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Polack B, Mathieu-Bégné E, Vallée I, Rognon A, Fontaine JJ, Toulza E, Thomas M, Boissier J. Experimental Infections Reveal Acquired Zoonotic Capacity of Human Schistosomiasis Trough Hybridization. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1904-1908. [PMID: 38669235 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We are currently witnessing the endemization of urogenital schistosomiasis in southern Europe. The incriminated parasite is a hybrid between a human parasite and a livestock parasite. Using an experimental evolutionary protocol, we created hybrid lines from pure strains of both parasite species. We showed that the host spectrum of the human parasite is enlarged to the livestock parasite after genomic introgression. We also evidenced that the tropism of the parasites within the host changes and that some hybrid lines are more virulent than the parental strains. These results engage a paradigm shift from human to zoonotic transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Polack
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Isabelle Vallée
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Anne Rognon
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Fontaine
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eve Toulza
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Myriam Thomas
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jérôme Boissier
- IHPE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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2
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Li J, Bank C. Dominance and multi-locus interaction. Trends Genet 2024; 40:364-378. [PMID: 38453542 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Dominance is usually considered a constant value that describes the relative difference in fitness or phenotype between heterozygotes and the average of homozygotes at a focal polymorphic locus. However, the observed dominance can vary with the genetic background of the focal locus. Here, alleles at other loci modify the observed phenotype through position effects or dominance modifiers that are sometimes associated with pathogen resistance, lineage, sex, or mating type. Theoretical models have illustrated how variable dominance appears in the context of multi-locus interaction (epistasis). Here, we review empirical evidence for variable dominance and how the observed patterns may be captured by proposed epistatic models. We highlight how integrating epistasis and dominance is crucial for comprehensively understanding adaptation and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Bank
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Wang X, Pei J, Xiong L, Kang Y, Guo S, Cao M, Ding Z, Bao P, Chu M, Liang C, Yan P, Guo X. Single-cell RNA sequencing and UPHLC-MS/MS targeted metabolomics offer new insights into the etiological basis for male cattle-yak sterility. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126831. [PMID: 37716658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The variety of species can be efficiently increased by interspecific hybridization. However, because the males in the hybrid progeny are usually sterile, this heterosis cannot be employed when other cattle and yaks are hybridized. While some system-level studies have sought to explore the etiological basis for male cattle-yak sterility, no systematic cellular analyses of this phenomenon have yet been performed. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing and UPHLC-MS/MS targeted metabolomics methods were used to study the differences in testicular tissue between 4-year-old male yak and 4-year-old male cattle-yak, providing new and comprehensive insights into the causes of male cattle-yak sterility. Cattle-yak testes samples detected 6 somatic cell types and one mixed germ cell type. Comparisons of these cell types revealed the more significant differences in Sertoli cells (SCs) and [Leydig cells and myoid cells (LCs_MCs)] between yak and cattle-yak samples compared to other somatic cell clusters. Even though the LCs and MCs from yaks and cattle-yaks were derived from the differentiation of the same progenitor cells, a high degree of overlap between LCs and MCs was observed in yak samples. Still, only a small overlap between LCs and MCs was observed in cattle-yak samples. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that genes down-regulated in cattle-yak SCs were primarily enriched in biological activity, whereas up-regulated genes in these cells were enriched for apoptotic activity. Furthermore, the genes of up-regulated in LCs_MCs of cattle-yak were significantly enriched in enzyme inhibitor and molecular function inhibitor activity. On the other hand, the genes of down-regulated in these cells were enriched for signal receptor binding, molecular function regulation, positive regulation of biological processes, and regulation of cell communication activity. The most significant annotated differences between yak and cattle-yak LCs_MCs were associated with cell-to-cell communication. While yak LCs_MCs regulated spermatogenic cells at spermatogonia, spermatocyte, and spermatid levels, no such relationships were found between cattle-yak LCs_MCs and germ cells. This may suggest that the somatic niche in male cattle-yak testes is a microenvironment that is ultimately not favorable for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Yandong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Shaoke Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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4
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Banhos A, Sanaiotti TM, Coser R, Gravena W, Aguiar-Silva FH, Kaizer M, Hrbek T, Farias IP. Long-term female bias in sex ratios across life stages of Harpy Eagle, a large raptor exhibiting reverse sexual size dimorphism. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231443. [PMID: 38026037 PMCID: PMC10645098 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary (PSR), secondary (SSR) and adult (ASR) sex ratios of sexually reproducing organisms influence their life histories. Species exhibiting reversed sexual size dimorphism (RSD) may imply a higher cost of female production or lower female survival, thus generating biases in PSR, SSR and/or ASR towards males. The Harpy Eagle is the world's largest eagle exhibiting RSD. This species is found in the Neotropical region and is currently threatened with extinction. We used molecular markers to determine the sex of 309 Harpy Eagles spanning different life stages-eaglets, subadults and adults-from 1904 to 2021 within the Amazon Rainforest and Atlantic Forest. Sex ratios for all life stages revealed a female-biased deviation across all periods and regions. Our results suggest that the population bias towards females is an evolutionary ecological pattern of this species, and SSR and ASR likely emerged from the PSR. This natural bias towards females may be compensated by an earlier sexual maturation age of males, implying a longer reproductive lifespan and a higher proportion of sexually active males. A better understanding of the Harpy Eagle's life history can contribute to understanding sex-role evolution and enable more appropriate conservation strategies for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aureo Banhos
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, s/n°, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal) - PPGBAN, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514, Prédio Barbara Weinberg, 29075-910 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Projeto Harpia – Mata Atlântica (Harpy Eagle Project - Atlantic Forest), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal - LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200 - Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tânia Margarete Sanaiotti
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Projeto Harpia – Mata Atlântica (Harpy Eagle Project - Atlantic Forest), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Coordenaçãode Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Renan Coser
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Projeto Harpia – Mata Atlântica (Harpy Eagle Project - Atlantic Forest), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal - LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200 - Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Waleska Gravena
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal - LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200 - Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Estrada Coari Mamiá, 305, Espírito Santo, 69460-000 Coari, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Francisca Helena Aguiar-Silva
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Projeto Harpia – Mata Atlântica (Harpy Eagle Project - Atlantic Forest), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Coordenaçãode Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Mylena Kaizer
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Projeto Harpia – Mata Atlântica (Harpy Eagle Project - Atlantic Forest), Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Alto Universitário, Guararema, 29500-000 Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal - LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200 - Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia - PPGZOO, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tomas Hrbek
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal - LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200 - Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia - PPGZOO, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Izeni Pires Farias
- Projeto Harpia (Harpy Eagle Project - Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal - LEGAL, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200 - Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Av. André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia - PPGZOO, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Av. General Rodrigo Octavio Jordão Ramos, 6200, Coroado I, 69080-900 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Xiong T, Tarikere S, Rosser N, Li X, Yago M, Mallet J. A polygenic explanation for Haldane's rule in butterflies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300959120. [PMID: 37856563 PMCID: PMC10622916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300959120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Two robust rules have been discovered about animal hybrids: Heterogametic hybrids are more unfit (Haldane's rule), and sex chromosomes are disproportionately involved in hybrid incompatibility (the large-X/Z effect). The exact mechanisms causing these rules in female heterogametic taxa such as butterflies are unknown but are suggested by theory to involve dominance on the sex chromosome. We investigate hybrid incompatibilities adhering to both rules in Papilio and Heliconius butterflies and show that dominance theory cannot explain our data. Instead, many defects coincide with unbalanced multilocus introgression between the Z chromosome and all autosomes. Our polygenic explanation predicts both rules because the imbalance is likely greater in heterogametic females, and the proportion of introgressed ancestry is more variable on the Z chromosome. We also show that mapping traits polygenic on a single chromosome in backcrosses can generate spurious large-effect QTLs. This mirage is caused by statistical linkage among polygenes that inflates estimated effect sizes. By controlling for statistical linkage, most incompatibility QTLs in our hybrid crosses are consistent with a polygenic basis. Since the two genera are very distantly related, polygenic hybrid incompatibilities are likely common in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Xiong
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Shreeharsha Tarikere
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Neil Rosser
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
| | - Xueyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan650223, China
| | - Masaya Yago
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku113-0033, Japan
| | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
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6
