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Köhler H, Capowiez Y, Mazzia C, Eckstein H, Kaczmarek N, Bilton MC, Burmester JKY, Capowiez L, Chueca LJ, Favilli L, Florit Gomila J, Manganelli G, Mazzuca S, Moreno‐Rueda G, Peschke K, Piro A, Quintana Cardona J, Sawallich L, Staikou AE, Thomassen HA, Triebskorn R. Experimental simulation of environmental warming selects against pigmented morphs of land snails. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1111-1130. [PMID: 33598118 PMCID: PMC7863387 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial snails, thermal selection acts on shell coloration. However, the biological relevance of small differences in the intensity of shell pigmentation and the associated thermodynamic, physiological, and evolutionary consequences for snail diversity within the course of environmental warming are still insufficiently understood. To relate temperature-driven internal heating, protein and membrane integrity impairment, escape behavior, place of residence selection, water loss, and mortality, we used experimentally warmed open-top chambers and field observations with a total of >11,000 naturally or experimentally colored individuals of the highly polymorphic species Theba pisana (O.F. MÜller, 1774). We show that solar radiation in their natural Mediterranean habitat in Southern France poses intensifying thermal stress on increasingly pigmented snails that cannot be compensated for by behavioral responses. Individuals of all morphs acted neither jointly nor actively competed in climbing behavior, but acted similarly regardless of neighbor pigmentation intensity. Consequently, dark morphs progressively suffered from high internal temperatures, oxidative stress, and a breakdown of the chaperone system. Concomitant with increasing water loss, mortality increased with more intense pigmentation under simulated global warming conditions. In parallel with an increase in mean ambient temperature of 1.34°C over the past 30 years, the mortality rate of pigmented individuals in the field is, currently, about 50% higher than that of white morphs. A further increase of 1.12°C, as experimentally simulated in our study, would elevate this rate by another 26%. For 34 T. pisana populations from locations that are up to 2.7°C warmer than our experimental site, we show that both the frequency of pigmented morphs and overall pigmentation intensity decrease with an increase in average summer temperatures. We therefore predict a continuing strong decline in the frequency of pigmented morphs and a decrease in overall pigmentation intensity with ongoing global change in areas with strong solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz‐R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - Christophe Mazzia
- Mediterranean Institute of Marine and Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecology (IMBE) UMR 7263AMU, CNRSUniversité d´AvignonAvignon Cedex 9France
| | - Helene Eckstein
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Nils Kaczmarek
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Mark C. Bilton
- Namibian University of Science and TechnologyWindhoekNamibia
| | - Janne K. Y. Burmester
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | | | - Luis J. Chueca
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Department of Zoology and Animal Cell BiologyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
| | - Leonardo Favilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'AmbienteSezione di Scienze AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di SienaSienaItaly
| | | | - Giuseppe Manganelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell'AmbienteSezione di Scienze AmbientaliUniversità degli Studi di SienaSienaItaly
| | - Silvia Mazzuca
- Lab of Plant Biology and Plant ProteomicsDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | | | - Katharina Peschke
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Amalia Piro
- Lab of Plant Biology and Plant ProteomicsDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Josep Quintana Cardona
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel CrusafontUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaEdifici ICTA‐ICP, campus de la UABBarcelonaSpain
- Ciutadella de MenorcaIlles BalearsSpain
| | - Lilith Sawallich
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Alexandra E. Staikou
- Department of ZoologySchool of BiologyAristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Henri A. Thomassen
- Comparative ZoologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute for Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Steinbeis‐Transfer Centre for Ecotoxicology and EcophysiologyRottenburgGermany
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Schweizer M, Triebskorn R, Köhler H. Snails in the sun: Strategies of terrestrial gastropods to cope with hot and dry conditions. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12940-12960. [PMID: 31788227 PMCID: PMC6875674 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial gastropods do not only inhabit humid and cool environments but also habitat in which hot and dry conditions prevail. Snail species that are able to cope with such climatic conditions are thus expected to having developed multifaceted strategies and mechanisms to ensure their survival and reproduction under heat and desiccation stress. This review paper aims to provide an integrative overview of the numerous adaptation strategies terrestrial snails have evolved to persist in hot and dry environments as well as their mutual interconnections and feedbacks, but also to outline research gaps and questions that remained unanswered. We extracted relevant information from more than 140 publications in order to show how biochemical, cellular, physiological, morphological, ecological, thermodynamic, and evolutionary parameters contribute to provide an overall picture of this classical example in stress ecology. These mechanisms range from behavioral and metabolic adaptations, including estivation, to the induction of chaperones and antioxidant enzymes, mucocyte and digestive gland cell responses and the modification and frequency of morphological features, particularly shell pigmentation. In this context, thermodynamic constraints call for processes of complex adaptation at varying levels of biological organization that are mutually interwoven. We were able to assemble extensive, mostly narrowly focused information from the literature into a web of network parameters, showing that future work on this subject requires multicausal thinking to account for the complexity of relationships involved in snails' adaptation to insolation, heat, and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Schweizer
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Steinbeis Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and EcophysiologyRottenburgGermany
| | - Heinz‐R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological EcologyInstitute of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
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Knigge T, Di Lellis MA, Monsinjon T, Köhler HR. Relevance of body size and shell colouration for thermal absorption and heat loss in white garden snails, Theba pisana (Helicidae), from Northern France. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:54-63. [PMID: 29037405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The internal temperature of land snails depends on environmental factors, such as exposure to electromagnetic radiation and airflow as well as biotic factors including shell size, shell colouration and thickness or the resting position of the snail. In controlled field experiments, we quantified heating by thermal absorption of light and airflow-induced heat loss in the white garden snail, Theba pisana, from Normandy, France. Heating experiments revealed a significant positive relation of the internal body temperature with illumination period, shell temperature and air temperature at different times of day. The size of the snails was negatively related with both of the given illumination times: smaller animals heated up stronger than larger ones. The temperature at the surface of the shell significantly depended on the illumination period and the time of day. An AIC-based quality assessment of multiple linear modelling showed that, for explaining both shell surface and internal temperature of the soft body, several factors, i.e., exposure time, daytime, shell size and colouration contributed to the best models, respectively. Similarly, heat loss of the soft body after and during exposure of the snails to sunlight by a constant airflow depended on the initial body temperature, shell size, colouration and ambient air temperature. Our study revealed also the importance of both shell size and colouration for the loss of body temperature under natural conditions: small and banded animals that had heated up to temperatures above 30°C cooled down faster than large and un-banded ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knigge
