T-DNA insertions were tested for segregation distortion of the selectable marker used during transformation with Agrobacterium. Segregation distortion was observed for 12 T-DNA insertions and at least 8 of these were shown to be in the same linkage group by intercrossing. This indicates that differential transmission of a single locus (S) is probably responsible for all of these examples of T-DNA segregation distortion. The identification of selectable markers in coupling with a functional S-allele will allow the preselection of recombination events around the S-locus in petunia. Our approach provides a general method for identifying transgenes that are linked to gametophytic self-incompatibility loci and provides an opportunity for transposon tagging of the petunia S-locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Harbord
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Hiscock SJ, Kües U. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sexual incompatibility in plants and fungi. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999; 193:165-295. [PMID: 10494623 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Plants and fungi show an astonishing diversity of mechanisms to promote outbreeding, the most widespread of which is sexual incompatibility. Sexual incompatibility involves molecular recognition between mating partners. In fungi and algae, highly polymorphic mating-type loci mediate mating through complementary interactions between molecules encoded or regulated by different mating-type haplotypes, whereas in flowering plants polymorphic self-incompatibility loci regulate mate recognition through oppositional interactions between molecules encoded by the same self-incompatibility haplotypes. This subtle mechanistic difference is a consequence of the different life cycles of fungi, algae, and flowering plants. Recent molecular and biochemical studies have provided fascinating insights into the mechanisms of mate recognition and are beginning to shed light on evolution and population genetics of these extraordinarily polymorphic genetic systems of incompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hiscock
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Kao TH, McCubbin AG. How flowering plants discriminate between self and non-self pollen to prevent inbreeding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12059-65. [PMID: 8901531 PMCID: PMC37941 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering plants have evolved various genetic mechanisms to circumvent the tendency for self-fertilization created by the close proximity of male and female reproductive organs in a bisexual flower. One such mechanism is gametophytic self-incompatibility, which allows the female reproductive organ, the pistil, to distinguish between self pollen and non-self pollen; self pollen is rejected, whereas non-self pollen is accepted for fertilization. The Solanaceae family has been used as a model to study the molecular and biochemical basis of self/non-self-recognition and self-rejection. Discrimination of self and non-self pollen by the pistil is controlled by a single polymorphic locus, the S locus. The protein products of S alleles in the pistil, S proteins, were initially identified based on their cosegregation with S alleles. S proteins have recently been shown to indeed control the ability of the pistil to recognize and reject self pollen. S proteins are also RNases, and the RNase activity has been shown to be essential for rejection of self pollen, suggesting that the biochemical mechanism of self-rejection involves the cytotoxic action of the RNase activity. S proteins contain various numbers of N-linked glycans, but the carbohydrate moiety has been shown not to be required for the function of S proteins, suggesting that the S allele specificity determinant of S proteins lies in the amino acid sequence. The male component in self-incompatibility interactions, the pollen S gene, has not yet been identified. The possible nature of the pollen S gene product and the possible mechanism by which allele-specific rejection of pollen is accomplished are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Kao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Franklin F, Lawrence M, Franklin-Tong V. Cell and Molecular Biology of Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Royo J, Kunz C, Kowyama Y, Anderson M, Clarke AE, Newbigin E. Loss of a histidine residue at the active site of S-locus ribonuclease is associated with self-compatibility in Lycopersicon peruvianum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6511-4. [PMID: 8022814 PMCID: PMC44232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametophytic self-incompatibility in the Solanaceae is controlled by a single, multiallelic locus, the S locus. We have recently described an allele of the S locus of Lycopersicon peruvianum that caused this normally self-incompatible plant to become self-compatible. We have now characterized two glycoproteins present in the styles of self-compatible and self-incompatible accessions of L. peruvianum: one is a ribonuclease that cosegregates with a functional self-incompatibility allele (S6 allele); the other cosegregates with the self-compatible allele (Sc allele) but has no ribonuclease activity. The derived amino acid sequences of the cDNAs encoding the S6 and Sc glycoproteins resemble sequences of other ribonucleases encoded by the S locus. The derived sequence for the Sc glycoprotein differs from the others by lacking one of the histidine residues found in all other S-locus ribonucleases. These findings demonstrate the essential role of ribonuclease activity in self-incompatibility and lend further weight to evidence that this histidine residue is involved in the catalytic site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Royo
- Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Lee HS, Huang S, Kao T. S proteins control rejection of incompatible pollen in Petunia inflata. Nature 1994; 367:560-3. [PMID: 7509041 DOI: 10.1038/367560a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants have evolved various stratagems to prevent inbreeding and promote outcrosses. One such mechanism, gametophytic self-incompatibility, provides a genetic barrier to self-fertilization, and in the simplest cases is controlled by the highly polymorphic S locus. Growth of a pollen tube in the style is arrested when the S allele carried by the pollen matches one of the two S alleles carried by the pistil. Putative S allele proteins of the pistil have been identified in several solanaceous species based on their co-segregation with S alleles, and they have been shown to be ribonucleases. So far, there has been only correlative or indirect evidence for the claim that these S allele-associated proteins (S proteins) are involved in recognition and rejection of self pollen. Here we show that inhibition of synthesis of S3 and S2 proteins in Petunia inflata plants of S2S3 genotype by the antisense S3 gene resulted in failure of the transgenic plants to reject S3 and S2 pollen. We further show that expression of the transgene encoding S3 protein in P. inflata plants of S1S2 genotype confers on the transgenic plants the ability to reject S3 pollen. The self-incompatibility behaviour of the pollen was not affected by the transgene in either set of experiments. Taken together, these findings provide direct in vivo evidence that S proteins control the self-incompatibility behaviour of the pistil.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Clark AG, Kao TH. Self-incompatibility: theoretical concepts and evolution. ADVANCES IN CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-1669-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Singh A, Kao TH. Gametophytic self-incompatibility: biochemical, molecular genetic, and evolutionary aspects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992; 140:449-83. [PMID: 1446981 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Singh
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Trick M, Heizmann P. Sporophytic self-incompatibility systems: Brassica S gene family. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1992; 140:485-524. [PMID: 1446982 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Trick
- Cambridge Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science Research, John Innes Centre, Norwich, England
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Ai YJ, Kron E, Kao TH. S-alleles are retained and expressed in a self-compatible cultivar of Petunia hybrida. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 230:353-8. [PMID: 1766433 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We identified two S-allele-associated proteins (S-proteins) in a self-compatible cultivar of Petunia hybrida based on their segregation in F1 hybrids between P. hybrida and its self-incompatible relative, Petunia inflata (with S2S2 genotype), and in selfed progeny of P. hybrida. These two S-proteins, designated Sx-protein (24 kDa) and So-protein (31 kDa), are pistil specific, and their expression follows a temporal and spatial pattern similar to that of S-proteins characterized in self-incompatible solanaceous species. Their amino-terminal sequences also share a high degree of similarity with those of solanaceous S-proteins. Selfing of P. hybrida yielded plants with SoSo,SxSo, and SxSx genotypes in an approximately 1:2:1 ratio, indicating that the Sx-and So-alleles, though expressed in the pistil, failed to elicit a self-incompatibility response. The S2-allele of P. inflata is expressed in all the F1 hybrids, rendering them capable of rejecting pollen bearing the S2-allele. The So-allele is not functional in the F1 hybrids, because all the F1 progeny with S2So genotype are self-compatible. However, in F1 hybrids with S2Sx genotype, approximately half are self-incompatible and half are self-compatible, indicating that the function of the Sx-allele depends on the genetic background. These results strongly suggest that the presence of functional S-alleles alone is not sufficient for expression of a self-incompatibility phenotype, and reaffirm the multigenic nature of gametophytic self-incompatibility suggested by earlier genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Ai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Dana MN, Ascher PD. Sexually localized expression of pseudo-self compatibility (PSC) in Petunia X hybrida Hort : 2. Stylar inactivation. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1986; 71:578-584. [PMID: 24247532 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/1985] [Accepted: 08/21/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A previously identified S-linked stylar-inactivation PSC factor (Flaschenriem and Ascher 1979b) was studied for its location relative to S. Plants exhibiting complete stylar-inactivation PSC were those with higher multigenic PSC background level than plants with only S-linked partial stylar-inactivation PSC. A pollen-mediated pseudo-self compatibility (PMPSC) adjustment factor was offered as a device to focus on stylar-inactivation PSC by removing some male origin, multigenic PSC. The stylar inactivation factor was not tightly linked to S but affected expression of only the allele to which it was linked. A three part interacting association of genetic material governing self incompatibility (SI) is proposed. The parts of S are the SI identity gene, S-specific PSC genes and, finally, PSC genes which are not S-specific in action. The complete association is termed the SI-complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Dana
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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41
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Dana MN, Ascher PD. Sexually localized expression of pseudo-self compatibility (PSC) in Petunia X hybrida Hort. : 1. Pollen inactivation. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1986; 71:573-577. [PMID: 24247531 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/1985] [Accepted: 08/21/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A naturally occurring, 100% PSC Petunia X hybrida Hort. plant was found which had normal stylar function, but lacked S allele activity in the pollen. Preliminary characterization showed the phenotype to be identical to that of a pollen part mutant as described by Lewis (1949). Linkage test results, using a plant with the pollen-inactivation PSC factor as male parent, agreed with earlier observations that crossing over between S and the factor was rare. However, when the plant bearing the factor was used as female, apparent recombinants were recovered, although they were all of one class. Unequal gamete competition based on inter-line incongruity could explain the failure to recover recombinants from the male parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Dana
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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42
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Lawrence MJ, Marshall DF, Curtis VE, Fearon CH. Gametophytic self-incompatibility re-examined: a reply. Heredity (Edinb) 1985. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1985.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Genetic instability at the S-locus of Lycopersicon peruvianum plants regenerated from in vitro culture of anthers: Generation of new S-specificities and S-allele reversions. Heredity (Edinb) 1982. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1982.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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44