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Fyon F, Berbel-Filho WM, Schlupp I, Wild G, Úbeda F. Why do hybrids turn down sex? Evolution 2023; 77:2186-2199. [PMID: 37459230 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Asexual reproduction is ancestral in prokaryotes; the switch to sexuality in eukaryotes is one of the major transitions in the history of life. The study of the maintenance of sex in eukaryotes has raised considerable interest for decades and is still one of evolutionary biology's most prominent question. The observation that many asexual species are of hybrid origin has led some to propose that asexuality in hybrids results from sexual processes being disturbed because of incompatibilities between the two parental species' genomes. However, in some cases, failure to produce asexual F1s in the lab may indicate that this mechanism is not the only road to asexuality in hybrid species. Here, we present a mathematical model and propose an alternative, adaptive route for the evolution of asexuality from previously sexual hybrids. Under some reproductive alterations, we show that asexuality can evolve to rescue hybrids' reproduction. Importantly, we highlight that when incompatibilities only affect the fusion of sperm and egg's genomes, the two traits that characterize asexuality, namely unreduced meiosis and the initiation of embryogenesis without the incorporation of the sperm's pronucleus, can evolve separately, greatly facilitating the overall evolutionary route. Taken together, our results provide an alternative, potentially complementary explanation for the link between asexuality and hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Fyon
- Department of Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingo Schlupp
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - Geoff Wild
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Francisco Úbeda
- Department of Biology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
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Wang Z, Luo W, Ping J, Xia Y, Ran J, Zeng X. Large X-effects are absent in torrent frogs with nascent sex chromosomes. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5338-5349. [PMID: 37602937 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Sex chromosomes are popularized as a special role in driving speciation. However, the empirical evidence from natural population processes has been limited to organisms with degenerated sex chromosomes, where hemizygosity is mainly considered to act as the driver of reproductive isolation. Here, we examined several hybrid zones of torrent frog Amolops mantzorum species complex, using an approach by mapping species-diagnostic loci onto the reference genome to compare sex-linked versus autosomal patterns of introgression. We find little support in sex-linked incompatibilities for large X-effects for these populations in hybrid zones with homomorphic sex chromosomes, due to the absence of the hemizygous effects. As expected, the large X-effects were not found in those with heteromorphic but newly evolved sex chromosomes, owing to the absence of strong genetic differences between X and Y chromosomes. The available data so far on amphibians suggest little role for sex-linked genes in speciation. The large X-effects in those with nascent sex chromosomes may not be as ubiquitous as presumed across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
| | - Jun Ping
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianghong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomao Zeng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Pollmann M, Kuhn D, König C, Homolka I, Paschke S, Reinisch R, Schmidt A, Schwabe N, Weber J, Gottlieb Y, Steidle JLM. New species based on the biological species concept within the complex of Lariophagus distinguendus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of household pests. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10524. [PMID: 37720058 PMCID: PMC10500055 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The pteromalid parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Foerster) belongs to the Hymenoptera, a megadiverse insect order with high cryptic diversity. It attacks stored product pest beetles in human storage facilities. Recently, it has been shown to consist of two separate species. To further study its cryptic diversity, strains were collected to compare their relatedness using barcoding and nuclear genes. Nuclear genes identified two clusters which agree with the known two species, whereas the barcode fragment determined an additional third Clade. Total reproductive isolation (RI) according to the biological species concept (BSC) was investigated in crossing experiments within and between clusters using representative strains. Sexual isolation exists between all studied pairs, increasing from slight to strong with genetic distance. Postzygotic barriers mostly affected hybrid males, pointing to Haldane's rule. Hybrid females were only affected by unidirectional Spiroplasma-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility and behavioural sterility, each in one specific strain combination. RI was virtually absent between strains separated by up to 2.8% COI difference, but strong or complete in three pairs from one Clade each, separated by at least 7.2%. Apparently, each of these clusters represents one separate species according to the BSC, highlighting cryptic diversity in direct vicinity to humans. In addition, these results challenge the recent 'turbo-taxonomy' practice of using 2% COI differences to delimitate species, especially within parasitic Hymenoptera. The gradual increase in number and strength of reproductive barriers between strains with increasing genetic distance also sheds light on the emergence of barriers during the speciation process in L. distinguendus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pollmann
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Denise Kuhn
- Department of Entomology 360c, Institute of PhytomedicineUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Christian König
- Akademie für Natur‐ und Umweltschutz Baden‐WürttembergStuttgartGermany
| | - Irmela Homolka
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Sina Paschke
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Ronja Reinisch
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Anna Schmidt
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Noa Schwabe
- Plant Evolutionary Biology 190b, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Justus Weber
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
| | - Yuval Gottlieb
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Koret School of Veterinary MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemRehovotIsrael
| | - Johannes Luitpold Maria Steidle
- Department of Chemical Ecology 190t, Institute of BiologyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
- KomBioTa – Center of Biodiversity and Integrative TaxonomyUniversity of HohenheimStuttgartGermany
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9
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Bendall EE, Mattingly KM, Moehring AJ, Linnen CR. A Test of Haldane's Rule in Neodiprion Sawflies and Implications for the Evolution of Postzygotic Isolation in Haplodiploids. Am Nat 2023; 202:40-54. [PMID: 37384768 DOI: 10.1086/724820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHaldane's rule-a pattern in which hybrid sterility or inviability is observed in the heterogametic sex of an interspecific cross-is one of the most widely obeyed rules in nature. Because inheritance patterns are similar for sex chromosomes and haplodiploid genomes, Haldane's rule may apply to haplodiploid taxa, predicting that haploid male hybrids will evolve sterility or inviability before diploid female hybrids. However, there are several genetic and evolutionary mechanisms that may reduce the tendency of haplodiploids to obey Haldane's rule. Currently, there are insufficient data from haplodiploids to determine how frequently they adhere to Haldane's rule. To help fill this gap, we crossed a pair of haplodiploid hymenopteran species (Neodiprion lecontei and Neodiprion pinetum) and evaluated the viability and fertility of female and male hybrids. Despite considerable divergence, we found no evidence of reduced fertility in hybrids of either sex, consistent with the hypothesis that hybrid sterility evolves slowly in haplodiploids. For viability, we found a pattern opposite to that of Haldane's rule: hybrid females, but not males, had reduced viability. This reduction was most pronounced in one direction of the cross, possibly due to a cytoplasmic-nuclear incompatibility. We also found evidence of extrinsic postzygotic isolation in hybrids of both sexes, raising the possibility that this form or reproductive isolation tends to emerge early in speciation in host-specialized insects. Our work emphasizes the need for more studies on reproductive isolation in haplodiploids, which are abundant in nature but underrepresented in the speciation literature.
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10
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Cowell F. 100 years of Haldane's rule. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:337-346. [PMID: 36357993 PMCID: PMC10098713 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haldane's rule is one of the 'two rules of speciation'. It states that if one sex is 'absent, rare or sterile' in a hybrid population, then that sex will be heterogametic. Since Haldane first made this observation, 100 years have passed and still questions arise over how many independent examples exist and what the underlying causes of Haldane's rule are. This review aims to examine research that has occurred over the last century. It seeks to do so by discussing possible causes of Haldane's rule, as well as gaps in the research of these causes that could be readily addressed today. After 100 years of research, it can be concluded that Haldane's rule is a complicated one, and much current knowledge has been accrued by studying the model organisms of speciation. This has led to the primacy of dominance theory and faster-male theory as explanations for Haldane's rule. However, some of the most interesting findings of the 21st century with regard to Haldane's rule have involved investigating a wider range of taxa emphasizing the need to continue using comparative methods, including ever more taxa as new cases are discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Cowell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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11
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Nanni AV, Martinez N, Graze R, Morse A, Newman JRB, Jain V, Vlaho S, Signor S, Nuzhdin SV, Renne R, McIntyre LM. Sex-biased expression is associated with chromatin state in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.13.523946. [PMID: 36711631 PMCID: PMC9882225 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.13.523946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new model for the association of chromatin state and sex-bias in expression. We hypothesize enrichment of open chromatin in the sex where we see expression bias (OS) and closed chromatin in the opposite sex (CO). In this study of D. melanogaster and D. simulans head tissue, sex-bias in expression is associated with H3K4me3 (open mark) in males for male-biased genes and in females for female-biased genes in both species. Sex-bias in expression is also largely conserved in direction and magnitude between the two species on the X and autosomes. In male-biased orthologs, the sex-bias ratio is more divergent between species if both species have H3K27me2me3 marks in females compared to when either or neither species has H3K27me2me3 in females. H3K27me2me3 marks in females are associated with male-bias in expression on the autosomes in both species, but on the X only in D. melanogaster . In female-biased orthologs the relationship between the species for the sex-bias ratio is similar regardless of the H3K27me2me3 marks in males. Female-biased orthologs are more similar in the ratio of sex-bias than male-biased orthologs and there is an excess of male-bias in expression in orthologs that gain/lose sex-bias. There is an excess of male-bias in sex-limited expression in both species suggesting excess male-bias is due to rapid evolution between the species. The X chromosome has an enrichment in male-limited H3K4me3 in both species and an enrichment of sex-bias in expression compared to the autosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalena V Nanni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Natalie Martinez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Rita Graze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Alison Morse
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy R B Newman
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Srna Vlaho
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Signor
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Sergey V Nuzhdin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren M McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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12
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Schneemann H, Munzur AD, Thompson KA, Welch JJ. The diverse effects of phenotypic dominance on hybrid fitness. Evolution 2022; 76:2846-2863. [PMID: 36221216 PMCID: PMC10092378 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