- Normandy University, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Maddalena A Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandy University, UNIHAVRE, UMR-I02 SEBIO, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Heinz-R Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Di Lellis MA, Sereda S, Geißler A, Picot A, Arnold P, Lang S, Troschinski S, Dieterich A, Hauffe T, Capowiez Y, Mazzia C, Knigge T, Monsinjon T, Krais S, Wilke T, Triebskorn R, Köhler HR. Phenotypic diversity, population structure and stress protein-based capacitoring in populations of Xeropicta derbentina, a heat-tolerant land snail species. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:791-800. [PMID: 24609822 PMCID: PMC4389839 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The shell colour of many pulmonate land snail species is highly diverse. Besides a genetic basis, environmentally triggered epigenetic mechanisms including stress proteins as evolutionary capacitors are thought to influence such phenotypic diversity. In this study, we investigated the relationship of stress protein (Hsp70) levels with temperature stress tolerance, population structure and phenotypic diversity within and among different populations of a xerophilic Mediterranean snail species (Xeropicta derbentina). Hsp70 levels varied considerably among populations, and were significantly associated with shell colour diversity: individuals in populations exhibiting low diversity expressed higher Hsp70 levels both constitutively and under heat stress than those of phenotypically diverse populations. In contrast, population structure (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) did not correlate with phenotypic diversity. However, genetic parameters (both within and among population differences) were able to explain variation in Hsp70 induction at elevated but non-pathologic temperatures. Our observation that (1) population structure had a high explanatory potential for Hsp70 induction and that (2) Hsp70 levels, in turn, correlated with phenotypic diversity while (3) population structure and phenotypic diversity failed to correlate provides empirical evidence for Hsp70 to act as a mediator between genotypic variation and phenotype and thus for chaperone-driven evolutionary capacitance in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena A. Di Lellis
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergej Sereda
- />Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Geißler
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Adrien Picot
- />Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), EA 3222 PRES Normandie, Le Havre University, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Petra Arnold
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lang
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Troschinski
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dieterich
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- />Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yvan Capowiez
- />Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Environnementale, UMR 406 UAPV/INRA, Domaine St Paul, Site Agroparc, F-84914 Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Mazzia
- />IMBE UMR 7263, Institut Mediterranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale, Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, Pole Agrosciences, 301 rue Baruch de Spinoza, BP 21239, F-84916 Avignon cedex 9, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- />Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), EA 3222 PRES Normandie, Le Havre University, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- />Laboratory of Ecotoxicology (LEMA), EA 3222 PRES Normandie, Le Havre University, 25 Rue Philippe Lebon, F-76058 Le Havre Cedex, France
| | - Stefanie Krais
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilke
- />Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 IFZ, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rita Triebskorn
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
- />Steinbeis-Transfer Center Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology Rottenburg, Blumenstr. 13, D-72108 Rottenburg, Germany
| | - Heinz-R. Köhler
- />Animal Physiological Ecology, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Tübingen University, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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Schilthuizen M, Kellermann V. Contemporary climate change and terrestrial invertebrates: evolutionary versus plastic changes. Evol Appl 2013; 7:56-67. [PMID: 24454548 PMCID: PMC3894898 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To forecast the responses of species to future climate change, an understanding of the ability of species to adapt to long-term shifts in temperature is crucial. We present a review on evolutionary adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of temperature-related traits in terrestrial invertebrates. The evidence for adaptive evolution in melanization is good, but we caution that genetic determination needs to be tested in each individual species, and complex genetic correlations may exist. For phenological traits allochronic data sets provide powerful means to track climate-induced changes; however, rarely are responses deconstructed into evolutionary and plastic responses. Laboratory studies suggest climate change responses in these traits will be driven by both. For stress resistance, the evidence for shifts in traits is poor. Studies leaning heavily on Drosophila have demonstrated potential limits to evolutionary responses in desiccation and heat resistance. Quantifying the capacity for these species to respond plastically and extending this work to other taxa will be an important next step. We also note that, although not strictly speaking a species trait, the response of endosymbionts to heat stress requires further study. Finally, while clearly genetic, and possibly adaptive, the anonymous nature of latitudinal shifts in clines of genetic markers in Drosophila prevents further interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Schilthuizen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, The Netherlands ; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands ; Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Kellermann
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Köhler HR, Schultz C, Scheil AE, Triebskorn R, Seifan M, Di Lellis MA. Historic data analysis reveals ambient temperature as a source of phenotypic variation in populations of the land snailTheba pisana. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-R. Köhler
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Alexandra E. Scheil
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Merav Seifan
- Plant Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Auf der Morgenstelle 3; D-72076; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Maddalena A. Di Lellis
- Animal Physiological Ecology; Institute of Evolution and Ecology; University of Tübingen; Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20; D-72072; Tübingen; Germany
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