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Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B. The evolution and breakdown of S-allele systems. Heredity (Edinb) 1979. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1979.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Flaschenriem DR, Ascher PD. S allele discrimination in styles of Petunia hybrida bearing stylar-conditioned pseudo-self-compatibility. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1979; 55:23-28. [PMID: 24306386 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1978] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cross between a 0% pseudo-self-compatible (PSC) plant (S3.3) and a 100% PSC plant (S1.1) yielded an F1 population which, when selfed, produced a high mean seed set which was not significantly different than that produced when the F1 was backcross pollinated by the 100% PSC parent. Backcross pollinating the F1 with the 0% PSC parent yielded no seed. No S3.3 plants were recovered in the F2 populations, indicating that pollen tubes containing the S3 allele were inhibited during pollen tube growth of the selfed F1 plants. Apparently stylar-conditioned PSC does not remove all discriminatory power from these petunia styles. Crossing the F1 (S1.3) with an self-incompatible (SI) plant (S2.2) produced plants which were used for computation of a standard linkage test. An approximate map distance of 28 units was found between the S specificity locus and the major gene(s) which influenced its expression. Other generalized PSC modifying genes apparantly were not linked with the S locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Flaschenriem
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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46
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Ferrari TE, Wallace DH. A model for self-recognition and regulation of the incompatibility response of pollen. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1977; 50:211-225. [PMID: 24407838 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/1976] [Accepted: 03/21/1977] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent biochemical studies with Brassica indicate that the pollen grain has a primary role in the control of self incompatibility. Combining this new evidence with that from prior genetic, biochemical, and ultrastructural studies, a working model is hypothesized for the molecular events which occur during self recognition and the subsequent control of pollen germination. Self recognition is postulated to involve the interaction of a presynthesized, genotype-specific recognition molecule (effector) produced by the stigma with a presynthesized receptor molecule produced by and located in or on the pollen grain. The consequence of self recognition is a selective inhibition of pollen protein synthesis within about 2-4 minutes after imbibition. We deduced that protein synthesis is programmed to occur in pollen - unless interrupted as a consequence of self-recognition - and leads to the sequential production of opposing regulators: first a germination inhibitor (G-Inh), then a germination activator (G-Act). These regulators in turn control the activities of presynthesized, and probably sequestered enzymes required for germ tube formation. Sequential appearances of the G-Inh and G-Act occur unless synthesis of the G-Act is blocked as a result of self recognition. Thus, following a self pollination, recognition occurs in sufficient time to block production of the G-Act but not of the G-Inh, and inhibition of germination (incompatibility) results. For a cross pollination, there is no self recognition and production of the G-Act is unimpeded; it then nullifies the effect of the G-Inh and pollen germination (compatibility) results. The model and evidence for its support are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Ferrari
- Departments of Vegetable Crops and of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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47
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The effects of different mutagens on self-incompatibility in Nicotiana alata Link and Otto. Heredity (Edinb) 1975. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1975.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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48
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Ronald WG, Ascher PD. Self compatibility in garden Chrysanthemum: occurrence, inheritance and breeding potential. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1975; 46:45-54. [PMID: 24419605 DOI: 10.1007/bf00264754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1974] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self compatibility (SC), which was found to occur only rarely in the normally self-incompatible (SI) hexaploid garden chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat., was studied by making a series of self and cross pollinations in progenies of 3 different SC sources. SC was transmitted without exception in 15 F1 progenies from crosses between SC and SI plants. No maternal effects were noted in 10 F1. progenies from reciprocal crosses between SC and SI plants. Selfing or intercrossing of SC plants did not produce any large, uniformly SC progenies. Initial intercrosses between SC and SI plants suggested that SC might be controlled by a single dominant factor. Further crosses suggested that the inheritance of SC was more complex and could be associated with more than 1 gene or be modified by other genes such as the S-genes. Seed yield following self pollination in some progenies gave evidence of a clear separation into SC and SI classes while in other progenies the separation was not so distinct. The condition of pseudoself-compatibility was evident in progenies derived from selfing SC plants or crossing between SC plants. SC was used to produce large quantities of inbred seed which is now available for producing both I1 and I2 generations. By using SC parents, the combined self and cross compatibility was increased as compared to compatibility in progenies derived from SI-SI matings.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Ronald
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, USA
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49
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Pandey KK. Overcoming interspecific pollen incompatibility through the use of ionising radiation. Heredity (Edinb) 1974. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1974.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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