When divergent populations interbreed, their alleles are brought together in hybrids. In the initial F1 cross, most divergent loci are heterozygous. Therefore, F1 fitness can be influenced by dominance effects that could not have been selected to function well together. We present a systematic study of these F1 dominance effects by introducing variable phenotypic dominance into Fisher's geometric model. We show that dominance often reduces hybrid fitness, which can generate optimal outbreeding followed by a steady decline in F1 fitness, as is often observed. We also show that "lucky" beneficial effects sometimes arise by chance, which might be important when hybrids can access novel environments. We then show that dominance can lead to violations of Haldane's Rule (reduced fitness of the heterogametic F1) but strengthens Darwin's Corollary (F1 fitness differences between cross directions). Taken together, results show that the effects of dominance on hybrid fitness can be surprisingly difficult to isolate, because they often resemble the effects of uniparental inheritance or expression. Nevertheless, we identify a pattern of environment-dependent heterosis that only dominance can explain, and for which there is some suggestive evidence. Our results also show how existing data set upper bounds on the size of dominance effects. These bounds could explain why additive models often provide good predictions for later-generation recombinant hybrids, even when dominance qualitatively changes outcomes for the F1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Schneemann
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aslı D Munzur
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ken A Thompson
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Current address: Department of Biology, Stanford University & Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, USA
| | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Wang X, Pei J, Guo S, Cao M, Kang Y, Xiong L, La Y, Bao P, Liang C, Yan P, Guo X. Characterization of N6-methyladenosine in cattle-yak testis tissue. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971515. [PMID: 36016801 PMCID: PMC9395605 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common form of eukaryotic mRNA modification, and it has been shown to exhibit broad regulatory activity in yeast, plants, and mammals. The specific role of m6A methylation as a regulator of spermatogenesis, however, has yet to be established. In this experiment, through a series of preliminary studies and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing, the m6A map of cattle-yak testicular tissue was established as a means of exploring how m6A modification affects cattle-yak male infertility. Cattle-yak testis tissues used in this study were found to contain sertoli cells and spermatogonia. Relative to sexually mature yak samples, those isolated from cattle-yak testis exhibited slightly reduced levels of overall methylation, although these levels were significantly higher than those in samples from pre-sexually mature yaks. Annotation analyses revealed that differentially methylated peaks were most concentrated in exonic regions, with progressively lower levels of concentration in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and 5'-UTR regions. To further explore the role of such m6A modification, enrichment analyses were performed on differentially methylated and differentially expressed genes in these samples. For the cattle-yaks vs. 18-months-old yaks group comparisons, differentially methylated genes were found to be associated with spermatogenesis-related GO terms related to the cytoskeleton and actin-binding, as well as with KEGG terms related to the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the MAPK signaling pathway. Similarly, enrichment analyses performed for the cattle-yaks vs. 5-years-old yaks comparison revealed differentially methylated genes to be associated with GO terms related to protein ubiquitination, ubiquitin ligase complexes, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, and endocytotic activity, as well as with KEGG terms related to apoptosis and the Fanconi anemia pathway. Overall, enrichment analyses for the cattle-yaks vs. 18-months-old yaks comparison were primarily associated with spermatogenesis, whereas those for the cattle-yaks vs. 5-years-old yaks comparison were primarily associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shaoke Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yandong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongfu La
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xian Guo
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14
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Dufresnes C, Crochet PA. Sex chromosomes as supergenes of speciation: why amphibians defy the rules? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210202. [PMID: 35694748 PMCID: PMC9189495 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As reflected by the two rules of speciation (Haldane's rule and the large X-/Z-effect), sex chromosomes are expected to behave like supergenes of speciation: they recombine only in one sex (XX females or ZZ males), supposedly recruit sexually antagonistic genes and evolve faster than autosomes, which can all contribute to pre-zygotic and post-zygotic isolation. While this has been mainly studied in organisms with conserved sex-determining systems and highly differentiated (heteromorphic) sex chromosomes like mammals, birds and some insects, these expectations are less clear in organismal groups where sex chromosomes repeatedly change and remain mostly homomorphic, like amphibians. In this article, we review the proposed roles of sex-linked genes in isolating nascent lineages throughout the speciation continuum and discuss their support in amphibians given current knowledge of sex chromosome evolution and speciation modes. Given their frequent recombination and lack of differentiation, we argue that amphibian sex chromosomes are not expected to become supergenes of speciation, which is reflected by the rarity of empirical studies consistent with a 'large sex chromosome effect' in frogs and toads. The diversity of sex chromosome systems in amphibians has a high potential to disentangle the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for the emergence of sex-linked speciation genes in other organisms. This article is part of the theme issue 'Genomic architecture of supergenes: causes and evolutionary consequences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
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15
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Harrison CM, Colbert J, Richter CJ, McDonald PJ, Trumbull LM, Ellsworth SA, Hogan MP, Rokyta DR, Margres MJ. Using Morphological, Genetic, and Venom Analyses to Present Current and Historic Evidence of Crotalus horridus x adamanteus Hybridization on Jekyll Island, Georgia. SOUTHEAST NAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1656/058.021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Colbert
- Jekyll Island Authority Conservation Department, Jekyll Island, GA 31527
| | - Collin J. Richter
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Preston J. McDonald
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Lauren M. Trumbull
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Schyler A. Ellsworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 33306
| | - Michael P. Hogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 33306
| | - Darin R. Rokyta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 33306
| | - Mark J. Margres
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
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16
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Physiological aspects of sex differences and Haldane's rule in Rumex hastatulus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11145. [PMID: 35778518 PMCID: PMC9249882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Haldane's rule (HR, impairment of fertility and/or viability of interracial hybrids) seems to be one of few generalizations in evolutionary biology. The validity of HR has been confirmed in animals, and more recently in some dioecious plants (Silene and Rumex). Dioecious Rumex hastatulus has two races differing in the sex chromosome system: Texas (T) and North Carolina (NC), and T × NC males showed both reduced pollen fertility and rarity-two classical symptoms of Haldane's rule (HR). The reduced fertility of these plants has a simple mechanistic explanation, but the reason for their rarity was not elucidated. Here, we measured selected physiological parameters related to the antioxidant defense system in parental races and reciprocal hybrids of R. hastatulus. We showed that the X-autosome configurations, as well as asymmetries associated with Y chromosomes and cytoplasm, could modulate this system in hybrids. The levels and quantitative patterns of the measured parameters distinguish the T × NC hybrid from the other analyzed forms. Our observations suggest that the rarity of T × NC males is caused postzygotically and most likely related to the higher level of oxidative stress induced by the chromosomal incompatibilities. It is the first report on the physiological aspects of HR in plants.
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17
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Ottenburghs J. Avian introgression patterns are consistent with Haldane's Rule. J Hered 2022; 113:363-370. [PMID: 35134952 PMCID: PMC9308041 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Haldane’s Rule, the heterogametic sex will show the greatest fitness reduction in a hybrid cross. In birds, where sex is determined by a ZW system, female hybrids are expected to experience lower fitness compared to male hybrids. This pattern has indeed been observed in several bird groups, but it is unknown whether the generality of Haldane’s Rule also extends to the molecular level. First, given the lower fitness of female hybrids, we can expect maternally inherited loci (i.e., mitochondrial and W-linked loci) to show lower introgression rates than biparentally inherited loci (i.e., autosomal loci) in females. Second, the faster evolution of Z-linked loci compared to autosomal loci and the hemizygosity of the Z-chromosome in females might speed up the accumulation of incompatible alleles on this sex chromosome, resulting in lower introgression rates for Z-linked loci than for autosomal loci. I tested these expectations by conducting a literature review which focused on studies that directly quantified introgression rates for autosomal, sex-linked, and mitochondrial loci. Although most studies reported introgression rates in line with Haldane’s Rule, it remains important to validate these genetic patterns with estimates of hybrid fitness and supporting field observations to rule out alternative explanations. Genomic data provide exciting opportunities to obtain a more fine-grained picture of introgression rates across the genome, which can consequently be linked to ecological and behavioral observations, potentially leading to novel insights into the genetic mechanisms underpinning Haldane’s Rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Ottenburghs
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Xie D, Ye P, Ma Y, Li Y, Liu X, Sarkies P, Zhao Z. Genetic exchange with an outcrossing sister species causes severe genome-wide dysregulation in a selfing Caenorhabditis nematode. Genome Res 2022; 32:2015-2027. [PMID: 36351773 PMCID: PMC9808620 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277205.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Different modes of reproduction evolve rapidly, with important consequences for genome composition. Selfing species often occupy a similar niche as their outcrossing sister species with which they are able to mate and produce viable hybrid progeny, raising the question of how they maintain genomic identity. Here, we investigate this issue by using the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae, which reproduces as a hermaphrodite, and its outcrossing sister species Caenorhabditis nigoni We hypothesize that selfing species might develop some barriers to prevent gene intrusions through gene regulation. We therefore examined gene regulation in the hybrid F2 embryos resulting from reciprocal backcrosses between F1 hybrid progeny and C. nigoni or C. briggsae F2 hybrid embryos with ∼75% of their genome derived from C. briggsae (termed as bB2) were inviable, whereas those with ∼75% of their genome derived from C. nigoni (termed as nB2) were viable. Misregulation of transposable elements, coding genes, and small regulatory RNAs was more widespread in the bB2 compared with the nB2 hybrids, which is a plausible explanation for the differential phenotypes between the two hybrids. Our results show that regulation of the C. briggsae genome is strongly affected by genetic exchanges with its outcrossing sister species, C. nigoni, whereas regulation of the C. nigoni genome is more robust on genetic exchange with C. briggsae The results provide new insights into how selfing species might maintain their identity despite genetic exchanges with closely related outcrossing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xie
