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Kyrkjeeide MO, Meleshko O, Flatberg KI, Hassel K. Short stories from Sphagnum of rare species, taxonomy, and speciation. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10356. [PMID: 37484930 PMCID: PMC10361360 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Conserving species and their genetic variation are a global priority to safeguard evolutionary potential in a rapidly changing world. Species are fundamental units in research and nature management, but taxonomic work is increasingly undermined. Increasing knowledge on the species genetic diversity would aid in prioritizing conservation efforts. Sphagnum is a diverse, well-known bryophyte genus, which makes the genus suited to study speciation and cryptic variation. The species share specific characteristics and can be difficult to separate in the field. By combining molecular data with thorough morphological examination, new species have recently been discovered. Still, there are taxonomic uncertainties, even for species assessed on the IUCN Red List of threatened species. Here, we use molecular data to examine three rare species within the subgenus Acutifolia described based on morphological characters. All species have narrow distributions and limited dispersability. First, we confirm the genetic origin of S. skyense. Second, we show that S. venustum is a haploid species genetically distinct from morphologically similar species. Lastly, S. nitidulum was found to have a distinct haplotype, but cannot be genetically separated from other red Acutifolia species. We also found high genetic variation within red Acutifolia specimens, indicating the need of further morphological examination and possibly taxonomic revision. Until then, our results have shown that genetic data can aid in prioritizing targets of conservation efforts when taxonomy is unresolved. All three taxa should be further searched for by field biologists to increase knowledge about their distribution ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Meleshko
- Department of Natural HistoryNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Kjell Ivar Flatberg
- Department of Natural HistoryNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Kristian Hassel
- Department of Natural HistoryNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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Meleshko O, Stenøien HK, Speed JDM, Flatberg KI, Kyrkjeeide MO, Hassel K. Is interspecific gene flow and speciation in peatmosses ( Sphagnum) constrained by phylogenetic relationship and life-history traits? LINDBERGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.25227/linbg.01107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Meleshko
- O. Meleshko , H. K. Stenøien, J. D. M. Speed, K, I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans K. Stenøien
- O. Meleshko , H. K. Stenøien, J. D. M. Speed, K, I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - James D. M. Speed
- O. Meleshko , H. K. Stenøien, J. D. M. Speed, K, I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell I. Flatberg
- O. Meleshko , H. K. Stenøien, J. D. M. Speed, K, I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Kristian Hassel
- O. Meleshko , H. K. Stenøien, J. D. M. Speed, K, I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Jonathan Shaw A, Devos N, Liu Y, Cox CJ, Goffinet B, Flatberg KI, Shaw B. Organellar phylogenomics of an emerging model system: Sphagnum (peatmoss). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:185-96. [PMID: 27268484 PMCID: PMC4970357 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sphagnum-dominated peatlands contain approx. 30 % of the terrestrial carbon pool in the form of partially decomposed plant material (peat), and, as a consequence, Sphagnum is currently a focus of studies on biogeochemistry and control of global climate. Sphagnum species differ in ecologically important traits that scale up to impact ecosystem function, and sequencing of the genome from selected Sphagnum species is currently underway. As an emerging model system, these resources for Sphagnum will facilitate linking nucleotide variation to plant functional traits, and through those traits to ecosystem processes. A solid phylogenetic framework for Sphagnum is crucial to comparative analyses of species-specific traits, but relationships among major clades within Sphagnum have been recalcitrant to resolution because the genus underwent a rapid radiation. Herein a well-supported hypothesis for phylogenetic relationships among major clades within Sphagnum based on organellar genome sequences (plastid, mitochondrial) is provided. METHODS We obtained nucleotide sequences (273 753 nucleotides in total) from the two organellar genomes from 38 species (including three outgroups). Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a variety of methods applied to nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The Sphagnum phylogeny was rooted with sequences from the related Sphagnopsida genera, Eosphagnum and Flatbergium KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses of the data converge on the following subgeneric relationships: (Rigida (((Subsecunda) (Cuspidata)) ((Sphagnum) (Acutifolia))). All relationships were strongly supported. Species in the two major clades (i.e. Subsecunda + Cuspidata and Sphagnum + Acutifolia), which include >90 % of all Sphagnum species, differ in ecological niches and these differences correlate with other functional traits that impact biogeochemical cycling. Mitochondrial intron presence/absence are variable among species and genera of the Sphagnopsida. Two new nomenclatural combinations are made, in the genera Eosphagnum and Flatbergium CONCLUSIONS Newly resolved relationships now permit phylogenetic analyses of morphological, biochemical and ecological traits among Sphagnum species. The results clarify long-standing disagreements about subgeneric relationships and intrageneric classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nicolas Devos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Cymon J Cox
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Edif. 7, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kjell Ivar Flatberg
- NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Blanka Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Spatial Genetic Structure of the Abundant and Widespread Peatmoss Sphagnum magellanicum Brid. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148447. [PMID: 26859563 PMCID: PMC4747574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spore-producing organisms have small dispersal units enabling them to become widespread across continents. However, barriers to gene flow and cryptic speciation may exist. The common, haploid peatmoss Sphagnum magellanicum occurs in both the Northern and Southern hemisphere, and is commonly used as a model in studies of peatland ecology and peatmoss physiology. Even though it will likely act as a rich source in functional genomics studies in years to come, surprisingly little is known about levels of genetic variability and structuring in this species. Here, we assess for the first time how genetic variation in S. magellanicum is spatially structured across its full distribution range (Northern Hemisphere and South America). The morphologically similar species S. alaskense was included for comparison. In total, 195 plants were genotyped at 15 microsatellite loci. Sequences from two plastid loci (trnG and trnL) were obtained from 30 samples. Our results show that S. alaskense and almost all plants of S. magellanicum in the northern Pacific area are diploids and share the same gene pool. Haploid plants occur in South America, Europe, eastern North America, western North America, and southern Asia, and five genetically differentiated groups with different distribution ranges were found. Our results indicate that S. magellanicum consists of several distinct genetic groups, seemingly with little or no gene flow among them. Noteworthy, the geographical separation of diploids and haploids is strikingly similar to patterns found within other haploid Sphagnum species spanning the Northern Hemisphere. Our results confirm a genetic division between the Beringian and the Atlantic that seems to be a general pattern in Sphagnum taxa. The pattern of strong genetic population structuring throughout the distribution range of morphologically similar plants need to be considered in future functional genomic studies of S. magellanicum.
