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Miranda VH, Amaral RV, Cogni R. Clinal variation in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster: An old debate about natural selection and neutral processes. Genet Mol Biol 2024; 47Suppl 1:e20230348. [PMID: 39037374 PMCID: PMC11262002 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing between environmental adaptations and neutral processes poses a challenge in population genetics and evolutionary studies, particularly when phenomena can be explained by both processes. Clines are genotypic or phenotypic characters correlated with environmental variables, because of that correlation, they are used as examples of spatially varying selection. At the same time, many genotypic clines can be explained by demographic history, like isolation by distance or secondary contact zones. Clines have been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster, especially in North America and Australia, where they are attributed to both differential selection and various demographic processes. This review explores existing literature supporting this conclusion and suggests new approaches to better understand the influence of these processes on clines. These innovative approaches aim to shed light on the longstanding debate regarding the importance of natural selection versus neutral processes in maintaining variation in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória H. Miranda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências,
Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Viana Amaral
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências,
Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cogni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências,
Departamento de Ecologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Benítez HA, Püschel TA, Suazo MJ. Drosophila Wing Integration and Modularity: A Multi-Level Approach to Understand the History of Morphological Structures. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040567. [PMID: 35453766 PMCID: PMC9025964 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The diverse components of any morphological structure are integrated with respect to each other since they have developed, functioned, and evolved together, a phenomenon known as integration. However, this integration is not absolute but organized in units (i.e., modules) that are relatively independent while participating to generate a structure that acts as a functional whole. Even though most of the studies on modularity and integration have focused on variation among individuals within populations, there are more levels of variation that exhibit modularity and integration, deriving from distinct sources such as genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, fluctuating asymmetry, evolutionary change, among others. Consequently, the present study focused on analysing the integration and modularity of the wing shape of some of the best-known model organisms, i.e., the genus Drosophila, at the static, developmental, and evolutionary levels to acquire a better insight about how modularity and integration act at different analytical levels. The strong integration and overall similarities observed in the variation pattern at multiple levels suggest a shared mechanism underlying the observed variation in Drosophila’s wing shape and added a new piece of evidence of stasis in the evolutionary history of Drosophila wing. Abstract Static, developmental, and evolutionary variation are different sources of morphological variation which can be quantified using morphometrics tools. In the present study we have carried out a comparative multiple level study of integration (i.e., static, developmental, and evolutionary) to acquire insight about the relationships that exist between different integration levels, as well as to better understand their involvement in the evolutionary processes related to the diversification of Drosophila’s wing shape. This approach was applied to analyse wing evolution in 59 species across the whole genus in a large dataset (~10,000 wings were studied). Static integration was analysed using principal component analysis, thus providing an integration measurement for overall wing shape. Developmental integration was studied between wing parts by using a partial least squares method between the anterior and posterior compartments of the wing. Evolutionary integration was analysed using independent contrasts. The present results show that all Drosophila species exhibit strong morphological integration at different levels. The strong integration and overall similarities observed at multiple integration levels suggest a shared mechanism underlying this variation, which could result as consequence of genetic drift acting on the wing shape of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago 8370993, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas A. Püschel
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Division, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK;
- Institute of Human Sciences, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Manuel J. Suazo
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica 1000000, Chile;
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Reis M, Siomava N, Wimmer EA, Posnien N. Conserved and Divergent Aspects of Plasticity and Sexual Dimorphism in Wing Size and Shape in Three Diptera. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.660546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of powered flight in insects facilitated their great evolutionary success allowing them to occupy various ecological niches. Beyond this primary task, wings are often involved in various premating behaviors, such as the generation of courtship songs and the initiation of mating in flight. These specific functions imply special adaptations of wing morphology, as well as sex-specific wing morphologies. Although wing morphology has been extensively studied in Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830), a comprehensive understanding of developmental plasticity and the impact of sex on wing size and shape plasticity is missing for other Diptera. Therefore, we raised flies of the three Diptera species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) and Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) at different environmental conditions and applied geometric morphometrics to analyze wing shape. Our data showed extensive interspecific differences in wing shape, as well as a clear sexual wing shape dimorphism in all three species. We revealed an impact of different rearing temperatures on wing shape in all three species, which was mostly explained by plasticity in wing size in D. melanogaster. Rearing densities had significant effects on allometric wing shape in D. melanogaster, while no obvious effects were observed for the other two species. Additionally, we did not find evidence for sex-specific response to different rearing conditions in D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while a male-specific impact of different rearing conditions was observed on non-allometric wing shape in M. domestica. Overall, our data strongly suggests that many aspects of wing morphology underly species-specific adaptations and we discuss potential developmental and functional implications of our results.
