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Wu Y, Bogdanowicz SM, Andres JA, Vieira KA, Wang B, Cossé A, Pfister SE. Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): Population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America. Evol Appl 2020; 13:2056-2070. [PMID: 32908604 PMCID: PMC7463338 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions, which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The introduction of European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar) into North America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly L. d. asiatica and L. d. japonica) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide genetic differentiation within L. dispar and its sister species L. umbrosa. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and recovered five geographic groups that correspond to (1) North America, (2) Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, (3) the Urals, Central Asia, and Russian Siberia, (4) continental East Asia, and (5) the Japanese islands. Interestingly, L. umbrosa was grouped with L. d. japonica, and the introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, except for North America, shows additional lower-level structures when analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for Asian invasion during 2014-2015, with Japan being another source. By analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the frequency of trade-associated invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Wu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
- United States Department of AgricultureAPHIS, PPQ, S&T, Otis LaboratoryBuzzards BayMAUSA
| | | | - Jose A. Andres
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Kendra A. Vieira
- United States Department of AgricultureAPHIS, PPQ, S&T, Otis LaboratoryBuzzards BayMAUSA
| | - Baode Wang
- United States Department of AgricultureAPHIS, PPQ, S&T, Otis LaboratoryBuzzards BayMAUSA
| | - Allard Cossé
- United States Department of AgricultureAPHIS, PPQ, S&T, Otis LaboratoryBuzzards BayMAUSA
| | - Scott E. Pfister
- United States Department of AgricultureAPHIS, PPQ, S&T, Otis LaboratoryBuzzards BayMAUSA
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Zahiri R, Christian Schmidt B, Schintlmeister A, Yakovlev RV, Rindoš M. Global phylogeography reveals the origin and the evolutionary history of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera, Erebidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:1-13. [PMID: 31022514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the global phylogeography of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) using molecular data based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Populations from all biogeographic regions of the native and introduced range of L. dispar, were sampled to fully document intraspecific and subspecies variation, identify potential cryptic species, and to clarify the relationships among major phylogeographic lineages. We recovered three major mtDNA lineages of L. dispar: Transcaucasia; East Asia + Japan; and Europe + Central Asia. The circumscription of these lineages is only partially consistent with the current taxonomic concept (i.e., L. dispar dispar; L. dispar asiatica; L. dispar japonica), with the following important discrepancies: (1) north-central Asian populations, including topotypical populations of L. dispar asiatica, may be more closely related to European rather than Asian segregates, which would require the synonymization of the taxon asiatica and establishment of a new name; (2) the Japanese populations (L. d. japonica) are not distinct from east Asian populations; (3) the presence of a distinct, unnamed mitogenomic lineage endemic to the Trancaucasus region. We demonstrated that the population from Transcaucasia contains the highest mitochondrial haplotype diversity among L. dispar, potentially indicative of an ancestral area for the entire dispar-group. Our study corroborates the endemic Hokkaido, Japan taxon Lymantria umbrosa (Butler) as the sister group to all other L. dispar populations, but the applicability of the names umbrosa versus hokkaidoensis Goldschmidt needs to be re-evaluated. The ancestral area analysis suggest that Japan was likely colonized via Sakhalin ∼1 Mya, in contrast to previous studies which have suggested colonization of the Japanese archipelago via the Korean Peninsula. Lastly, mitogenomic variation within L. dispar is incongruent with phylogenies based on nuclear DNA, as nDNA gene phylogenies did not recover the three major mtDNA lineages, and also failed to recover L. dispar and L. umbrosa as reciprocally monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zahiri
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Entomology Laboratory, Bldg. 18, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
| | - B Christian Schmidt
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes, K.W. Neatby Bldg., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | | | | | - Michal Rindoš
- Museum Witt, München, Tengstr. 33, D-80796 Munich, Germany; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 1760, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Kang TH, Han SH, Lee HS. Genetic structure and demographic history of Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) in its area of origin and adjacent areas. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9162-9178. [PMID: 29152205 PMCID: PMC5677484 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the population genetic structure and demographic history of 20 Lymantria dispar populations from Far East Asia using microsatellite loci and mitochondrial genes. In the microsatellite analysis, the genetic distances based on pairwise FST values ranged from 0.0087 to 0.1171. A NeighborNet network based on pairwise FST genetic distances showed that the 20 regional populations were divided into five groups. Bayesian clustering analysis (K = 3) demonstrated the same groupings. The populations in the Korean Peninsula and adjacent regions, in particular, showed a mixed genetic pattern. In the mitochondrial genetic analysis based on 98 haplotypes, the median‐joining network exhibited a star shape that was focused on three high‐frequency haplotypes (Haplotype 1: central Korea and adjacent regions, Group 1; Haplotype 37: southern Korea, Group 2; and Haplotype 90: Hokkaido area, Group 3) connected by low‐frequency haplotypes. The mismatch distribution dividing the three groups was unimodal. In the neutral test, Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests were negative. We can thus infer that the Far East Asian populations of L. dispar underwent a sudden population expansion. Based on the age expansion parameter, the expansion time was inferred to be approximately 53,652 years before present (ybp) for Group 1, approximately 65,043 ybp for Group 2, and approximately 76,086 ybp for Group 3. We propose that the mixed genetic pattern of the inland populations of Far East Asia is due to these expansions and that the inland populations of the region should be treated as valid subspecies that are distinguishable from other subspecies by genetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hwa Kang
- Bio Control Research Center Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation Gokseong-gun Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Life Science College of Natural Science Kyonggi University Suwon Korea
| | - Heung Sik Lee
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency Gimcheon-si Korea
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Djoumad A, Nisole A, Zahiri R, Freschi L, Picq S, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Sparks ME, Dewar K, Stewart D, Maaroufi H, Levesque RC, Hamelin RC, Cusson M. Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of geographic variants of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, reveals a previously undescribed genotypic entity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14245. [PMID: 29079798 PMCID: PMC5660218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., is one of the most destructive forest pests in the world. While the subspecies established in North America is the European gypsy moth (L. dispar dispar), whose females are flightless, the two Asian subspecies, L. dispar asiatica and L. dispar japonica, have flight-capable females, enhancing their invasiveness and warranting precautionary measures to prevent their permanent establishment in North America. Various molecular tools have been developed to help distinguish European from Asian subspecies, several of which are based on the mitochondrial barcode region. In an effort to identify additional informative markers, we undertook the sequencing and analysis of the mitogenomes of 10 geographic variants of L. dispar, including two or more variants of each subspecies, plus the closely related L. umbrosa as outgroup. Several regions of the gypsy moth mitogenomes displayed nucleotide substitutions with potential usefulness for the identification of subspecies and/or geographic origins. Interestingly, the mitogenome of one geographic variant displayed significant divergence relative to the remaining variants, raising questions about its taxonomic status. Phylogenetic analyses placed this population from northern Iran as basal to the L. dispar clades. The present findings will help improve diagnostic tests aimed at limiting risks of AGM invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmadjid Djoumad
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Audrey Nisole
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Reza Zahiri
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Entomology Unit, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luca Freschi
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sandrine Picq
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada.,Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dawn E Gundersen-Rindal
- United States Department of Agriculture - ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America
| | - Michael E Sparks
- United States Department of Agriculture - ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, United States of America
| | - Ken Dewar
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, 740 Dr. Penfield Avenue Rm 7104, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Don Stewart
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Halim Maaroufi
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roger C Levesque
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michel Cusson
- Laurentian Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1055 rue du PEPS, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4C7, Canada. .,Institute for Integrative and System Biology, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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