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pohao Ye
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongbin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Peter Sarkies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 4BH, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongying Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China;,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Arntzen JW, Jehle R, Wielstra B. Genetic and morphological data demonstrate hybridization and backcrossing in a pair of salamanders at the far end of the speciation continuum. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2784-2793. [PMID: 34950229 PMCID: PMC8674889 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deeply diverged yet hybridizing species provide a system to investigate the final stages of the speciation process. We study a hybridizing pair of salamander species-the morphologically and genetically drastically different newts Triturus cristatus and T. marmoratus-with a panel of 32 nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers. Morphologically identified hybrids are mostly of the F1 generation and mothered by T. cristatus. The sex ratio of the F1 hybrid class is reciprocally skewed, with a preponderance of females in T. cristatus-mothered hybrids and males in T. marmoratus-mothered hybrids. This amounts to the Haldane effect operating in one direction of the cross. Deeper generation hybrids are occasionally produced, possibly including F1 hybrid × backcross hybrid offspring. Interspecific gene flow is low, yet skewed toward T. cristatus. This asymmetry may be caused by hybrid zone movement, with the superseding species being predisposed to introgression. The persisting gene flow between deeply differentiated species supports the notion that full genetic isolation may be selected against. Conversely, published morphological data suggest that introgressive hybridization is detrimental, with digital malformations occurring more frequently in the area of sympatry. Finally, to assist field identification, both within the area of natural range overlap and concerning anthropogenic introductions elsewhere, we document the phenotypical variation of two generations of hybrids compared with both parental species. We suggest that fluctuating range boundaries, ecological segregation, cytonuclear incompatibilities and hybrid breakdown through Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities all contribute to species integrity, despite incomplete isolation during secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W. Arntzen
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Science, Engineering and EnvironmentUniversity of SalfordSalfordUK
| | - Ben Wielstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
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20
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Rosser N, Edelman NB, Queste LM, Nelson M, Seixas F, Dasmahapatra KK, Mallet J. Complex basis of hybrid female sterility and Haldane's rule in Heliconius butterflies: Z-linkage and epistasis. Mol Ecol 2021; 31:959-977. [PMID: 34779079 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hybrids between species are often sterile or inviable. Hybrid unfitness usually evolves first in the heterogametic sex-a pattern known as Haldane's rule. The genetics of Haldane's rule have been extensively studied in species where the male is the heterogametic (XX/XY) sex, but its basis in taxa where the female is heterogametic (ZW/ZZ), such as Lepidoptera and birds, is largely unknown. Here, we analyse a new case of female hybrid sterility between geographic subspecies of Heliconius pardalinus. The two subspecies mate freely in captivity, but female F1 hybrids in both directions of cross are sterile. Sterility is due to arrested development of oocytes after they become differentiated from nurse cells, but before yolk deposition. We backcrossed fertile male F1 hybrids to parental females and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for female sterility. We also identified genes differentially expressed in the ovary as a function of oocyte development. The Z chromosome has a major effect, similar to the 'large X effect' in Drosophila, with strong epistatic interactions between loci at either end of the Z chromosome, and between the Z chromosome and autosomal loci on chromosomes 8 and 20. By intersecting the list of genes within these QTLs with those differentially expressed in sterile and fertile hybrids, we identified three candidate genes with relevant phenotypes. This study is the first to characterize hybrid sterility using genome mapping in the Lepidoptera and shows that it is produced by multiple complex epistatic interactions often involving the sex chromosome, as predicted by the dominance theory of Haldane's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rosser
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nathaniel B Edelman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale School for the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Fernando Seixas
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - James Mallet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Kratochvíl L, Stöck M, Rovatsos M, Bullejos M, Herpin A, Jeffries DL, Peichel CL, Perrin N, Valenzuela N, Pokorná MJ. Expanding the classical paradigm: what we have learnt from vertebrates about sex chromosome evolution. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200097. [PMID: 34304593 PMCID: PMC8310716 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the field of sex chromosome evolution has been dominated by the canonical unidirectional scenario, first developed by Muller in 1918. This model postulates that sex chromosomes emerge from autosomes by acquiring a sex-determining locus. Recombination reduction then expands outwards from this locus, to maintain its linkage with sexually antagonistic/advantageous alleles, resulting in Y or W degeneration and potentially culminating in their disappearance. Based mostly on empirical vertebrate research, we challenge and expand each conceptual step of this canonical model and present observations by numerous experts in two parts of a theme issue of Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. We suggest that greater theoretical and empirical insights into the events at the origins of sex-determining genes (rewiring of the gonadal differentiation networks), and a better understanding of the evolutionary forces responsible for recombination suppression are required. Among others, crucial questions are: Why do sex chromosome differentiation rates and the evolution of gene dose regulatory mechanisms between male versus female heterogametic systems not follow earlier theory? Why do several lineages not have sex chromosomes? And: What are the consequences of the presence of (differentiated) sex chromosomes for individual fitness, evolvability, hybridization and diversification? We conclude that the classical scenario appears too reductionistic. Instead of being unidirectional, we show that sex chromosome evolution is more complex than previously anticipated and principally forms networks, interconnected to potentially endless outcomes with restarts, deletions and additions of new genomic material. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michail Rovatsos
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mónica Bullejos
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Las Lagunillas Campus S/N, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Amaury Herpin
- INRAE, LPGP, 35000 Rennes, France
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel L. Jeffries
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Martina Johnson Pokorná
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, Liběchov, Czech Republic
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22
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Stöck M, Dedukh D, Reifová R, Lamatsch DK, Starostová Z, Janko K. Sex chromosomes in meiotic, hemiclonal, clonal and polyploid hybrid vertebrates: along the 'extended speciation continuum'. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200103. [PMID: 34304588 PMCID: PMC8310718 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We review knowledge about the roles of sex chromosomes in vertebrate hybridization and speciation, exploring a gradient of divergences with increasing reproductive isolation (speciation continuum). Under early divergence, well-differentiated sex chromosomes in meiotic hybrids may cause Haldane-effects and introgress less easily than autosomes. Undifferentiated sex chromosomes are more susceptible to introgression and form multiple (or new) sex chromosome systems with hardly predictable dominance hierarchies. Under increased divergence, most vertebrates reach complete intrinsic reproductive isolation. Slightly earlier, some hybrids (linked in 'the extended speciation continuum') exhibit aberrant gametogenesis, leading towards female clonality. This facilitates the evolution of various allodiploid and allopolyploid clonal ('asexual') hybrid vertebrates, where 'asexuality' might be a form of intrinsic reproductive isolation. A comprehensive list of 'asexual' hybrid vertebrates shows that they all evolved from parents with divergences that were greater than at the intraspecific level (K2P-distances of greater than 5-22% based on mtDNA). These 'asexual' taxa inherited genetic sex determination by mostly undifferentiated sex chromosomes. Among the few known sex-determining systems in hybrid 'asexuals', female heterogamety (ZW) occurred about twice as often as male heterogamety (XY). We hypothesize that pre-/meiotic aberrations in all-female ZW-hybrids present Haldane-effects promoting their evolution. Understanding the preconditions to produce various clonal or meiotic allopolyploids appears crucial for insights into the evolution of sex, 'asexuality' and polyploidy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stöck
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries - IGB (Forschungsverbund Berlin), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dmitrij Dedukh
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Reifová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dunja K. Lamatsch
- Research Department for Limnology, University of Innsbruck, Mondseestrasse 9, A-5310 Mondsee, Austria
| | - Zuzana Starostová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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23
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Mass of genes rather than master genes underlie the genomic architecture of amphibian speciation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103963118. [PMID: 34465621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103963118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic architecture of speciation, i.e., how intrinsic genomic incompatibilities promote reproductive isolation (RI) between diverging lineages, is one of the best-kept secrets of evolution. To directly assess whether incompatibilities arise in a limited set of large-effect speciation genes, or in a multitude of loci, we examined the geographic and genomic landscapes of introgression across the hybrid zones of 41 pairs of frog and toad lineages in the Western Palearctic region. As the divergence between lineages increases, phylogeographic transitions progressively become narrower, and larger parts of the genome resist introgression. This suggests that anuran speciation proceeds through a gradual accumulation of multiple barrier loci scattered across the genome, which ultimately deplete hybrid fitness by intrinsic postzygotic isolation, with behavioral isolation being achieved only at later stages. Moreover, these loci were disproportionately sex linked in one group (Hyla) but not in others (Rana and Bufotes), implying that large X-effects are not necessarily a rule of speciation with undifferentiated sex chromosomes. The highly polygenic nature of RI and the lack of hemizygous X/Z chromosomes could explain why the speciation clock ticks slower in amphibians compared to other vertebrates. The clock-like dynamics of speciation combined with the analytical focus on hybrid zones offer perspectives for more standardized practices of species delimitation.