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The contribution of mutation and selection to multivariate quantitative genetic variance in an outbred population of Drosophila serrata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026217118. [PMID: 34326252 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026217118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variance is not equal for all multivariate combinations of traits. This inequality, in which some combinations of traits have abundant genetic variation while others have very little, biases the rate and direction of multivariate phenotypic evolution. However, we still understand little about what causes genetic variance to differ among trait combinations. Here, we investigate the relative roles of mutation and selection in determining the genetic variance of multivariate phenotypes. We accumulated mutations in an outbred population of Drosophila serrata and analyzed wing shape and size traits for over 35,000 flies to simultaneously estimate the additive genetic and additive mutational (co)variances. This experimental design allowed us to gain insight into the phenotypic effects of mutation as they arise and come under selection in naturally outbred populations. Multivariate phenotypes associated with more (less) genetic variance were also associated with more (less) mutational variance, suggesting that differences in mutational input contribute to differences in genetic variance. However, mutational correlations between traits were stronger than genetic correlations, and most mutational variance was associated with only one multivariate trait combination, while genetic variance was relatively more equal across multivariate traits. Therefore, selection is implicated in breaking down trait covariance and resulting in a different pattern of genetic variance among multivariate combinations of traits than that predicted by mutation and drift. Overall, while low mutational input might slow evolution of some multivariate phenotypes, stabilizing selection appears to reduce the strength of evolutionary bias introduced by pleiotropic mutation.
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Stanley RA, Kyriacou CP. A latitudinal cline in a courtship song character of Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:333-340. [PMID: 34100669 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1933968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The courtship song of male Drosophila melanogaster is generated by wing vibration and contains an interpulse interval (IPI) which is species-specific and usually falls in the mean range of 30-40 ms. The IPI is extremely temperature-sensitive, so we wondered whether flies collected along the eastern coast of Australia between latitudes 16.9°S and 42.9°S might have adapted to the different thermal conditions and show differences in mean IPI. We observe a significant correlation between IPI and latitude in addition to the well-known association between latitude and body size (Bergmannn's Rule). However, somewhat surprisingly we could not detect a significant association between body size and IPI. We also examined flies collected from the North and South-facing slopes of 'Evolution Canyon' in Israel and observed differences in IPI that support the view that thermal adaptation can shape this important song character. We also examined the songs of flies from Kenya and observed no correlation between altitude of collection and IPI. In all three experiments, body size did not correlate with IPI. A global analysis of all three sets of populations on three continents revealed a strong association between IPI and latitude. We speculate that IPI is shaped by thermal and sexual selection whereas body size is also shaped by natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamund A Stanley
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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6
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Influence of extreme heat or cold stresses on body pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster. J Therm Biol 2018; 72:118-126. [PMID: 29496004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic and abdominal pigmentation were measured in Drosophila melanogaster under a cold circadian stress (8-25 °C) and a heat one (18-33 °C) and compared to the phenotypes observed under similar but constant temperatures of 17 or 25 °C respectively. An isofemale line design permitted to submit each line (full sibs) to the four thermal regimes. Under cold stress, the pigmentation was similar to the value observed at constant 25 °C, suggesting a kind of functional dominance of the high temperature phase. In all cases, thermal stresses increased the individual environmental variance, i.e., increased the developmental instability. Genetic correlations between lines were not modified by the stresses but provided some unexpected and surprising results, which should be confirmed by further investigations: for example, negative correlations between pigmentation and body size or sternopleural bristle number. As a whole, the data do not confirm the hypothesis that under stressing conditions a hidden genetic variability could be unravelled, permitting a faster adaptation to environmental changes.