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Weston DJ, Timm CM, Walker AP, Gu L, Muchero W, Schmutz J, Shaw AJ, Tuskan GA, Warren JM, Wullschleger SD. Sphagnum physiology in the context of changing climate: emergent influences of genomics, modelling and host-microbiome interactions on understanding ecosystem function. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1737-1751. [PMID: 25266403 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands harbour more than one-third of terrestrial carbon leading to the argument that the bryophytes, as major components of peatland ecosystems, store more organic carbon in soils than any other collective plant taxa. Plants of the genus Sphagnum are important components of peatland ecosystems and are potentially vulnerable to changing climatic conditions. However, the response of Sphagnum to rising temperatures, elevated CO2 and shifts in local hydrology have yet to be fully characterized. In this review, we examine Sphagnum biology and ecology and explore the role of this group of keystone species and its associated microbiome in carbon and nitrogen cycling using literature review and model simulations. Several issues are highlighted including the consequences of a variable environment on plant-microbiome interactions, uncertainty associated with CO2 diffusion resistances and the relationship between fixed N and that partitioned to the photosynthetic apparatus. We note that the Sphagnum fallax genome is currently being sequenced and outline potential applications of population-level genomics and corresponding plant photosynthesis and microbial metabolic modelling techniques. We highlight Sphagnum as a model organism to explore ecosystem response to a changing climate and to define the role that Sphagnum can play at the intersection of physiology, genetics and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Collin M Timm
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Wellington Muchero
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - A Jonathan Shaw
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
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Johnson MG, Shaw AJ. Genetic diversity, sexual condition, and microhabitat preference determine mating patterns inSphagnum(Sphagnaceae) peat-mosses. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Johnson
- Biology Department; Duke University; 130 Science Drive Box 90338 Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - A. Jonathan Shaw
- Biology Department; Duke University; 130 Science Drive Box 90338 Durham NC 27708 USA
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Nadyeina O, Dymytrova L, Naumovych A, Postoyalkin S, Werth S, Cheenacharoen S, Scheidegger C. Microclimatic differentiation of gene pools in theLobaria pulmonariasymbiosis in a primeval forest landscape. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5164-78. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Nadyeina
- Lichenology & Bryology; M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany; Tereschenkivska str. 2 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Botany; Kherson State University; 40 Rokiv Zhovtnya str. 27 73000 Kherson Ukraine
| | - Lyudmyla Dymytrova
- Lichenology & Bryology; M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany; Tereschenkivska str. 2 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
- Botany; Kherson State University; 40 Rokiv Zhovtnya str. 27 73000 Kherson Ukraine
| | - Anna Naumovych
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest; Snow and Landscape Research WSL; Zürcherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Sergyi Postoyalkin
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest; Snow and Landscape Research WSL; Zürcherstrasse 111 CH-8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Silke Werth
- Botany; Kherson State University; 40 Rokiv Zhovtnya str. 27 73000 Kherson Ukraine
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Iceland; Sturlugata 7 101 Reykjavik Iceland
| | - Saran Cheenacharoen
- Botany; Kherson State University; 40 Rokiv Zhovtnya str. 27 73000 Kherson Ukraine
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Kyrkjeeide MO, Stenøien HK, Flatberg KI, Hassel K. Glacial refugia and post-glacial colonization patterns in European bryophytes. LINDBERGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.25227/linbg.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magni Olsen Kyrkjeeide
- M. O. Kyrkjeeide , H. K. Stenøien, K. I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU Univ. Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hans K. Stenøien
- M. O. Kyrkjeeide , H. K. Stenøien, K. I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU Univ. Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kjell I. Flatberg
- M. O. Kyrkjeeide , H. K. Stenøien, K. I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU Univ. Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristian Hassel