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24
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Fraïsse C, Sachdeva H. The rates of introgression and barriers to genetic exchange between hybridizing species: sex chromosomes vs autosomes. Genetics 2021; 217:6042694. [PMID: 33724409 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific crossing experiments have shown that sex chromosomes play a major role in reproductive isolation between many pairs of species. However, their ability to act as reproductive barriers, which hamper interspecific genetic exchange, has rarely been evaluated quantitatively compared to Autosomes. This genome-wide limitation of gene flow is essential for understanding the complete separation of species, and thus speciation. Here, we develop a mainland-island model of secondary contact between hybridizing species of an XY (or ZW) sexual system. We obtain theoretical predictions for the frequency of introgressed alleles, and the strength of the barrier to neutral gene flow for the two types of chromosomes carrying multiple interspecific barrier loci. Theoretical predictions are obtained for scenarios where introgressed alleles are rare. We show that the same analytical expressions apply for sex chromosomes and autosomes, but with different sex-averaged effective parameters. The specific features of sex chromosomes (hemizygosity and absence of recombination in the heterogametic sex) lead to reduced levels of introgression on the X (or Z) compared to autosomes. This effect can be enhanced by certain types of sex-biased forces, but it remains overall small (except when alleles causing incompatibilities are recessive). We discuss these predictions in the light of empirical data comprising model-based tests of introgression and cline surveys in various biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Fraïsse
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria.,CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Himani Sachdeva
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria.,Mathematics and BioSciences Group, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Genome-Wide SNPs Detect Hybridisation of Marsupial Gliders ( Petaurus breviceps breviceps × Petaurus norfolcensis) in the Wild. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091327. [PMID: 34573311 PMCID: PMC8467023 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Petaurus breviceps and Petaurus norfolcensis have produced hybrids in captivity, however there are no reported cases of Petaurus hybridisation in the wild. This study uses morphological data, mitochondrial DNA, and nuclear genome-wide SNP markers to confirm P. breviceps breviceps × P. norfolcensis hybridisation within their natural range on the central coast of New South Wales, Australia. Morphological data identified a potential hybrid that was confirmed with next-generation sequencing technology and 10,111 genome-wide SNPs. Both STRUCTURE and NewHybrid analyses identified the hybrid as a P. norfolcensis backcross, which suggests an initial F1 hybrid was fertile. The mitochondrial DNA matched that of a P. b. breviceps, indicating that a P. b. breviceps female initially mated with a P. norfolcensis male to produce a fertile female offspring. Our study is an important example of how genome-wide SNPs can be used to identify hybrids where the distribution of congeners overlaps. Hybridisation between congeners is likely to become more frequent as climate changes and habitats fragment, resulting in increased interactions and competition for resources and mates.
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26
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Moran BM, Payne C, Langdon Q, Powell DL, Brandvain Y, Schumer M. The genomic consequences of hybridization. eLife 2021; 10:e69016. [PMID: 34346866 PMCID: PMC8337078 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in genome sequencing have allowed researchers to uncover the history of hybridization in diverse groups of species, including our own. Although the field has made impressive progress in documenting the extent of natural hybridization, both historical and recent, there are still many unanswered questions about its genetic and evolutionary consequences. Recent work has suggested that the outcomes of hybridization in the genome may be in part predictable, but many open questions about the nature of selection on hybrids and the biological variables that shape such selection have hampered progress in this area. We synthesize what is known about the mechanisms that drive changes in ancestry in the genome after hybridization, highlight major unresolved questions, and discuss their implications for the predictability of genome evolution after hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Moran
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
| | - Cheyenne Payne
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
| | - Quinn Langdon
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Daniel L Powell
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
| | - Yaniv Brandvain
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Molly Schumer
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de las Huastecas “Aguazarca”HidalgoMexico
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteStanfordUnited States
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27
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Smith DA, Bennie JJ, Gordon IJ, Martin S, Ireri P, Omufwoko KS, Ffrench-Constant RH. Hybrid effects in field populations of the African monarch butterfly, Danaus chrysippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021; 133:671-684. [PMID: 34539176 PMCID: PMC8444992 DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterosis, Haldane and Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller effects have been widely documented amongst a range of plants and animals. However, typically these effects are shown by taking parents of known genotype into the laboratory and measuring components of the F1 progeny under laboratory conditions. This leaves in doubt the real significance of such effects in the field. Here we use the well-known colour pattern genotypes of the African monarch or queen (Danaus chrysippus), which also control wing length, to test these effects both in the laboratory and in a contact zone in the field. By measuring the wing lengths in animals of known colour pattern genotype we show clear evidence for all three hybrid effects at the A and BC colour patterning loci, and importantly, that these same effects persist in the same presumptive F1s when measured in hybrid populations in the field. This demonstrates the power of a system in which genotypes can be directly inferred in the field and highlights that all three hybrid effects can be seen in the East African contact zone of this fascinating butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David As Smith
- Natural History Museum, Eton College, Windsor SL4 6DW, UK
| | - Jon J Bennie
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Ian J Gordon
- Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity and Natural Resource Management, RN1, Huye Campus, Huye, Rwanda
| | - Simon Martin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH1 3FL, UK
| | - Piera Ireri
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Kenya
| | - Kennedy S Omufwoko
- Mpala Research Centre (Princeton University), Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555-10400, Kenya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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28
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Presgraves DC, Meiklejohn CD. Hybrid Sterility, Genetic Conflict and Complex Speciation: Lessons From the Drosophila simulans Clade Species. Front Genet 2021; 12:669045. [PMID: 34249091 PMCID: PMC8261240 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.669045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The three fruitfly species of the Drosophila simulans clade- D. simulans, D. mauritiana, and D. sechellia- have served as important models in speciation genetics for over 40 years. These species are reproductively isolated by geography, ecology, sexual signals, postmating-prezygotic interactions, and postzygotic genetic incompatibilities. All pairwise crosses between these species conform to Haldane's rule, producing fertile F1 hybrid females and sterile F1 hybrid males. The close phylogenetic proximity of the D. simulans clade species to the model organism, D. melanogaster, has empowered genetic analyses of their species differences, including reproductive incompatibilities. But perhaps no phenotype has been subject to more continuous and intensive genetic scrutiny than hybrid male sterility. Here we review the history, progress, and current state of our understanding of hybrid male sterility among the D. simulans clade species. Our aim is to integrate the available information from experimental and population genetics analyses bearing on the causes and consequences of hybrid male sterility. We highlight numerous conclusions that have emerged as well as issues that remain unresolved. We focus on the special role of sex chromosomes, the fine-scale genetic architecture of hybrid male sterility, and the history of gene flow between species. The biggest surprises to emerge from this work are that (i) genetic conflicts may be an important general force in the evolution of hybrid incompatibility, (ii) hybrid male sterility is polygenic with contributions of complex epistasis, and (iii) speciation, even among these geographically allopatric taxa, has involved the interplay of gene flow, negative selection, and positive selection. These three conclusions are marked departures from the classical views of speciation that emerged from the modern evolutionary synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daven C. Presgraves
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Colin D. Meiklejohn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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29
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Taylor RS, Bramwell AC, Clemente-Carvalho R, Cairns NA, Bonier F, Dares K, Lougheed SC. Cytonuclear discordance in the crowned-sparrows, Zonotrichia atricapilla and Zonotrichia leucophrys. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 162:107216. [PMID: 34082131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The golden-crowned (Zonotrichia atricapilla) and white-crowned (Z. leucophrys) sparrows have been presented as a compelling case for rapid speciation. They display divergence in song and plumage with overlap in their breeding ranges implying reproductive isolation, but have almost identical mitochondrial genomes. Previous research proposed hybridization and subsequent mitochondrial introgression as an alternate explanation, but lacked robust nuclear gene trees to distinguish between introgression and incomplete lineage sorting. We test for signatures of these processes between Z. atricapilla and Z. leucophrys, and investigate the relationships among Z. leucophrys subspecies, using mitochondrial sequencing and a reduced representation nuclear genomic dataset. Contrary to the paraphyly evident in mitochondrial gene trees, we confirmed the reciprocal monophyly of Z. atricapilla and Z. leucophrys using large panels of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The pattern of cytonuclear discordance is consistent with limited, historical hybridization and mitochondrial introgression, rather than a recent origin and incomplete lineage sorting between recent sister species. We found evidence of nuclear phylogeographic structure within Z. leucophrys with two distinct clades. Altogether, our results indicate deeper divergences between Z. atricapilla and Z. leucophrys than inferred using mitochondrial markers. Our results demonstrate the limitations of relying solely on mitochondrial DNA for taxonomy, and raise questions about the possibility of selection on the mitochondrial genome during temperature oscillations (e.g. during the Pleistocene). Historical mitochondrial introgression facilitated by past environmental changes could cause erroneous dating of lineage splitting in other taxa when based on mitochondrial DNA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Taylor
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ashley C Bramwell
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | | | - Nicholas A Cairns
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Frances Bonier
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katherine Dares
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Stephen C Lougheed
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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30