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Rossa R, Goczał J, Pawliczek B, Ohbayashi N. Hind wing variation in Leptura annularis complex among European and Asiatic populations (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Zookeys 2017:31-42. [PMID: 29362531 PMCID: PMC5769710 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.724.20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to quantify morphological variation is essential for understanding the processes of species diversification. The geometric morphometrics approach allows reliable description of variation in animals, including insects. Here, this method was used to quantify the morphological variation among European and Asiatic populations of Lepturaannularis Fabricius, 1801 and its closely related species L.mimica Bates, 1884, endemic for Japan and Sakhalin islands. Since the taxonomic status of these two taxa is differently interpreted by taxonomists, they are collectively called “Lepturaannularis complex” in this paper. The analysis was based on the measurements of hind wings of 269 specimens from six populations from Europe and Asia. The level of morphological divergence between most of continental European and Asiatic populations was relatively small and proportional to the geographic distance between them. However, distinct morphotype was detected in Sakhalin Is. and Japan. These data confirm the morphological divergence of the endemic L.mimica species. Obtained results highlight the potential of the geometric morphometric method in studying morphological variation in beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Rossa
- Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Goczał
- Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawliczek
- Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
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Goczał J, Rossa R, Tofilski A. Elytra reduction may affect the evolution of beetle hind wings. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2017; 137:131-138. [PMID: 29568156 PMCID: PMC5847043 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-017-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Beetles are one of the largest and most diverse groups of animals in the world. Conversion of forewings into hardened shields is perceived as a key adaptation that has greatly supported the evolutionary success of this taxa. Beetle elytra play an essential role: they minimize the influence of unfavorable external factors and protect insects against predators. Therefore, it is particularly interesting why some beetles have reduced their shields. This rare phenomenon is called brachelytry and its evolution and implications remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we focused on rare group of brachelytrous beetles with exposed hind wings. We have investigated whether the elytra loss in different beetle taxa is accompanied with the hind wing shape modification, and whether these changes are similar among unrelated beetle taxa. We found that hind wings shape differ markedly between related brachelytrous and macroelytrous beetles. Moreover, we revealed that modifications of hind wings have followed similar patterns and resulted in homoplasy in this trait among some unrelated groups of wing-exposed brachelytrous beetles. Our results suggest that elytra reduction may affect the evolution of beetle hind wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Goczał
- Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Rossa
- Institute of Forest Ecosystem Protection, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Krakow, Poland
| | - Adam Tofilski
- Department of Pomology and Apiculture, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland
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Laparie M, Vernon P, Cozic Y, Frenot Y, Renault D, Debat V. Wing morphology of the active flyerCalliphora vicina(Diptera: Calliphoridae) during its invasion of a sub-Antarctic archipelago where insect flightlessness is the rule. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Laparie
- UR0633 Unité de Recherche de Zoologie Forestière (URZF); INRA; 2163 Avenue de la pomme de pin CS 40001 Ardon 45075 Orléans Cedex 2 France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Philippe Vernon
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yann Cozic
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
| | - Yves Frenot
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- Institut Polaire Français Paul-Émile Victor; Technopôle Brest-Iroise 29280 Plouzané France
| | - David Renault
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, Station Biologique de Paimpont; Université de Rennes 1; 35380 Paimpont France
- UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio; Université de Rennes 1; 263 Avenue du Gal Leclerc CS 74205 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Vincent Debat
- UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; 45 rue Buffon - Entomologie 75005 Paris France
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Cellular basis of morphological variation and temperature-related plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster strains with divergent wing shapes. Genetica 2014; 142:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Benítez HA, Lemic D, Bažok R, Bravi R, Buketa M, Püschel T. Morphological integration and modularity in Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) hind wings. ZOOL ANZ 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Lack of response to artificial selection on developmental stability of partial wing shape components in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 2014; 142:177-84. [PMID: 24744255 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-014-9765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Developmental stability, the ability of organisms to buffer their developmental processes against developmental noise is often evaluated with fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Natural genetic variation in FA has been investigated using Drosophila wings as a model system and the recent estimation of the heritability of wing shape FA was as large as 20%. Because natural genetic variation in wing shape FA was found to localize in a partial component of the wings, heritable variation in specific parts of the wings might be responsible for FA estimation based on the whole wing shape. In this study, we quantified the shape of three partial components of the wings, and estimated the heritability of the wing shape FA based on artificial selections. As a result, FA values for the partial wing shape components did not respond to artificial selections and the heritability scores estimated were very small. These results indicate that natural additive genetic variation in FA of partial wing components was very small compared with that in a complex wing trait.