- M. O. Kyrkjeeide , H. K. Stenøien, K. I. Flatberg and K. Hassel, NTNU Univ. Museum, Norwegian Univ. of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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Kyrkjeeide MO, Hassel K, Flatberg KI, Stenøien HK. The rare peat moss Sphagnum wulfianum (Sphagnaceae) did not survive the last glacial period in northern European refugia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2012; 99:677-689. [PMID: 22473975 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Organisms may survive unfavorable conditions either by moving to more favorable areas by means of dispersal or by adapting to stressful environments. Pleistocene glacial periods represent extremely unfavorable conditions for the majority of life forms, especially sessile organisms. Many studies have revealed placements of refugial areas and postglacial colonization patterns of seed plants, but little is still known about areas of long-term survival and historical migration routes of bryophytes. Given overall differences in stress tolerance between seed plants and bryophytes, it is of interest to know whether bryophytes have survived periods of extreme climatic conditions better then seed plants in northern areas. METHODS The haploid and rarely spore-producing peat moss Sphagnum wulfianum is mostly found in areas that were covered by ice during the last glacial maximum. Twelve microsatellite markers were amplified from 43 populations (367 shoots) of this species, and data were analyzed using population genetic diversity statistics, Bayesian clustering methods, and coalescence-based inference tools to estimate historical and demographic parameters. KEY RESULTS Genetic diversity within populations was low, but populations were highly differentiated, with two main genetic clusters being recognized. CONCLUSION The two main genetic groups have diverged quite recently in the Holocene, and the pattern of genetic variability and structuring gives no support for survival in Scandinavian refugia during the last glacial period in this species. The dispersal ability of this plant thus seems surprisingly high despite its infrequent spore production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magni Olsen Kyrkjeeide
- Systematics and Evolution Group, Section of Natural History, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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Hutsemékers V, Szövényi P, Shaw AJ, González-Mancebo JM, Muñoz J, Vanderpoorten A. Oceanic islands are not sinks of biodiversity in spore-producing plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18989-94. [PMID: 22084108 PMCID: PMC3223459 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109119108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Islands have traditionally been considered as migratory and evolutionary dead ends for two main reasons: island colonizers are typically assumed to lose their dispersal power, and continental back colonization has been regarded as unlikely because of niche preemption. The hypothesis that islands might actually represent dynamic refugia and migratory stepping stones for species that are effective dispersers, and in particular, for spore-producing plants, is formally tested here, using the archipelagos of the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira, as a model. Population genetic analyses based on nuclear microsatellite variation indicate that dispersal ability of the moss Platyhypnidium riparioides does not decrease in the island setting. The analyses further show that, unlike island populations, mainland (southwestern Europe and North Africa) populations underwent a severe bottleneck during the last glacial maximum (LGM). Our results thus refute the traditional view of islands as the end of the colonization road and point to a different perception of North Atlantic archipelagos as major sources of biodiversity for the postglacial recolonization of Europe by spore-producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Hutsemékers
- Institut de Botanique, Université de Liège, B22 Sart Tilman, B-4000 Liège1, Belgium.
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Ricca M, Szövényi P, Temsch EM, Johnson MG, Shaw AJ. Interploidal hybridization and mating patterns in the Sphagnum subsecundum complex. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:3202-18. [PMID: 21722226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidization is thought to result in instant sympatric speciation, but several cases of hybrid zones between one of the parental species and its polyploid derivative have been documented. Previous work showed that diploid Sphagnum lescurii is an allopolyploid derived from the haploids S. lescurii (maternal progenitor) and S. subsecundum (paternal progenitor). Here, we report the results from analyses of a population where allodiploid and haploid S. lescurii co-occur and produce sporophytes. We tested (i) whether haploids and diploids form hybrid triploid sporophytes; (ii) how hybrid and nonhybrid sporophytes compare in fitness; (iii) whether hybrid sporophytes form viable spores; (iv) the ploidy of any viable gametophyte offspring from hybrid sporophytes; (v) the relative viability of sporelings derived from hybrid and nonhybrid sporophytes; and (vi) if interploidal hybridization results in introgression between the allopolyploid and its haploid progenitor. We found that triploid hybrid sporophytes do occur and are larger than nonhybrid sporophytes, but exhibit very low germination percentages and produce sporelings that develop more slowly than those from nonhybrid sporophytes. All sporophytes attached to haploid gametophytes were triploid and were sired by diploid males, but all sporophytes attached to diploid gametophytes were tetraploid. This asymmetric pattern of interploidal hybridization is related to an absence of haploid male gametophytes in the population. Surprisingly, all sporelings from triploid sporophytes were triploid, yet were genetically variable, suggesting some form of aberrant meiosis that warrants further study. There was limited (but some) evidence of introgression between allodiploid and haploid S. lescurii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ricca
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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