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Kolora SRR, Gysi DM, Schaffer S, Grimm-Seyfarth A, Szabolcs M, Faria R, Henle K, Stadler PF, Schlegel M, Nowick K. Accelerated Evolution of Tissue-Specific Genes Mediates Divergence Amidst Gene Flow in European Green Lizards. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6275683. [PMID: 33988711 PMCID: PMC8382678 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The European green lizards of the Lacerta viridis complex consist of two closely related species, L. viridis and Lacerta bilineata that split less than 7 million years ago in the presence of gene flow. Recently, a third lineage, referred to as the “Adriatic” was described within the L. viridis complex distributed from Slovenia to Greece. However, whether gene flow between the Adriatic lineage and L. viridis or L. bilineata has occurred and the evolutionary processes involved in their diversification are currently unknown. We hypothesized that divergence occurred in the presence of gene flow between multiple lineages and involved tissue-specific gene evolution. In this study, we sequenced the whole genome of an individual of the Adriatic lineage and tested for the presence of gene flow amongst L. viridis, L. bilineata, and Adriatic. Additionally, we sequenced transcriptomes from multiple tissues to understand tissue-specific effects. The species tree supports that the Adriatic lineage is a sister taxon to L. bilineata. We detected gene flow between the Adriatic lineage and L. viridis suggesting that the evolutionary history of the L. viridis complex is likely shaped by gene flow. Interestingly, we observed topological differences between the autosomal and Z-chromosome phylogenies with a few fast evolving genes on the Z-chromosome. Genes highly expressed in the ovaries and strongly co-expressed in the brain experienced accelerated evolution presumably contributing to establishing reproductive isolation in the L. viridis complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Rohit Raj Kolora
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Deisy Morselli Gysi
- Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Swarm Intelligence and Complex Systems Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Complex Networks Research, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Schaffer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annegret Grimm-Seyfarth
- Department of Conservation Biology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Márton Szabolcs
- Department of Tisza River Research, Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rui Faria
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Klaus Henle
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Conservation Biology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F Stadler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, and Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Competence Center for Scalable Data Services and Solutions Dresden/Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico, USA
| | - Martin Schlegel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Molecular Evolution & Animal Systematics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Nowick
- Institute for Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Lopez KA, McDiarmid CS, Griffith SC, Lovette IJ, Hooper DM. Evaluating evidence of mitonuclear incompatibilities with the sex chromosomes in an avian hybrid zone. Evolution 2021; 75:1395-1414. [PMID: 33908624 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of hybrid zones and the intergenomic conflicts exposed through hybridization provide windows into the processes of divergence and speciation. Sex chromosomes and mitonuclear incompatibilities have strong associations with the genetics of hybrid dysfunction. In ZW sex-determining systems, maternal co-inheritance of the mitochondrial and W chromosomes immediately exposes incompatibilities between these maternal contributions of one species and the Z chromosome of another. We analyze mitochondrial and Z chromosome admixture in the long-tailed finch (Poephila acuticauda) of Australia, where hybridizing subspecies differ prominently in Z chromosome genotype and in bill color, yet the respective centers of geographic admixture for these two traits are offset by 350 km. We report two well-defined mitochondrial clades that diverged ∼0.5 million years ago. Mitochondrial contact is geographically co-located within a hybrid zone of Z chromosome admixture and is displaced from bill color admixture by nearly 400 km. Consistent with Haldane's rule expectations, hybrid zone females are significantly less likely than males to carry an admixed Z chromosome or have mismatched Z-mitochondrial genotypes. Furthermore, there are significantly fewer than expected mitonuclear mismatches in hybrid zone females and paternal backcross males. Results suggest a potential for mitonuclear/sex chromosome incompatibilities in the emergence of reproductive isolation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie A Lopez
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Callum S McDiarmid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Irby J Lovette
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Daniel M Hooper
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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32
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Atsumi K, Lagisz M, Nakagawa S. Nonadditive genetic effects induce novel phenotypic distributions in male mating traits of F1 hybrids. Evolution 2021; 75:1304-1315. [PMID: 33818793 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hybridization is a source of phenotypic novelty and variation because of increased additive genetic variation. Yet, the roles of nonadditive allelic interactions in shaping phenotypic mean and variance of hybrids have been underappreciated. Here, we examine the distributions of male-mating traits in F1 hybrids via a meta-analysis of 3208 effect sizes from 39 animal species pairs. Although additivity sets phenotypic distributions of F1s to be intermediate, F1s also showed recessivity and resemblance to maternal species. F1s expressed novel phenotypes (beyond the range of both parents) in 65% of species pairs, often associated with increased phenotypic variability. Overall, however, F1s expressed smaller variation than parents in 51% of traits. Although genetic divergence between parents did not impact phenotypic novelty, it increased phenotypic variability of F1s. By creating novel phenotypes with increased variability, nonadditivity of heterozygotic genome may play key roles in determining mating success of F1s, and their subsequent extinction or speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Atsumi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Malgorzata Lagisz
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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33
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Matute DR, Cooper BS. Comparative studies on speciation: 30 years since Coyne and Orr. Evolution 2021; 75:764-778. [PMID: 33491225 PMCID: PMC8247902 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the processes of population divergence and speciation remains a core question in evolutionary biology. For nearly a hundred years evolutionary geneticists have characterized reproductive isolation (RI) mechanisms and specific barriers to gene flow required for species formation. The seminal work of Coyne and Orr provided the first comprehensive comparative analysis of speciation. By combining phylogenetic hypotheses and species range data with estimates of genetic divergence and multiple mechanisms of RI across Drosophila, Coyne and Orr's influential meta-analyses answered fundamental questions and motivated new analyses that continue to push the field forward today. Now 30 years later, we revisit the five questions addressed by Coyne and Orr, identifying results that remain well supported and others that seem less robust with new data. We then consider the future of speciation research, with emphasis on areas where novel methods and data motivate potential progress. While the literature remains biased towards Drosophila and other model systems, we are enthusiastic about the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Matute
- Biology DepartmentUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina27510
| | - Brandon S. Cooper
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMontana59812
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34
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Mukaj A, Piálek J, Fotopulosova V, Morgan AP, Odenthal-Hesse L, Parvanov ED, Forejt J. Prdm9 Intersubspecific Interactions in Hybrid Male Sterility of House Mouse. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:3423-3438. [PMID: 32642764 PMCID: PMC7743643 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical definition posits hybrid sterility as a phenomenon when two parental taxa each of which is fertile produce a hybrid that is sterile. The first hybrid sterility gene in vertebrates, Prdm9, coding for a histone methyltransferase, was identified in crosses between two laboratory mouse strains derived from Mus mus musculus and M. m. domesticus subspecies. The unique function of PRDM9 protein in the initiation of meiotic recombination led to the discovery of the basic molecular mechanism of hybrid sterility in laboratory crosses. However, the role of this protein as a component of reproductive barrier outside the laboratory model remained unclear. Here, we show that the Prdm9 allelic incompatibilities represent the primary cause of reduced fertility in intersubspecific hybrids between M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus including 16 musculus and domesticus wild-derived strains. Disruption of fertility phenotypes correlated with the rate of failure of synapsis between homologous chromosomes in meiosis I and with early meiotic arrest. All phenotypes were restored to normal when the domesticus Prdm9dom2 allele was substituted with the Prdm9dom2H humanized variant. To conclude, our data show for the first time the male infertility of wild-derived musculus and domesticus subspecies F1 hybrids controlled by Prdm9 as the major hybrid sterility gene. The impairment of fertility surrogates, testes weight and sperm count, correlated with increasing difficulties of meiotic synapsis of homologous chromosomes and with meiotic arrest, which we suppose reflect the increasing asymmetry of PRDM9-dependent DNA double-strand breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amisa Mukaj
- Department of Mouse Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Piálek
- Research Facility Studenec, Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladana Fotopulosova
- Department of Mouse Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Linda Odenthal-Hesse
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Emil D Parvanov
- Department of Mouse Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Forejt
- Department of Mouse Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Science, Vestec, Czech Republic
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35
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Knief U, Forstmeier W, Pei Y, Wolf J, Kempenaers B. A test for meiotic drive in hybrids between Australian and Timor zebra finches. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:13464-13475. [PMID: 33304552 PMCID: PMC7713956 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic drivers have been proposed as a potent evolutionary force underlying genetic and phenotypic variation, genome structure, and also speciation. Due to their strong selective advantage, they are expected to rapidly spread through a population despite potentially detrimental effects on organismal fitness. Once fixed, autosomal drivers are cryptic within populations and only become visible in between-population crosses lacking the driver or corresponding suppressor. However, the assumed ubiquity of meiotic drivers has rarely been assessed in crosses between populations or species. Here we test for meiotic drive in hybrid embryos and offspring of Timor and Australian zebra finches-subspecies that have evolved in isolation for about two million years-using 38,541 informative transmissions of 56 markers linked to either centromeres or distal chromosome ends. We did not find evidence for meiotic driver loci on specific chromosomes. However, we observed a weak overall transmission bias toward Timor alleles at centromeres in females (transmission probability of Australian alleles of 47%, nominal p = 6 × 10-5). While this is in line with the centromere drive theory, it goes against the expectation that the subspecies with the larger effective population size (i.e., the Australian zebra finch) should have evolved the more potent meiotic drivers. We thus caution against interpreting our finding as definite evidence for centromeric drive. Yet, weak centromeric meiotic drivers may be more common than generally anticipated and we encourage further studies that are designed to detect also small effect meiotic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Knief
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyFaculty of BiologyLudwig Maximilian University of MunichPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Wolfgang Forstmeier
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
| | - Yifan Pei
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
| | - Jochen Wolf
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyFaculty of BiologyLudwig Maximilian University of MunichPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology and Evolutionary GeneticsMax Planck Institute for OrnithologySeewiesenGermany
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36