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Klepsatel P, Gáliková M, Huber CD, Flatt T. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN ALTITUDINAL VERSUS LATITUDINAL VARIATION FOR MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS INDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2014; 68:1385-98. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Klepsatel
- Institut für Populationsgenetik; Vetmeduni Vienna; Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Gáliková
- Institut für Populationsgenetik; Vetmeduni Vienna; Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna Austria
| | - Christian D. Huber
- Institut für Populationsgenetik; Vetmeduni Vienna; Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna Austria
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories; University of Vienna; Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9 A-1030 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Flatt
- Institut für Populationsgenetik; Vetmeduni Vienna; Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna Austria
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Abstract
Theoretical explanations of empirically observed standing genetic variation, mutation, and selection suggest that many alleles must jointly affect fitness and metric traits. However, there are few direct demonstrations of the nature and extent of these pleiotropic associations. We implemented a mutation accumulation (MA) divergence experimental design in Drosophila serrata to segregate genetic variants for fitness and metric traits. By exploiting naturally occurring MA line extinctions as a measure of line-level total fitness, manipulating sexual selection, and measuring productivity we were able to demonstrate genetic covariance between fitness and standard metric traits, wing size, and shape. Larger size was associated with lower total fitness and male sexual fitness, but higher productivity. Multivariate wing shape traits, capturing major axes of wing shape variation among MA lines, evolved only in the absence of sexual selection, and to the greatest extent in lines that went extinct, indicating that mutations contributing wing shape variation also typically had deleterious effects on both total fitness and male sexual fitness. This pleiotropic covariance of metric traits with fitness will drive their evolution, and generate the appearance of selection on the metric traits even in the absence of a direct contribution to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Kuclu O, Aldemir A, Demirci B. Altitudinal variation in the morphometric characteristics of Aedes vexans Meigen from northeastern Turkey. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2011; 36:30-41. [PMID: 21635639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2011.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Body size is one of the most significant features of organisms and is correlated with a large number of ecological and physiological variables. Similar to size, biological shape is one of the most conspicuous aspects of an organism's phenotype and provides a link between the genotype and the environment. Body size may change with altitude and also habitat differences associated with altitude may affect the biological shape and some morphological characteristics. Four populations of Aedes vexans Meigen occurring in different ecological subregions at altitudes between 808-1,620 m in the Aras Valley from northeastern Turkey were compared using traditional and geometric morphometrics. When the wing shape differences of populations were analyzed by UPGM, the cluster analyses recognized two main groups of populations. Gödekli (808 m) comprised the first group while Zülfikar (848 m), Sürmeli (944 m), and Cilehane (1,620 m) populations comprised the second group. In the second group, Zülfikar and Cilehane populations showed a similar grouping pattern while Sürmeli appeared as a different group. Centroid sizes were used as measures of overall wing size differences among different regions. Aedes vexans from the Sürmeli region had relatively larger wings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Kuclu
- Kafkas University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 30100 Kars, Turkey
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TROTTA VINCENZO, CAVICCHI SANDRO, GUERRA DANIELA, ANDERSEN DITTEH, BABBITT GREGORYA, KRISTENSEN TORSTENN, PEDERSEN KAMILLAS, LOESCHCKE VOLKER, PERTOLDI CINO. Allometric and non-allometric consequences of inbreeding on Drosophila melanogaster wings. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01588.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Klingenberg CP. Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses. Evol Dev 2009; 11:405-21. [PMID: 19601974 PMCID: PMC2776930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated internally by many interactions among their component parts, but are linked to one another only by few or weak interactions. Accordingly, traits within modules are tightly correlated with each other, but relatively independent of traits in other modules. Hypotheses concerning the boundaries of modules in a landmark configuration can therefore be tested by comparing the strength of covariation among alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets of landmarks. If a subdivision coincides with the true boundaries between modules, the correlations among subsets should be minimal. This article introduces Escoufier's RV coefficient and the multi-set RV coefficient as measures of the correlation between two or more subsets of landmarks. These measures can be compared between alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets. Because developmental interactions are tissue bound, it is sensible to require that modules should be spatially contiguous. I propose a criterion for spatial contiguity for sets of landmarks using an adjacency graph. The new methods are demonstrated with data on shape of the wing in Drosophila melanogaster and the mandible of the house mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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SOTO IGNACIOM, HASSON ESTEBANR, MANFRIN MAURAH. Wing morphology is related to host plants in cactophilic Drosophila gouveai and Drosophila antonietae (Diptera, Drosophilidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Trotta V, Calboli FCF, Ziosi M, Cavicchi S. Fitness variation in response to artificial selection for reduced cell area, cell number and wing area in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7 Suppl 2:S10. [PMID: 17767726 PMCID: PMC1963485 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-s2-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetically based body size differences are naturally occurring in populations of Drosophila melanogaster, with bigger flies in the cold. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of body size clines in more than one Drosophila species, the actual selective mechanisms controlling the genetic basis of body size variation are not fully understood. In particular, it is not clear what the selective value of cell size and cell area variation exactly is. In the present work we determined variation in viability, developmental time and larval competitive ability in response to crowding at two temperatures after artificial selection for reduced cell area, cell number and wing area in four different natural populations of D. melanogaster. Results No correlated effect of selection on viability or developmental time was observed among all selected populations. An increase in competitive ability in one thermal environment (18°C) under high larval crowding was observed as a correlated response to artificial selection for cell size. Conclusion Viability and developmental time are not affected by selection for the cellular component of body size, suggesting that these traits only depend on the contingent genetic makeup of a population. The higher larval competitive ability shown by populations selected for reduced cell area seems to confirm the hypothesis that cell area mediated changes have a relationship with fitness, and might be the preferential way to change body size under specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Trotta
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico CF Calboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, St Mary's Campus Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marcello Ziosi
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandro Cavicchi
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Salazar-Ciudad I, Jernvall J. Graduality and innovation in the evolution of complex phenotypes: insights from development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2006; 304:619-31. [PMID: 16032700 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The neo-Darwinian paradigm benefits from the assumption that phenotypic variation is gradual and that phenotype and genotype have a relatively simple relationship. These assumptions are historically inherited from the times of the neo-Darwinian synthesis and, consequently, do not include present understanding about development. In this study, understanding about the dynamics of pattern formation is used to explore to that extent phenotypic variation can be expected to be gradual and simply related to molecular variation. Variation in simple phenotypes seems to fit neo-Darwinian assumptions but variation in complex phenotypes does not. Instead, variation in complex phenotypes would have a tendency to relatively less gradual evolution, even at microevolutionary time scales, that would make phylogenetic reconstructions more difficult. In addition, they will have a tendency to exhibit specific trends in innovation rates over group radiations with early accelerations and late decelerations. This work also explores further consequences of these results in our understanding of phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Salazar-Ciudad
- Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biotechnology, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Trotta V, Garoia F, Guerra D, Pezzoli MC, Grifoni D, Cavicchi S. Developmental instability of theDrosophilawing as an index of genomic perturbation and altered cell proliferation. Evol Dev 2005; 7:234-43. [PMID: 15876196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2005.05026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally induced different levels of instability affecting the development of specific wing regions of Drosophila melanogaster using the UAS-GAL4 system. A common index of developmental instability is fluctuating asymmetry (FA), that is, random differences between body sides of single individuals. We studied the FA in transgenic strains carrying random genomic insertions (UAS strains), as well as insertions in the regulatory region of genes involved in the organization of wing development (GAL4 strains). In addition, the expression of genes that increase (dp110 and 3622) or decrease (dPTEN) cell proliferation was ectopically induced. Our results are related to different levels of perturbation. Through the first kind of perturbation, genome integrity was compromised by the insertion of foreign DNA. In all cases, we observed a general increase in FA, although it was rarely found significant. The second kind of perturbation involved a modification of genes controlling wing development through the insertion of a GAL4 sequence in their promoter region. The third kind involved the ectopic expression of genes controlling cell proliferation. Our results show that (i) the level of FA is connected with the level of morphological perturbation induced, (ii) FA increase was higher in the wing regions that were the target of the genetic perturbation, and (iii) developmental instability was also observed in regions that were not directly addressed by the perturbation. The results were discussed on the basis of the running models about Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Trotta
- Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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23
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Moraes EM, Manfrin MH, Laus AC, Rosada RS, Bomfin SC, Sene FM. Wing shape heritability and morphological divergence of the sibling species Drosophila mercatorum and Drosophila paranaensis. Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 92:466-73. [PMID: 15107807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit-flies Drosophila paranaensis and Drosophila mercatorum pararepleta are sibling species belonging to the repleta group. Females of these two species are normally considered to be morphologically indistinguishable while males only differ consistently in the morphology of their genitalia. These species are sympatric throughout a large area of their geographic distribution. In this study, we investigated the degree of morphological divergence between D. paranaensis and D. mercatorum pararepleta based on morphometric analysis of their wings. The ellipse method was used to describe the placement of the longitudinal and transversal wing veins as well as the size of the wing and the shape of its outline. The heritability under laboratory and field conditions was also estimated from the parameters generated. Multivariate analysis showed that wing morphology possessed sufficient differences to discriminate between the two species with a successful classification rate of 95-98% for females and 82-87% for males. The results of the autoclassification were confirmed by a cross-validation test for females (92-96%). Most measurements possessed significant natural heritability (a mean of 0.48 for D. mercatorum and 0.88 for D. paranaensis), indicating that the variation observed was related to differences in genes acting additively. The principal difference between the two species was in the placement of the posterior transverse wing vein. However, the pattern of morphological variation in the wings of both species was similar, possibly because of shared restrictions in wing development pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Moraes
- Departamento de Genética, FMRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Matta BP, Bitner-Mathé BC. Genetic architecture of wing morphology in Drosophila simulans and an analysis of temperature effects on genetic parameter estimates. Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 93:330-41. [PMID: 15305171 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila wing has been used as a model to investigate the mechanisms responsible for size and shape changes in nature, since such changes might underlie morphological evolution. To improve the understanding of wing morphological variation and the interpretation of genetic parameters estimates, we have established 59 lines from a Drosophila simulans laboratory population through single pair random matings. The offspring of each line were reared at three different temperatures, and the wing morphology of 12 individuals was analyzed by adjusting an ellipse to the wings' contour. Temperature, sex and line significantly affected wing trait variation, which was mainly characterized by longer wings having the second, fourth and fifth longitudinal veins closer together at the wing tip. As for the genetic parameter estimates, while the cross-environment heritability of some traits, such as wing size (SI), decreased with an increasing difference between the temperatures at which parents and offspring were reared, wing shape (SH) heritability did not seem to change. Since we found indications that neither an increase in the phenotypic variation nor the occurrence of genotype-environment interactions could fully explain the low heritabilities of SI estimated by cross-environment regressions, we discuss the importance of other effects for explaining this discrepancy between the SI and SH heritability estimates. In addition, although the genetic matrix was not entirely represented in the phenotypic matrix, several correspondences were identified, suggesting that the observed patterns of wing morphology variation are genetically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Matta
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21944-970, Brazil
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25
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Calboli FCF, Gilchrist GW, Partridge L. DIFFERENT CELL SIZE AND CELL NUMBER CONTRIBUTION IN TWO NEWLY ESTABLISHED AND ONE ANCIENT BODY SIZE CLINE OF DROSOPHILA SUBOBSCURA. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2003)057[0566:dcsacn]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Debat V, Bégin M, Legout H, David JR. ALLOMETRIC AND NONALLOMETRIC COMPONENTS OF DROSOPHILA WING SHAPE RESPOND DIFFERENTLY TO DEVELOPMENTAL TEMPERATURE. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/03-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Santos