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Ishishita S, Tatsumoto S, Kinoshita K, Nunome M, Suzuki T, Go Y, Matsuda Y. Transcriptome analysis revealed misregulated gene expression in blastoderms of interspecific chicken and Japanese quail F1 hybrids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240183. [PMID: 33044996 PMCID: PMC7549780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid incompatibility, such as sterility and inviability, prevents gene flow between closely-related populations as a reproductive isolation barrier. F1 hybrids between chickens and Japanese quail (hereafter, referred to as quail), exhibit a high frequency of developmental arrest at the preprimitive streak stage. To investigate the molecular basis of the developmental arrest at the preprimitive streak stage in chicken–quail F1 hybrid embryos, we investigated chromosomal abnormalities in the hybrid embryos using molecular cytogenetic analysis. In addition, we quantified gene expression in parental species and chicken- and quail-derived allele-specific expression in the hybrids at the early blastoderm and preprimitive streak stages by mRNA sequencing. Subsequently, we compared the directions of change in gene expression, including upregulation, downregulation, or no change, from the early blastoderm stage to the preprimitive streak stage between parental species and their hybrids. Chromosome analysis revealed that the cells of the hybrid embryos contained a fifty-fifty mixture of parental chromosomes, and numerical chromosomal abnormalities were hardly observed in the hybrid cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that a part of the genes that were upregulated from the early blastoderm stage to the preprimitive streak stage in both parental species exhibited no upregulation of both chicken- and quail-derived alleles in the hybrids. GO term enrichment analysis revealed that these misregulated genes are involved in various biological processes, including ribosome-mediated protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Furthermore, the misregulated genes included genes involved in early embryonic development, such as primitive streak formation and gastrulation. These results suggest that numerical chromosomal abnormalities due to a segregation failure does not cause the lethality of chicken–quail hybrid embryos, and that the downregulated expression of the genes that are involved in various biological processes, including translation and primitive streak formation, mainly causes the developmental arrest at the preprimitive streak stage in the hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishishita
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoji Tatsumoto
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLs), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keiji Kinoshita
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Nunome
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Avian Bioscience, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Go
- Cognitive Genomics Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLs), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuda
- Avian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Laboratory of Avian Bioscience, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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37
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Dufresnes C, Litvinchuk SN, Rozenblut-Kościsty B, Rodrigues N, Perrin N, Crochet PA, Jeffries DL. Hybridization and introgression between toads with different sex chromosome systems. Evol Lett 2020; 4:444-456. [PMID: 33014420 PMCID: PMC7523563 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in the lability of sex determination in non‐model vertebrates such as amphibians and fishes has revealed high rates of sex chromosome turnovers among closely related species of the same clade. Can such lineages hybridize and admix with different sex‐determining systems, or could the changes have precipitated their speciation? We addressed these questions in incipient species of toads (Bufonidae), where we identified a heterogametic transition and characterized their hybrid zone with genome‐wide markers (RADseq). Adult and sibship data confirmed that the common toad B. bufo is female heterogametic (ZW), while its sister species the spined toad B. spinosus is male heterogametic (XY). Analysis of a fine scale transect across their parapatric ranges in southeastern France unveiled a narrow tension zone (∼10 km), with asymmetric mitochondrial and nuclear admixture over hundreds of kilometers southward and northward, respectively. The geographic extent of introgression is consistent with an expansion of B. spinosus across B. bufo’s former ranges in Mediterranean France, as also suggested by species distribution models. However, widespread cyto‐nuclear discordances (B. spinosus backrosses carrying B. bufo mtDNA) run against predictions from the dominance effects of Haldane's rule, perhaps because Y and W heterogametologs are not degenerated. Common and spined toads can thus successfully cross‐breed despite fundamental differences in their sex determination mechanisms, but remain partially separated by reproductive barriers. Whether and how the interactions of their XY and ZW genes contribute to these barriers shall provide novel insights on the debated role of labile sex chromosomes in speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- LASER College of Biology and the Environment Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Spartak N Litvinchuk
- Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia.,Dagestan State University Makhachkala Russia
| | - Beata Rozenblut-Kościsty
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Vertebrates Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland
| | - Nicolas Rodrigues
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Perrin
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Pierre-André Crochet
- CEFE Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France
| | - Daniel L Jeffries
- Department of Ecology & Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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38
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Irwin DE. Assortative Mating in Hybrid Zones Is Remarkably Ineffective in Promoting Speciation. Am Nat 2020; 195:E150-E167. [DOI: 10.1086/708529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Cordonnier M, Escarguel G, Dumet A, Kaufmann B. Multiple mating in the context of interspecific hybridization between two Tetramorium ant species. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:675-684. [PMID: 32205865 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In eusocial Hymenoptera, haplodiploidy and polyandry may facilitate selection for hybridization. Interspecific hybridization is widespread in ants and can lead to hybrid inviability as well as the formation of new species through hybrid speciation. However, in ants, polyandry is uncommon. By analyzing microsatellite markers on 15 ant workers per colony, we show that the mating system of 28 pure colonies of Tetramorium immigrans, 15 pure colonies of Tetramorium caespitum, and 27 hybrid colonies is a monogyne/polyandrous mating system, with a higher mating rate in T. caespitum (mean = 2.4 males vs. 1.7 in T. immigrans). Hybrid queens, but no hybrid fathers, were deduced from workers' genotypes, in accordance with Haldane's rule extended to haplodiploid organisms, which states that the haploid sex should more often be sterile or inviable. In five colonies, hybridization and multiple mating allowed the simultaneous production of both hybrid and nonhybrid offspring. Although rare, these situations hinted at asymmetrical, larger contributions of T. immigrans vs. T. caespitum males to offspring production. Together, these findings point toward a complex and dynamic mating system in T. immigrans and T. caespitum, and contribute to better understand interspecific hybridization mechanisms and their consequences on genetic and taxonomic diversity. The study of polyandry within a hybrid zone is unprecedented and opens new opportunities to better understand interspecific hybridization mechanisms and their short- to long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Cordonnier
- Univ. Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, ENTPE, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, Lyon, France.
| | - Gilles Escarguel
- Univ. Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, ENTPE, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Dumet
- Univ. Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, ENTPE, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Kaufmann
- Univ. Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, ENTPE, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, F-69622, Lyon, France
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40
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41
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Runemark A, Eroukhmanoff F, Nava-Bolaños A, Hermansen JS, Meier JI. Hybridization, sex-specific genomic architecture and local adaptation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0419. [PMID: 30150218 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While gene flow can reduce the potential for local adaptation, hybridization may conversely provide genetic variation that increases the potential for local adaptation. Hybridization may also affect adaptation through altering sexual dimorphism and sexual conflict, but this remains largely unstudied. Here, we discuss how hybridization may affect sexual dimorphism and conflict due to differential effects of hybridization on males and females, and then how this, in turn, may affect local adaptation. First, in species with heterochromatic sexes, the lower viability of the heterogametic sex in hybrids could shift the balance in sexual conflict. Second, sex-specific inheritance of the mitochondrial genome in hybrids may lead to cytonuclear mismatches, for example, in the form of 'mother's curse', with potential consequences for sex ratio and sex-specific expression. Third, sex-biased introgression and recombination may lead to sex-specific consequences of hybridization. Fourth, transgressive segregation of sexually antagonistic alleles could increase sexual dimorphism in hybrid populations. Sexual dimorphism can reduce sexual conflict and enhance intersexual niche partitioning, increasing the fitness of hybrids. Adaptive introgression of alleles reducing sexual conflict or enhancing intersexual niche partitioning may facilitate local adaptation, and could favour the colonization of novel habitats. We review these consequences of hybridization on sex differences and local adaptation, and discuss how their prevalence and importance could be tested empirically.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Runemark
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabrice Eroukhmanoff
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Angela Nava-Bolaños
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jo S Hermansen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joana I Meier
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, EAWAG, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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42
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Specific Interactions Between Autosome and X Chromosomes Cause Hybrid Male Sterility in Caenorhabditis Species. Genetics 2019; 212:801-813. [PMID: 31064822 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid male progeny from interspecies crosses are more prone to sterility or inviability than hybrid female progeny, and the male sterility and inviability often demonstrate parent-of-origin asymmetry. However, the underlying genetic mechanism of asymmetric sterility or inviability remains elusive. We previously established a genome-wide hybrid incompatibility (HI) landscape between Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. nigoni by phenotyping a large collection of C. nigoni strains each carrying a C. briggsae introgression. In this study, we systematically dissect the genetic mechanism of asymmetric sterility and inviability in both hybrid male and female progeny between the two species. Specifically, we performed reciprocal crosses between C . briggsae and different C. nigoni strains that each carry a GFP-labeled C. briggsae genomic fragment referred to as introgression, and scored the HI phenotypes in the F1 progeny. The aggregated introgressions cover 94.6% of the C. briggsae genome, including 100% of the X chromosome. Surprisingly, we observed that two C. briggsae X fragments that produce C. nigoni male sterility as an introgression rescued hybrid F1 sterility in males fathered by C. briggsae Subsequent backcrossing analyses indicated that a specific interaction between the X-linked interaction and one autosome introgression is required to rescue the hybrid male sterility. In addition, we identified another two C. briggsae genomic intervals on chromosomes II and IV that can rescue the inviability, but not the sterility, of hybrid F1 males fathered by C. nigoni, suggesting the involvement of differential epistatic interactions in the asymmetric hybrid male fertility and inviability. Importantly, backcrossing of the rescued sterile males with C. nigoni led to the isolation of a 1.1-Mb genomic interval that specifically interacts with an X-linked introgression, which is essential for hybrid male fertility. We further identified three C. briggsae genomic intervals on chromosome I, II, and III that produced inviability in all F1 progeny, dependent on or independent of the parent-of-origin. Taken together, we identified multiple independent interacting loci that are responsible for asymmetric hybrid male and female sterility, and inviability, which lays a foundation for their molecular characterization.