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Biologia Evolutiva (GBE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
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28
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Klingenberg CP. Morphometrics and the role of the phenotype in studies of the evolution of developmental mechanisms. Gene 2002; 287:3-10. [PMID: 11992717 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms are usually assumed to evolve by natural selection of the morphological traits they produce. Therefore, information on phenotypic traits is an important component of comparative studies of development. Morphometrics permits the rigorous quantitative analysis of variation in organismal size and shape, and is increasingly being used in developmental contexts. The new methods of morphometrics combine a geometric concept of shape with the procedures of multivariate statistics, and constitute a powerful and flexible set of tools for analyzing morphological variation. This paper briefly reviews these methods and provides examples of their application in studies of genetic variation and developmental modularity. The results of morphometric analyses can be readily interpreted in relation to the geometry and anatomical structure of the parts under study. Genetic studies of shape in the mouse mandible found two recurrent patterns in environmental and genetic variation from different origins, suggesting that the development system 'channels' the phenotypic expression of variation in similar ways. Moreover, by analyzing the correlations of left-right asymmetries of morphometric traits, it is possible to delimit the spatial extent of developmental modules. These methods complement the experimental approaches of developmental biology and genetics, and can be expected to be especially fruitful in combination with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Laboratory of Development and Evolution, University Museum of Zoology, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
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31
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Arthur W, Farrow M. The pattern of variation in centipede segment number as an example of developmental constraint in evolution. J Theor Biol 1999; 200:183-91. [PMID: 10504284 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The range of animal morphologies observed in nature is partly determined by natural selection. However, there is no agreement yet regarding whether it is also partly determined by developmental constraint. Testing for the effects of constraint has been difficult due to the lack of both an appropriate null model and a sufficiently simple system capable of yielding unambiguous results regarding the model's plausibility. Here we examine the case of variation in segment number in geophilomorph centipedes. Curiously, while this ranges between 29 and 191, there are no species in which an even number of segments is observed, in contrast to about 1000 species with odd numbers of segments. It seems unlikely that this distribution of character values is determined by selection alone. Using an approach based on Bayesian inference, we attempt to quantify the probability of obtaining the observed distribution of values given a null model in which developmental constraint is absent. Since this probability is in the region of 10(-20), we conclude that constraint must be involved. We discuss various implications of this conclusion, and comment on the unexpected absence of neoteny and progenesis in centipede evolution. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Arthur
- Ecology Centre, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, SR1 3SD, U.K
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32
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Abstract
Within all species of animals, the size of each organ bears a specific relationship to overall body size. These patterns of organ size relative to total body size are called static allometry and have enchanted biologists for centuries, yet the mechanisms generating these patterns have attracted little experimental study. We review recent and older work on holometabolous insect development that sheds light on these mechanisms. In insects, static allometry can be divided into at least two processes: (1) the autonomous specification of organ identity, perhaps including the approximate size of the organ, and (2) the determination of the final size of organs based on total body size. We present three models to explain the second process: (1) all organs autonomously absorb nutrients and grow at organ-specific rates, (2) a centralized system measures a close correlate of total body size and distributes this information to all organs, and (3) autonomous organ growth is combined with feedback between growing organs to modulate final sizes. We provide evidence supporting models 2 and 3 and also suggest that hormones are the messengers of size information. Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of allometry will come through the integrated study of whole tissues using techniques from development, genetics, endocrinology and population biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Stern
- Laboratory for Development and Evolution, University Museum of Zoology and Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK.
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