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Dagilis AJ, Kirkpatrick M, Bolnick DI. The evolution of hybrid fitness during speciation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008125. [PMID: 31059513 PMCID: PMC6502311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of postzygotic reproductive isolation is an important component of speciation. But before isolation is complete there is sometimes a phase of heterosis in which hybrid fitness exceeds that of the two parental species. The genetics and evolution of heterosis and postzygotic isolation have typically been studied in isolation, precluding the development of a unified theory of speciation. Here, we develop a model that incorporates both positive and negative gene interactions, and accounts for the evolution of both heterosis and postzygotic isolation. We parameterize the model with recent data on the fitness effects of 10,000 mutations in yeast, singly and in pairwise epistatic combinations. The model makes novel predictions about the types of interactions that contribute to declining hybrid fitness. We reproduce patterns familiar from earlier models of speciation (e.g. Haldane's Rule and Darwin's Corollary) and identify new mechanisms that may underlie these patterns. Our approach provides a general framework for integrating experimental data from gene interaction networks into speciation theory and makes new predictions about the genetic mechanisms of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius J. Dagilis
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark Kirkpatrick
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel I. Bolnick
- Integrative Biology Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, United States of America
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44
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Bernardini F, Kriezis A, Galizi R, Nolan T, Crisanti A. Introgression of a synthetic sex ratio distortion system from Anopheles gambiae into Anopheles arabiensis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5158. [PMID: 30914785 PMCID: PMC6435806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
I-PpoI is a homing endonuclease that has a high cleavage activity and specificity for a conserved sequence within the ribosomal rDNA repeats, located in a single cluster on the Anopheles gambiae X chromosome. This property has been exploited to develop a synthetic sex ratio distortion system in this mosquito species. When I-PpoI is expressed from a transgene during spermatogenesis in mosquitoes, the paternal X chromosome is shredded and only Y chromosome-bearing sperm are viable, resulting in a male-biased sex ratio of >95% in the progeny. These distorter male mosquitoes can efficiently suppress caged wild-type populations, providing a powerful tool for vector control strategies. Given that malaria mosquito vectors belong to a species complex comprising at least two major vectors, we investigated whether the sex distorter I-PpoI, originally integrated in the A. gambiae genome, could be transferred via introgression to the sibling vector species Anopheles arabiensis. In compliance with Haldane’s rule, F1 hybrid male sterility is known to occur in all intercrosses among members of the Anopheles gambiae complex. A scheme based on genetic crosses and transgene selection was used to bypass F1 hybrid male sterility and introgress the sex distorter I-PpoI into the A. arabiensis genetic background. Our data suggest that this sex distortion technique can be successfully applied to target A. arabiensis mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Antonios Kriezis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Roberto Galizi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tony Nolan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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45
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Implications of introgression for wildlife translocations: the case of North American martens. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Gerchen JF, Dufresnes C, Stöck M. Introgression across Hybrid Zones Is Not Mediated by Large X-Effects in Green Toads with Undifferentiated Sex Chromosomes. Am Nat 2018; 192:E178-E188. [DOI: 10.1086/699162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hooper DM, Griffith SC, Price TD. Sex chromosome inversions enforce reproductive isolation across an avian hybrid zone. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:1246-1262. [PMID: 30230092 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Across hybrid zones, the sex chromosomes are often more strongly differentiated than the autosomes. This is regularly attributed to the greater frequency of reproductive incompatibilities accumulating on sex chromosomes and their exposure in the heterogametic sex. Working within an avian hybrid zone, we explore the possibility that chromosome inversions differentially accumulate on the Z chromosome compared to the autosomes and thereby contribute to Z chromosome differentiation. We analyse the northern Australian hybrid zone between two subspecies of the long-tailed finch (Poephila acuticauda), first described based on differences in bill colour, using reduced-representation genomic sequencing for 293 individuals over a 1,530-km transect. Autosomal differentiation between subspecies is minimal. In contrast, 75% of the Z chromosome is highly differentiated and shows a steep genomic cline, which is displaced 350 km to the west of the cline in bill colour. Differentiation is associated with two or more putative chromosomal inversions, each predominating in one subspecies. If inversions reduce recombination between hybrid incompatibilities, they are selectively favoured and should therefore accumulate in hybrid zones. We argue that this predisposes inversions to differentially accumulate on the Z chromosome. One genomic region affecting bill colour is on the Z, but the main candidates are on chromosome 8. This and the displacement of the bill colour and Z chromosome cline centres suggest that bill colour has not strongly contributed to inversion accumulation. Based on cline width, however, the Z chromosome and bill colour both contribute to reproductive isolation established between this pair of subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Hooper
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Committe on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Disease Outcomes in a Domestic Cat Breeding Colony: Relationship to Endogenous FeLV and Other Chronic Viral Infections. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00649-18. [PMID: 29976676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00649-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a feline gammaretrovirus that results in a variety of disease outcomes. Endogenous FeLV (enFeLV) is a replication-defective provirus found in species belonging to the Felis genus, which includes the domestic cat (Felis catus). There have been few studies examining interaction between enFeLV genotype and FeLV progression. We examined point-in-time enFeLV and FeLV viral loads, as well as occurrence of FeLV/enFeLV recombinants (FeLV-B), to determine factors relating to clinical disease in a closed breeding colony of cats during a natural infection of FeLV. Coinfections with feline foamy virus (FFV), feline gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV-1), and feline coronavirus (FCoV) were also documented and analyzed for impact on cat health and FeLV disease. Correlation analysis and structural equation modeling techniques were used to measure interactions among disease parameters. Progressive FeLV disease and FeLV-B presence were associated with higher FeLV proviral and plasma viral loads. Female cats were more likely to have progressive disease and FeLV-B. Conversely, enFeLV copy number was higher in male cats and negatively associated with progressive FeLV disease. Males were more likely to have abortive FeLV disease. FFV proviral load was found to correlate positively with higher FeLV proviral and plasma viral load, detection of FeLV-B, and FCoV status. Male cats were much more likely to be infected with FcaGHV-1 than female cats. This analysis provides insights into the interplay between endogenous and exogenous FeLV during naturally occurring disease and reveals striking variation in the infection patterns among four chronic viral infections of domestic cats.IMPORTANCE Endogenous retroviruses are harbored by many animals, and their interactions with exogenous retroviral infections have not been widely studied. Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a relevant model system to examine this question, as endogenous and exogenous forms of the virus exist. In this analysis of a large domestic cat breeding colony naturally infected with FeLV, we documented that enFeLV copy number was higher in males and inversely related to FeLV viral load and associated with better FeLV disease outcomes. Females had lower enFeLV copy numbers and were more likely to have progressive FeLV disease and FeLV-B subtypes. FFV viral load was correlated with FeLV progression. FFV, FcaGHV-1, and FeLV displayed markedly different patterns of infection with respect to host demographics. This investigation revealed complex coinfection outcomes and viral ecology of chronic infections in a closed population.
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Moran PA, Pascoal S, Cezard T, Risse JE, Ritchie MG, Bailey NW. Opposing patterns of intraspecific and interspecific differentiation in sex chromosomes and autosomes. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3905-3924. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Moran
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences; University College Cork; Cork Ireland
| | - Sonia Pascoal
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | | | - Judith E. Risse
- Bioinformatics; Department of Plant Sciences; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Michael G. Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity; School of Biology; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
| | - Nathan W. Bailey
- Centre for Biological Diversity; School of Biology; University of St Andrews; St Andrews UK
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50
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Irwin DE. Sex chromosomes and speciation in birds and other ZW systems. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:3831-3851. [PMID: 29443419 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Theory and empirical patterns suggest a disproportionate role for sex chromosomes in evolution and speciation. Focusing on ZW sex determination (females ZW, males ZZ; the system in birds, many snakes, and lepidopterans), I review how evolutionary dynamics are expected to differ between the Z, W and the autosomes, discuss how these differences may lead to a greater role of the sex chromosomes in speciation and use data from birds to compare relative evolutionary rates of sex chromosomes and autosomes. Neutral mutations, partially or completely recessive beneficial mutations, and deleterious mutations under many conditions are expected to accumulate faster on the Z than on autosomes. Sexually antagonistic polymorphisms are expected to arise on the Z, raising the possibility of the spread of preference alleles. The faster accumulation of many types of mutations and the potential for complex evolutionary dynamics of sexually antagonistic traits and preferences contribute to a role for the Z chromosome in speciation. A quantitative comparison among a wide variety of bird species shows that the Z tends to have less within-population diversity and greater between-species differentiation than the autosomes, likely due to both adaptive evolution and a greater rate of fixation of deleterious alleles. The W chromosome also shows strong potential to be involved in speciation, in part because of its co-inheritance with the mitochondrial genome. While theory and empirical evidence suggest a disproportionate role for sex chromosomes in speciation, the importance of sex chromosomes is moderated by their small size compared to the whole genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren E Irwin
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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